History 300 Quiz 4

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet co authored by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels arguing that class struggle propels history. It describes the inevitability of a communist revolution and calls for the working classes around the world to join together in the struggle against the ruling elite

MeijI Restoration

A political revolution in Japan that ended in the reinstatement of rule by emperor and the introduction of new elite. Meiji reformers were committed to strengthening Japan and promoting its industrialization.

quakers

A protestant sect originating in England that began the organized antislavery movement. Quakers beliefs stress the fundamental equality of all human beings, and their moral objections were instrumental to antislavery efforts in Britain and the United States

Trans-Siberian Railway

A railway from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean that was completed in 1903. A remarkable feat of engineering and construction, the almost 6,000 mile long railway built by 9,000 laborers was a defining symbol of the Russian Industrial Revolution

Working class

A section of society, formed during the industrial revolution, that comprised factory and mine workers who performed shift work for wages. Workers lives at this time were precarious and dangerous, and they were politically divided between seeking reform and inciting revolution.

Jack Gladstone

A slave in British Guiana who led the Demerara revolt of 1823 with his father, Quamina. Gladstone believed that legal abolition had passed in London and called Guianas slaves to freedom, causing 10,000 slaves to revolt.

indentured labor

Commitment to a fixed period of bonded labor, usually between two and eight years. Although signing indenture contracts was technically voluntary, labor recruiters often used predatory practices to secure laborers.

Biological old regime

Conditions of human health that preceded the Vital Revolution. Deadly crowd diseases, gastrointestinal infections, high infant mortality, malnutrition, and starvation defined it.

settlement houses

During the Industrial Revolution, institutions that elite and middle class women set up to research and help improve the conditions in which poor and working class people lived and labored

de-industrialization

During the Industrial Revolution, the decline of industries that could not compete with the price and quality of factory-made products.

Thirteenth Amendment

Introduced at the end of the Civil War, an amendment to the US Constitution that abolished slavery. It led to the liberation of 4 million people, making it the largest emancipation in world history.

smallpox inoculation

The intentional infection of humans with cowpox to produce an immunity against smallpox. It replaced riskier methods of inoculation, quickly spread around the world, and reduced worldwide deaths from smallpox

Eiichi Shibusawa

A Japanese government official and businessman who was passionate about bringing industrialization to his country. He set up Japan's first modern cotton mill in Osaka with the help of Takeo Yamanobe.

Sons of Africa

A London based abolitionist organization. It was made up of former slaves, including Ottobah Cugaoano and Olaudah Equiano, who wrote detailed descriptions of their experiences as slaves to strengthen the anti slave trade movement

Sergei Witte

A Russian statesman who was deeply involved in the country's industrialization. He directed the government to build railroads, create technical schools, and introduce protectionist tariffs

James Watt

A Scottish-born engineer who designed and built more efficient steam engines. He was among a group of engineers who made steam engines more appealing to and useful for manufacturers.

Jose Aponte

A Yoruba-speaking free black who led a slave revolt in Cuba in 1812. This revolt was part of a rise in resistance in Cuba and Brazil due to the growing number of Yoruba-speaking slaves being shipped to these slave markets

National Policy

A canadian program that was launched in 1879 to stimulate industrialization. It involved the introduction of tariffs on foreign goods and investment in railroads

1918 flu pandemic

A flu mutation that spread worldwide after World War I, killing 50 to 100 million people mostly between the ages of 15 and 40. Due to tighter global connections, it spread quickly and widely.

coal

A fossil fuel made up of ancient plant remains that can be converted into motor power. Cheap, low lying coal gave rise to the industrial revolution in Britain and fueled industrialization around the world

emancipation for serfs

A labor liberation granted by a statute that, in theory, liberated serfs by granting them freedoms they previously lacked. In practice, it introduced many new legal constraints to which former serfs remained subject.

cotton gin

A machine, invented in the United States and patented in 1794, that separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, thereby easing cotton production. it contributed to the rise of cotton manufacturing and the spread of cotton production and slavery in the US south

Thomas clarkson

A member of the Anglican elite and a staunch anti-slave trade and abolitionist activist. He allied with the Quakers to publicize the atrocities of the slave trade and was influential in the British abolition of the slave trade and slavery.

Industrial Revolution

A monumental switch to factory scale production using machinery driven by water power and fossil fuels instead of human muscle and hand tools. It began in Britain in the late eighteenth century and spread to other countries and continents with global consequences

Alexander Hamilton

An American politician who prescribed tariffs to protect US industry when he was secretary of the Treasury in 1791. His recommendations guided US trade policy for a century and inspired the German economist Friedrich List.

Friedrich List

An economist born in Germany who wrote newspaper articles and books that guided state-sponsored industrialization. He advocated for protectionist policies and the construction of railroads.

Slavery Abolition Act

Passed in Britain, the first large abolition of slavery. When the Whig Party took power in British Parliament, it introduced the act with widespread support from petitioners. It inspired abolitionists around the world.

germ theory of disease

The scientific theory developed after 1850 that pointed to bacterias role in infection. It led to sanitation reforms that reduced death and illness from water borne diseases and paved the way for understanding infections.

Vital Revolution

The steady improvement of human health and life expectancy after 1750. Better nutrition, microbial unification, control of smallpox, and sanitation reform contributed to this shift.

Alexander II

The tsar of Russia who emancipated the serfs due in part to his commitment to military reform. He wanted a standing army and hoped the abolition of serfdom would lead to a cheaper and better educated army without the risk of rebellion.

Textiles and metallugry

The two main industries at the forefront of industrial revolutions around the world. Both cloth making and iron making were suited to steam powered mass production.

railways

Transportation infrastructure that was central to industrialization and an outgrowth of the coal and iron industries. Railways and locomotives lowered transportation costs, connected markets, and linked countries together