History & Metatheory
Although early computers were called "electronic brains," computers really think with their:
programs
Skinner's operant methodology included placing an organism in a space and reinforcing a behavior that it may make at any time. Yet, for Skinner the basic datum of analysis was:
rate of responding
Freud called dreams:
the royal road to the unconscious
In a theory later developed by Freud, Charcot suggested that hysteria:
was caused by psychological traumas converted into hysterical symptoms
According to the cognitive theory of mind called functionalism, the mind is:
what the brain does—its program
Based on Galileo's ideas, which of the following is a secondary sense property?
beauty
According to Gilbert Ryle, the mistake of Cartesian dualism is to think that:
behaviors are controlled by an inner soul, or ghost
Berkeley's theory of depth perception supported his metaphysical argument that
belief in an external world is more an act of faith than real Knowledge
Berkeley's theory of depth perception supported his metaphysical argument that:
belief in an external world is more an act of faith than real Knowledge
According to Frank Sulloway, when Freud gave up the ideas of the Psychology Project, he substituted for them (in part) the:
biogenetic law
The first theories about psychopathology emphasized _______ causes.
biological
The hypothesis that links together artificial intelligence and human cognition is the idea that:
both machines and people are symbol users
Aristotle explained phenomena such as the growth of a tree from a seed by:
by positing purposive striving toward a goal possessed by the seed
You look at a photo of your mother standing in front of her house. It is easy to see that your mother is standing in front of her house with the house behind her. This illustrates the Gestalt law of:
c. figure/ground
Of Aristotle's 4 causes, which one remained part of modern natural science?
efficient cause
Thorndike's S-R connectionism was based on animal learning and then extended to human learning. Yet, Thorndike like later behaviorists was haunted by a problem. The problem was?
meaning
What Frederic Myers once studied was known as Psychical research. Today it is known as __________ and makes most psychologists uncomfortable.
parapsychology
Piaget believed that cognitive development does not grow _______ but undergoes ______ changes as a child moves from one state to another.
quantitatively, qualitative
Darwin knew the cause of selection must reside outside the organism but where? He got his answer in 1838 by ______.
reading Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principles of Population.
The thesis that unobserved, theoretically postulated entities actually exist is called:
realism
Of all the psychologists who fled Germany for America, the most successful was Kurt Lewin because only he:
remade his personality and psychology to fit the American way of life
Freud argued that neurosis in women served a social function, specifically that by becoming neurotic, women
remained sexually faithful to their husbands
Which of the following thinkers was most responsible for the skeptical crisis of the 18th century?
Hume
In his "Project for a Scientific Psychology," Freud set out to provide a:
system of psychology based entirely on neurophysiology
Neorealists such as Perry and Holt believe which of the following?
that the study of consciousness and the study of behavior are essentially the same.
In the psychology of the Bronze Age, persons were said to be alive if:
their body was inhabited by psuche
In a Kuhn's view of science, __________ provides scientists with a blueprint and foundation for scientific enterprises.
a paradigm
The APS broke away from APA in:
1988
Which of the following "Golden Age" theorists regarded animals as stimulus- response machines?
C. L. Hull
When it comes to a vision for both Psychology and the Progressive movement in the U.S. which of the following drew a blue-print for the twentieth- century American mind?
Dewey
Which of the following ideas is NOT contained in or implied by Herbert Spencer's evolutionary psychology?
Different species possess different kinds of minds.
According to Watson a child's attachment to its mother is:
a conditioned emotional response
When a rat learns a maze Clark Hull said it acquires:
a habit-family hierarchy
In XAM's on Psychology and Progressivism, XAM argues that Transcendent meaning has been debunked, and society has become the enemy. It appears that in recent times psychologists will help create, create what?
a new way of life based on the self and its needs.
Which of the following represents Freud's view of civilization?
a. Civilization is a protector and benefactor of humanity b. Civilization provides us with art, science, philosophy and technology c. Civilization demands unhappiness and even neurosis. d. all of these
Historians say the Europe gave rise to science rather than Islam because only Europe:
a. Separated church and state b. Developed cities, business, and corporations c. Rejected the total authority of the Bible on all subjects d. all of the above (Tick)
As educated people the German Bildungsburgers did not reject mind and reason as such, yet they tended to reject Newtonian science, the reason being:
a. it was the enemy of the Good, True and Beautiful. b. it depicted the universe as a mere machine, thus lacked spirit or refinement. c. it replaced organic connections to blood and soil, isolating people from societies leading to chaos. d. All of these (Tick)
Aristotle distinguished four forms of causation. Applying these to explaining why a given animal is what it is (e.g., a cat as opposed to a dog), the soul fulfills all of the 4 causes EXCEPT:
a. material cause (Tick) b. formal cause c. efficient cause d. final cause
Watson faulted introspection on three grounds. One of which was:
a. practical b. empirical c. philosophical d. all of these
William of Ockham:
a. rejected the real existence of universals and forms. b. rejected the idea that the soul has distinct mental faculties like will or intellect. c. Separated faith and reason by arguing that only faith provides knowledge of the immortal soul. d. all of the above (Tick)
When John Garcia sickened rats he found that they:
a. showed signs of almost human neurotic behavior b. learned to avoid the place where they got sick c. could not learn how to avoid getting poisoned again d. none of these (Tick)
Many of the Galtonian Alarmists advocated that the U.S. should:
a. sterilize the "feebleminded" b. segregate "morons" into institutions c. restrict immigration to specific races d. all of these.
The Scottish commonsense philosophers said that human moral judgments are based on:
an innate moral sense
According to Hume, the force that held together the objects of the mind (ideas) was:
association
In the Renaissance world view, the world may is like a(n):
book
In Binet's measure of intelligence, a subnormal child was a child that:
could not solve the problems solved by children of the same age.
The need to provide vocational guidance to GIs in college created the field of ________ psychology.
counseling
The ideals of courtly love were inconsistent with the values of the earlier Middle Ages because:
courtly love was a relationship between particular individuals
Which of the following best represents Walter Dill Scotts contribution to the WWI war effort?
d. helped develop rating scales for officer selection.
Carl Rogers established three modes of knowing. The first is objective (scientific) and the second is personal subjective knowledge of conscious experience. The third mode is ______.
empathy
5. Establishment of psychology as a recognized profession was most clearly signaled by what development during WWII?
establishment of the OPP
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of science according to the positivists (e.g. Auguste Comte)?
explanation
According to the Turing Test, we may say that a machine is intelligent when it can:
fool us into thinking it is a person
According to Hume, general conclusions of the type "All swans are black," or "Every event has a cause" are:
habits derived from regularities in experience
James rejected the automaton theory of the mind, which held that consciousness:
has no evolutionary value
In F. C. Donders's method of mental chronometry, a simple reaction time might involve measuring how long it takes someone to respond to a light coming on above a response key. A compound reaction time however, might involve:
having two lights and two keys and discriminating which one of the two lights came on.
Which of the following describes the views of the seduction episode offered by many recent historians of psychoanalysis?
he had made his patients tell him of being seduced by their parents
Descartes conception of Mind and Body was carefully worked out with a religious- scientific framework. However, Descartes faced a problem and that problem was:
how to explain the immortal human soul in a mechanical world and within a mechanical human body.
"Third Force" psychology refers to:
humanistic psychology
Noam Chomsky demonstrated that Skinner's behaviorist approach to language was doomed to fail because:
it was vague and could not explain how people use syntax to understand sentences
Watson's manifesto for behaviorism shared important themes with contemporary manifestos in the field of:
modern art
Compared to most Americans, psychologists are politically _____.
more liberal
Kant referred to things in themselves—the world outside human perception as:
noumena
I observe a cat return to a place where it caught a mouse yesterday, where it waits, preparing to pounce again. I infer that the cat must possess memory. According to Morgan, this is an example of a(n) _________ inference from behavior to mind.
objective
The Gestalt view of perception was most influenced by the philosophical school of:
perceptual realism as advanced by Brentano
According to social scientists in the 1920s, the traditional American family role has been as an economic unit but this role in industrialized and urban America no longer existed. Social scientists had to provide a new function for the family and this turned out to be:
producing emotional adjustment to modern life.
33. The ultimate social goal of the Enlightenment philosophes was for all people everywhere to live only according to:
reason
Which of the following was NOT one of the perceived enemies of the Enlightenment Project?
science
Karl Lashley suggested that the choice psychology faced between behaviorism and the older traditional psychology came down to a choice between two incompatible world views, these world views were?
scientific vs. humanistic
Watson thought that traditional psychology's interest in consciousness reflected:
secret belief in a human soul
Although psychology sometimes seemed to be a value-free science like other sciences, psychologists in fact taught that ________ was an important value.
self-adjustment
In the 19 century good character demanded self-discipline and self-sacrifice, however, in the 20th century self-sacrifice began to be replaced by which of the following?
self-realization
One attitude of German psychologists themselves also inhibited the growth of psychology in Germany prior to WW II. This attitude was their belief that psychology:
should be a pure science unconcerned with practical applications
In a computer, representations of the world are processed entirely in terms of their:
syntax-their formal properties as strings of 0s and 1s
According to Skinner, when I say "I am leaving the party" I am:
tacting my own behavior
A somewhat controversial aspect of Thomas Kuhn's picture of science is the idea:
that science can undergo radical change in short periods of time resulting in "revolutions" of thought.
In XAM's Blog "Penance and the Mind Without", the example is given of how Penance was required by the Church during Late Antiquity to erase the burden of a person's sin. However, __________.
the act of penance could be performed by anyone on the behalf of the sinner.
Francis Galton was deeply worried that:
the average intelligence of Britons was declining
Titchener's paper "Postulates of Structural Psychology," distinguished several kinds of psychology but his paper also marks the beginning of __________.
the struggle between structuralism and functionalism to control American psychology.
In terms of Conscious and Intuitive processors, which of the following frameworks views the conscious processor and intuitive processors as both being rule- following and rule governing systems?
the symbol system
Oswald Külpe at Würzburg used the Ausfragen method to do experimental research on:
thinking
According to Berkeley's analysis of depth perception, we see the world in three dimensions because:
we infer depth from various sensory cues
Medieval plays called psychomachia are significant because unlike later Western thought they:
represent mental processes as taking place outside the individual
According to Leibniz, mind and body:
run on parallel, non-interacting tracks.
Your friend Joe says that Sally is outgoing, has many friends, and is the life of any party. When asked to explain why Sally behaves this way he explains that Sally is an extravert. A good student of psychology would point out that Joe appears to be violating _______ in his explanation for Sally's behavior.
Iron law of explanation
Aristotle distinguished four forms of causation. Applying these to explaining why a given animal is what it is (e.g., a cat as opposed to a dog), the soul fulfills all of the 4 causes EXCEPT:
a. material cause (Tick) b. formal cause c. efficient cause d. final cause
According to the philosophical analyses of Ludwig Wittgenstein:
a. moaning expresses pain it does not describe it. b. there is no such thing as a uniform cognitive process as memory c. psychology probably cannot be a science d. all of the above (Tick)
According to the German sociologist Tonnies, the Bildungsburgers loved ______ and feared/hated _________.
a. money, education b. politics, art c. art, science d. none of these (Tick)
According to pragmatism, beliefs are:
a. not forever true or false b. habits c. that upon which we are prepared to act d. all of these (Tick)
Which of the following physicists advocated for positivism as a fundamental philosophy for science and as an anti-realist reportedly said, "Have you ever seen one?" while debating the legitimacy of atoms?
Ernst Mach
The still unresolved controversy over the existence of a g factor in intelligence began in the work of ________ who first advocated the concept of general intelligence.
F. Galton
In the year 1860, ___________ was published.
Fechner's Elements of psychophysics
Which of the following is an example of positive eugenics?
Fitter Family contests at state fairs that educated about inheritance.
James asked us if we could still love our "Automatic sweetheart" once we discovered she was really a machine. James answered the question by stating:
No, because behind love is not behavior but a subjective mental state called love.
The idea that we perceive the world directly, unmediated by ideas was advocated by:
Thomas Reid and the Scottish commonsense philosophers
Which of the following created a framework for thinking about mind and body within which virtually all of us in psychology have worked within since?
Descartes
The 17th century figure who had the most influence on Enlightenment philosophy was:
Newton
In terms of the three modes of knowing, Carl Rogers believed it was important for the clinician to master the mode of _______ , because only then could they hope to help the client.
empathy
From the causal perspective on scientific explanation, the chief failure of the covering-law model is its:
emphasis on explanation as merely logical deduction
The author of the text points out that there is often tension between reasons and causes in explaining human action. Furthermore, the author argues that this tension also exists in the field of:
history
Plato proposed that learning universal concepts such as "cat" is based on:
innate knowledge from the soul's sojourn with the Forms
Figures such as Alcmaeon and Empedocles are called protopsychologists because they:
tried to explain mental functions in terms of brain and nerve processes
The author of the text notes that there are two reasons why psychologists have underestimated the influence of religious ideas of the soul (psyche) on conceptions of the mind. One of these reasons is:
psychology is aggressively secular, putting religion behind it as it follows science.
38. According to the Vail (Psy.D.) model of training, professional psychologists should be trained primarily as:
psychotherapists
According to XAM's BLOG on modernizing the academy, one influence of Romanticism on German Universities was that professors were expected to get ahead by:
publishing novel and revolutionary work.
In the medieval Neoplatonic scheme of the universe, humans stand midway between God and Matter. As _______ beings human resemble God, as ______ beings humans resemble animals.
rationale, physical
Concerning the tension between reasons and causes in history of science, the Whig history of science has tended to overestimate ___________ viewing history of science as ________.
reasons, seeing history as a fairy tale like series of progressive steps leading to current enlightenment.
According to Freud, the stages of psychosexual development formed a regular sequence because they:
recapitulated the phylogenetic history of the human species
According to the textbook, western conceptions of mind began in _________ before moving first to _________ and then to __________.
religion, philosophy, science
When two scientific theories clash over their ability to explain some phenomena there are two possible outcomes. One of these outcomes is when one theory is right and the other is wrong and the wrong theory is discarded. This outcome is known as:
replacement
During WWII industry in the U.S. faced problems that psychologists could help solve. One of these problems was:
retaining workers and improving training and productivity of new workers especially women.
According to information processing psychologists, introspection:
reveals little or nothing of cognitive processes
In his Blog post, XAM notes that Auguste Comte's proposed humans as passing through three stages. The last stage being _______.
scientific
Popper's demarcation criterion of falsifiability runs into two difficulties. One of which is?
scientific theories actually compete with each other as well as with nature.
Which of the following is the correct series of events according to William James' theory of emotion?
see bear --- run away --- feel scared
As the author of the text notes, "Minds are private and no instrument can be applied to conscious experiences". Yet, Gustav Fechner overcame these problems by:
seeing that the content of consciousness can be manipulated by controlling the stimuli to which the person is exposed.
Although psychology sometimes seemed to be a value-free science like other sciences, psychologists in the 1920 reconstructed the American family and taught that ________ was an important value.
self adjustment
The most important Greek moral value was sophrosyne, which meant:
self control, the kind that springs from wisdom.
Whig histories of science are typically internalist, seeing science as:
self-contained disciplines solving well-defined problems by the rational use of the scientific method and unaffected by social/historical events.
According to the "hermeneutic" school of contemporary psychoanalysis, psychoanalysis:
should be thought of as being like literary criticism rather than science
According to Isaac Newton, to explain something scientifically meant:
showing how phenomena could be deduced from a few mathematical laws
According to XAM's Blog, evolutionary theorists could argue that human nature is pre- adapted for the postmodern lifestyle. The reason(s) being:
a. only a tiny fraction of people are farmers. b. people don't have to live in one place anymore c. people can download apps and software as needed. d. all of these.
The author of the text notes that any theory of evolution needs at least two components. One of which is?
a. preserving changes b. an engine of change c. both of these (Tick) d. none of these
In the early decades of the 1900's, Popular psychology simultaneously accomplished two apparently contradictory things. The two things were:
a. provide a sense of sexual liberation from the outdated past religious morality b. provided new and supposedly scientific techniques for social control c. both of these (Tick) d. none of these
The Historian Thomas Kuhn proposed the concept of a paradigm among scientists. Paradigms can __________.
a. provide scientists with assumptions about the nature of reality b. provide a blueprint that will guide experimental procedures c. influence and shape how scientists view the world d. all of the above (Tick)
The social and political movement of Progressivism valued which of the following:
a. reform b. progress c. efficiency d. all of these (Tick)
31. Franz Brentano's Act psychology:
a. rejected the way of Ideas b. viewed the mind as the means by which a person actively grasps the real external world. c. both of these (Tick) d. none of these
An important step toward scientific psychology taken by the Islamic faculty psychologists was their:
attempt to combine faculty psychology with brain structures
F. C. Donders used the method of mental chronometry to measure:
attempt to quantify the speed of mental processes such as judgment, or discrimination.
The key value taught by humanistic psychologists was:
authenticity
Skinner rejected the existence of inner causes of behavior, a widespread belief he called the concept of:
autonomous man
Like Aristotle, the medieval faculty psychology of Ibn Sina's set animals apart from plants by the fact that animals moved. The motive power of animals was known as "appetite" and took two forms. These two forms were:
avoidance and approach
Gestalt psychologists called the assumption by philosophers since Descartes that every sensory element in consciousness corresponds to a physical stimulus the ____________ hypothesis.
constancy
The author of the text states that Wundt remade psychology from a fitful enterprise of solitary scholars into a genuine scientific community. Wundt did this in several ways, which of the following is NOT one of these ways:
creating an enduring theory of psychology that was widely accepted by others.
In a disturbing world, people seek freedom from disturbance. During such at time the Hellenistic schools of philosophy shared the goal of:
creating and teaching a therapy of the soul.
The uniquely German concept of Bildung refers to:
cultivating self-formation through broad humanistic education
Principles of psychology contains a deep contradiction, revealing that James was torn between believing in:
determinism vs. free will
According to Watson, the brain:
did nothing but connect stimuli and responses
In the 1920s and 1930s, the philosophical system of ________ reinforced American psychologists' belief that psychology needed to be defined as the science of behavior.
logical positivism
15. In the "New Look" research in perception, Bruner and his associates found that _____ was required for a subject to recognize a taboo word than to recognize a neutral word.
longer exposure time
Mesmer explained the phenomena he discovered in terms of:
manipulation of an unseen fluid that permeates the universe
F. C. Donders developed his "subtractive method" to:
measure the temporal duration of mental processes such as perceptual judgment
In his treatment of association of ideas, J. S. Mill introduced the idea of ________, that ideas can so combine that they lose their individual identities and produce an experience with different, emergent, properties:
mental chemistry
Dutch physiologist F. C. Donder's used simple and compound reaction times to infer the action of complex mental processes. His method of objectively measuring physiological and mental processes was called:
mental chronometry
When Watson argued that psychologists should ignore consciousness because it was private, and science dealt only with public data, he laid the ground for:
methodological behaviorism
Functional psychology was "functional" in three senses. One of which was ______?
mind was viewed as a biological function
If they could look at psychology as it is practiced today, Vico and Herder would be most unhappy with modern psychology's:
modeling itself on the natural sciences
Empirical studies of the effectiveness of psychoanalysis indicate that:
most therapies are modestly effective—psychoanalysis is not uniquely effective
In Freud's theory of dreams, dreams are "regressive" because they involve:
movement of neural impulses from the unconscious not "progressively" toward motor discharge as behavior, but "regressively" toward the sensory system
Radical behaviorism is based on the older philosophical system of:
neorealism
Wundt viewed Americans as the emblems of "Gesellschaft", for Wundt the point of life was _____________.
not happiness but the production of objects of intellectual value
To the positivist, a shortcoming of the causal perspective or explanation is:
not having an adequate account of causation itself
Rogers argued that behaviorism was a crippled, partial view of human nature because it limited itself to the ____ mode of knowing.
objective
Which of the following is NOT one of Carl Rogers' three modes of knowing?
objective knowledge of oneself through observing one's own behavior
Suppose we see a bowling ball hit the pins and the pins fall down. If you believe that the bowling ball did not cause the pins to fall, but instead God caused the pins to fall by recreating the universe then you favor the doctrine called _______ which was favored ______.
occasionalism, in Islam.
In his Three Essays on the theory of sexuality, Freud viewed aggression as:
occurring only when some other, innate, drive is thwarted
Descartes abandoned work on L'Homme because:
of the condemnation of Galileo by the Roman Inquisition
According to Karl Popper, a discipline that claims to be a science is really a pseudoscience like astrology if it:
offers no refutable predictions
According to Aristotle, human intellectual appetite, or wish, arises from:
our uniquely human ability to form universals
In Animal Intelligence (1883) George Romanes carried on work in comparative psychology by surveying the mental abilities of animals. Yet C. Lloyd Morgan objected to Romanes ________.
overestimated animal intelligence from analogy of his own thinking.
Jeremy Bentham described his ideas about utilitarian hedonism with the statement, "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, ______and ______.
pain, pleasure
Freud believed that in general the stages of individual human development:
parallel the evolution of Homo sapiens
According to XAM's BLOG on the party of suspicion, Marx, Nietzsche and Freud have bequeathed us all something. That something is _____.
paranoia
Hume did his work in the Age of Reason, yet when it came to morality and deciding if we approve or disapprove of the action of ourselves and others it depends on ________.
passion and our feelings.
Some Enlightenment thinkers, especially in France, were excited by the ideas of La Mettrie and Condillac because they implied that:
people could be easily shaped into any from society might desire
According to scholars from the time of the Greeks (i.e. Aristotle) through the Middle Ages, when we perceive an object we:
perceive it as it really is with all its sensory properties (e.g. beauty)
According to Titchener's "Postulates of Structural Psychology," functional psychology was analogous to the field of ________ within biology.
physiology
In creating psychology as an independent discipline, Wundt proclaimed a strategic "alliance" between psychology and:
physiology
Skinner regarded organisms as:
places where independent variables interact to cause behavior
According to Freudian Marxists, citizens in a bourgeois state and neurotics are alike in that both:
possess false consciousness about the causes of their behavior
Analyzing beliefs as useful habits is the essence of the American philosophy of:
pragmatism
In the Hempel and Oppenheim covering-law model of explanation, explanation is basically the same as:
prediction
Thomas Szasz's argued that brains may be diseased, but most of what society calls mental illness is _______.
problems in living
Which aspect of Hull's theorizing had the greatest influence?
proposing axiomatic mathematical theories
Client-centered psychotherapy was important for developing clinical psychology in the 1940s because it:
provided a form of therapy not rooted in psychiatry
With respect to the possibility of psychology—defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness—becoming a science, Kant argued that:
psychology cannot, in principle, become a real science
Imagine an experiment by Tolman in which he measures how fast Norwegian rats run down a runway for different sizes of food pellets. Using Tolman's ideas, match the description of the independent variable to one of the terms listed below from the experiment:
size of food pellet
Freud's explanation for human behaviors such as art and science was that:
socialization redirects sexual energy into such approved channels
When the National Science Foundation (NSF) was created, social science was:
specifically excluded
The neo-Hullian informal behaviorists tried to explain thought processes in terms of:
stimuli and responses inside an organism that "mediate" between stimulus and response
James viewed conscious experience as being like a:
stream
The first Greek philosophers to say there was no single best human way of life were:
the Sophists
The humanistic thesis "Man is the measure of all things" was articulated by:
the Sophists
For German Mandarin - Bildungsburgers, ___________ represented Gesellschaft its worst.
the USA
The first Greek thinkers were naturalists searching for the phusis, which meant:
the basic underlying element out of which all things are made
Central to Descartes' physiological treatment of the "animal machine" was
the concept of the reflex
E. B. Titchener had three experimental tasks for his psychology one of which was?
to determine how the elementary sensations are connected to form complex perceptions and ideas
The author of the texts states that Wundt wanted to understand only the normal adult mind. Galton wanted _______.
to study any human mind.
The phenomenon of perceptual defense occurs when a person:
tries not to experience a threatening stimulus
Chomsky's thesis that language learning has an innate basis is a revival of ________ in psychology.
nativism
With only a few exceptions, theories about the origins of madness and neurosis prior to psychoanalysis emphasized:
biological causes of mental illness
According to Thomas Szasz's The myth of mental illness:
"mental illness" is just a label for people we find disturbing
23-25. Philosophy of Science: Match philosophical school or person to basic idea.
23. positivism (a) a. description basis of science 24. T. S. Kuhn (c) b. falsificationism 25. K. Popper (b) c. paradigms and revolutions
The historian of psychology E.G. Boring dates the founding of experimental psychology to 1860, with the publication of __________ by _________.
Elements of Psychophysics, Gustav Fechner
Who was the Archaic Greek Philosopher that in essence told his student, "This is how I see things- how I believe things are. Try to improve upon my teaching."
Thales
You observe a cat come running when the can opener is used. Which of the following inferences would Morgan reject as outside the scope of science?
The cat is happy because it expects food
As a voice for Christian Neoplatonic philosophy, St Bonaventure believed:
The essence of a person was the soul and it had 2 sorts of knowledge.
Thorndike proposed that two laws account for all behavior, no matter how complex. Which one of the following is one of these laws?
The law of effect
Thorndike proposed that two laws account for all behavior, no matter how complex. Which one of the following is one of these laws?
The law of exercise
Who said that in a state of nature the life of human beings would be "solitary, nasty, brutish, and short?"
Thomas Hobbes
The main organizer of the American Psychological Association (and coiner of the term "adolescence") was:
G. Stanley Hall
Although moral therapy was not yet psychotherapy its aim was to cure. Moral therapy attempted to do this by:
free patients from their chains and having them live structured lives with other inmates.
The Neorealist philosopher Perry argued that introspection was special in only trivial ways. Perry argued that the Mind and behavior are ______________.
functionally the same.
In contrast to Galton's approach to testing intelligence, Binet focused more on:
higher mental functions and cognitive skills
Galton coined the term eugenics to refer to:
selective breeding of human beings
In John Dewey's view, individuals acquire their personality and thoughts from _______.
society
Which of the following did Descartes argue was unique to humans and not seen in animals?
Only humans have language.
Spinoza rejected Cartesian Dualism and thus believed there was no mind-body interaction problem. He argued that:
All our actions are, in fact determined; "moral responsibility" is an illusion.
Spinoza extended his deterministic analysis to human nature. In some ways his beliefs resemble the modern work of B.F. Skinner. These beliefs can be summarized by the statement:
Although we feel we are free it is an illusion.
The idea of secondary causation explains change in the world by suggesting:
a. That in every instant of time, God annihilates and re-creates the universe which results in all the little change we see. b. There are really no true changes in the world; we simply perceive movement not causality. c. That all change, even little secondary changes are caused by God acting directly on an object. d. None of these. (Tick)
Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?
a. reduction ad absurdum b. the intentional stance problem c. Neurocentrism d. none of these (Tick)
Research on Pavlovian conditioning has found that acquisition of a conditional response is fastest when the CS precedes the US by 1⁄2 second. This finding illustrates which of Hume's laws of association?
contiguity
The basic notion behind cognitive science is the idea that:
all cognizers, regardless of physical makeup, think the same way
The early method used by the first animal psychologists to study animal behavior (e.g. Romanes) was the ________ method, which many American psychologists like Thorndike would later reject.
anecdotal
In the nineteenth century, the first social scientists argued about the proper goals and methods of their fields. John Stuart Mill proposed that the social sciences should:
apply the methods and share the goals of the natural sciences
Titchener consistently rejected which of the following goals for psychology?
applying psychology to personal and social problems
One of the most influential achievements of St. Thomas Aquinas was his attempt to:
demonstrates that Aristotle's ideas were compatible with Christianity, thus harmonizing philosophy and theology.
According to Watson, the main reason mentalistic psychology had failed to become a natural science was that it:
depended on introspection
Someone who thinks that soul and body are separate and distinct entities is a(n):
dualist
According to XAM's BLOG, Traditional political philosophy of the day gave advice on what a prince should do to be good. However, Machiavelli's advice in "The Prince" was meant to make a Prince _________.
effective as a ruler, not moral.
In the 1930's the Eugenics movement in the U.S. was dying. However, it was not criticism that finally killed the U.S. eugenics movement it was ________.
embarrassment, over the use of eugenics by Hitler's Nazis.
The new movement in cognitive science that rejects entirely or in part the symbol- system conception of mind (i.e. Cartesian cognitive science) is known as:
embodied cognition
Which of the following was NOT one of the innovations of Gall's phrenology?
experimental control of introspection
Explaining purpose in terms of mechanical causation—the problem that bedeviled James, Hull, and Tolman, was solved by the concept of _______________.
informational feedback
The "New History" criticizes the "Old History" for:
often excluding women, minorities and ordinary people.
According to logical positivism, when we link a theoretical term to observations, we are:
operationally defining it
The research that started the Gestalt movement concerned apparent motion, which they called the _______ phenomenon.
phi
In discussing the mind, the author suggests that one possibility is that the mind is like a tool or artifact, similar for example to a hammer or screwdriver. This view of mind suggests that minds are _________.
real, but not the primary focus of natural science.
When in the development of science an old theory's laws are found to be explainable in terms of the laws of a more basic theory, then the latter theory has _________ the former.
reduced
According to philosophical or logical behaviorism, the meaning of everyday mental terms comes from
reference to behavioral dispositions to behave a certain way
Unlike Wundt, Titchener ________ the idea of apperception, according to Titchener attention was simply ________.
rejected, sensation
Noam Chomsky's emphasis on the rule governed and symbolic nature of language helped psychology do what?
renew interest in cognition and shape later information processing theories.
According to Herbert Spencer, the evolutionary function of consciousness is:
representing the world internally
Which of the following was the view of Immanuel Kant?
results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
Imagine an experiment by Tolman in which he measures how fast Norwegian rats run down a runway for different sizes of food pellets. Using Tolman's ideas, match the description of the dependent variable to one of the terms listed below from the experiment:
running speed of rat
Sigmund Freud shared one goal with the other founders of psychology, namely that he wanted psychoanalysis to be a:
science
Although not favored by Islamic thinkers, the concept of ________ developed by medieval thinkers was important to the development of natural science in Europe.
secondary causation d. primary causation
Locke argued for two fountains of knowledge or kinds of experience. The two types were _________ and _________.
sensation, reflection
According to Socrates, a person who does an evil deed is:
simply ignorant of the good
The philosopher Daniel Dennett proposes a Multiple Drafts Model of consciousness in which human consciousness is seen as a virtual machine installed by _______ on the brain's parallel processor.
socialization
According to Comte the final stage of human history was the scientific stage. Here a new science would rule over society called:
sociology
Aquinas sharply broke with Neoplatonic faculty psychology when he claimed that:
soul and body form a natural unity
Asking how different species have acquired different mentalities as a result of evolution is asking the __________ question.
species
Functional psychology was "functional" in three senses. One of which was ______?
it viewed mind in Darwinian terms with the mind adapting an organism to novel circumstances.
Freud's attitude to experimental testing of psychoanalysis was that:
it was not needed; at best it could do no harm
In an operational definition, a theoretical term is defined by:
linking it to observation terms
According to Aristotle, people could flourish (achieve eudaemonia) only if they:
lived in the right sort of society
13. As a result of the scientific revolution, human beings came to think of the universe as a:
machine
Unlike European philosophers, Islamic scholars used and developed earlier Greek Mathematics:
only for useful and every day practical purposes
After Newton's laws of motion were published, the machine analogy became popular among thinkers because it:
originally gave support to religions fight against magic and alchemy.
The development of scientific psychology in the United States was foreshadowed by the earlier _________ movement.
phrenological
Positive eugenics refers to:
trying to get the most "fit" to have more children
Sigmund Freud called this work the first great blow to the human ego:
Copernicus' Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of _____________.
a. social psychology b. industrial-organizational psychology c. career counseling d. none of these
The imageless thought findings of the Würzburg school generated controversy because:
a. they challenged the philosophical consensus about the contents of consciousness b. their introspective technique deviated from Wundt's rules about experimental control c. not all laboratories could reproduce the Würzburg results d. all of the above (Tick)
The idea that people have an innate moral sense that intuitively distinguishes right from wrong:
a. was proposed by the Scottish common-sense philosophers b. led to the idea that psychology could be a distinct, moral, science c. especially influential in the United States d. all of the above
During the 1920s and 1930s, traditional academic psychologists had a hard time accepting applied psychologists because applied psychologists:
a. worked outside colleges and universities b. wanted to lobby for passing licensure laws c. did not do research d. all of the above (Tick)
Although not always correct, Franz Gall is regarded by many to be the founder of cognitive neuroscience, because he was the first to seriously propose the idea that the brain _______.
is the seat of the soul.
In terms of conscious and intuitive processors, the New Connectionists believe that human behavior is rule-following only _______.
a. when it falls within the boundaries of the mind's eye view of cognition b. when there are moral rules or religion involved. c. at the intuitive level d. none of these (Tick)
The APS was created because:
academic psychologists felt that APA was being run too much in clinicians' interests
When Sally was first learning to drive a stick shift manual transmission car she paid thoughtful attention to everything she did. Now months later it's all automatic and she just does it. In Smolensky's (1988) framework of cognition Sally's driving has gone from:
engaging the conscious processor to the intuitive processor
According to Wittgenstein, a mental concept such as memory is best thought of as a(n):
family resemblance concept with no single feature shared by all members
According to social scientists in the 1920s, the American family (including the Flaming Youth) was in trouble because:
the family had lost its economic basis
19. Which of the following is the best example of negative feedback?
the governors on old steam engines which kept their internal temperature at a constant state
Freud argued that his "incontrovertible proof" of the existence of unconscious processes was ________.
the therapeutic success of psychoanalysis
According to the text, the central problem of scientific psychology in the twentieth century is:
whether humans can be consistently conceived as machines
Scholars have suggested three blows to human self-esteem with one of them being Freud's psychoanalysis. Freud claimed it was ___________that delivered the blow to human self-esteem.
his demonstrating that the human ego is not master in its own house
Genetic epistemology is most centrally concerned with:
how human knowledge develops
The first vexing question for Cartesian dualism was raised by Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia who asked Descartes:
how spiritual mind and physical body could interact
One of the goals of Munsterberg's work titled, "Psychology and Industrial Efficiency" was to find______.
how to find the best possible person for the job
As opposed to artificial intelligence, the goal of computer simulation is to:
imitate the human mind by having computers think in the same ways people do
According to the text, the modern western conception of the individual was developed in part:
in popular literary culture during the Middle Ages
A spokesman for the French Salpetriere school was Jean Martin Charcot. He believed that the hypnotic trance:
indicated a pathological nervous system and the person was prone to hysteria.
The results of the Army intelligence tests seemed to show that:
almost half of the draftees were morons
In 1960, George Sperling disagreed with Wundt's conclusion, proposing instead that:
although all the items were initially perceived, subjects lost the memory of them due to decay while making verbal reports
The 1927 U.S. Supreme Court case of Buck vs. Bell:
concerned the state's right to sterilize the feebleminded
The concept of secondary sense properties created a new world that did not exist for ancient philosophers. The new world was ______ and was populated by ____.
consciousness, ideas.
The products of the German concept of Bildung were the Bildungsburgers. The Bildungsburgers could be thought of as:
culturally educated citizens
In discussing Daniel Dennett's model of consciousness, the author of the text suggests that animals are like _______ while humans are more like _____.
hardwired real calculators; general purpose computers
Sally tells her professor, "My term paper will be late, my computer decided to delete it last night and then punish me by refusing to reboot". Daniel Dennett would argue that Sally _________.
has adopted an intentional stance toward her computer.
According to the text, the biggest dispute between clinical psychology and psychiatry involved:
insurance money
Which of the following forms of behaviorism merged most easily with information processing psychology?
mediational behaviorism
The cornerstone of early applied psychology in the U.S. was ______ and it is still important today.
mental testing
In general, Wittgenstein argues that psychology should:
not look for processes lying behind our behavior
T. H. Huxley played a key role in 19th century science by:
popularizing Darwin's theory of evolution
In the Hempel and Oppenheim covering-law model of explanation, the explanadum is the:
thing to be explained
The social and political movement of Progressivism valued which of the following:
a. old time traditions and values b. a feel good anything goes attitude c. greedy, opportunistic self-interested politicians d. none of these (Tick)
According to the Turing test, artificial intelligence will have been achieved when:
you can't tell if you're conversing with a human or computer
Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa purported to show that:
youthful rebellion was not a universal experience
One reason that the scientific revolution occurred in Europe and not some other culture (e.g. Islam or China).
Creation of self-governing Universities those were relatively free in terms of inquiry.
Which of these explanations of magnetism is an example of Renaissance naturalism?
Magnets are composed of a material with the natural power to attract metal.
Ten years after APA president George Miller's 1969 address, in which he argued that "Psychology should be given away" a symposium was held to evaluate progress on giving psychology away. The conclusion was?
It had been a failure and it was time to take it back.
Which of the following would NOT be a characteristic of Knowledge for Plato?
It must be based on careful observation.
The majority of modern cognitive psychologists believe that we have little, if any, access to our thought processes. Which philosophical psychologist also held that belief?
Kant
If one wanted to find the initial philosophical and intellectual roots of psychology then one might look to the Greek motto "___________".
Know thyself.
In terms of two scientific theories clashing with each other to explain phenomena, which of the following is an example of reduction:
Mendelian genetics to molecular genetics.
Modern economics and finance often involves decisions based uncertain and incomplete information. These fields might not exist today without the contributions of:
Pascal
From reading about the inhabitants of the Pacific islands, ______ concluded that in a state of nature people are "noble savages."
Rousseau
Around 1900, most psychologists, including William James and Franz Brentano, took which of the following attitudes to the unconscious?
There was no psychological unconscious, only unconscious brain processes.
Progressives believed that the crisis of the "Flaming Youth" was a symptom of a deeper social crisis. To address the crisis social scientists argued:
Through expert training and education Motherhood must become "Mothercraft".
As with Freud and James, Wundt's psychology changed over time by:
a. retreating from the goal of linking mental processes to brain processes
According to cognitive science, computers and people are alike in that both:
are informavores
In Three essays on the theory of sexuality, Freud argued that sexual perversions:
are innate in everyone
The author of the text notes that recent history of science tends to be more _______, considering science within a larger social-historical context and pattern.
externalist.
In contrast to Hull's associative theory of learning, Tolman asserted his concept of the:
intervening variable
Clark Hull wanted to explain behavior in terms of:
mechanistic S - R processes
In Studies in hysteria, "abreaction" refers to:
the therapeutic release of pent-up feelings
Identifying Aristotle's concept of mind with the Christian soul presented difficulties, because unlike the Christian soul, mind:
was impersonal, containing only universal concepts
According to Noam Chomsky, Skinner's Verbal Behavior:
was mainly common sense recast in apparently scientific language
James' Principles of psychology was published in:
1890
Freud's Interpretation of Dreams appeared in:
1900
38-40. Match philosophical account of theories to its description.
38. syntactic (b) 39. semantic (a) a. theories are about models of the world b. theories are collections of sentences c. theories consist of a world-view suitable example equals
Many general-introductory psychology textbooks are organized by chapters in the order of nerve and brain function, then sensation and perception and finally working toward chapters on thinking and social behavior. This organization incorporates both associationism and physiology and is due to the influence of ______.
Alexander Bain
Which of the following developed a more effective and durable means of measuring intelligence?
Alfred Binet
45. Berkeley's theory of depth perception and his philosophy of the mind later served as a basis for ________.
E.B. Titchener's structuralism
The first formulation of pragmatism was written by ____________, who, in contrast to James, emphasized objective cognitive processes rather than emotional ones.
Charles S. Peirce
Imagine a high school chemistry lab teacher doing an "experiment" each semester in which she fills a balloon with hydrogen gas and ignites the balloon (bang!). Using Kuhn's proposal, which of the two scientific traditions is the lab teachers demonstration most similar to?
Classical science
After 1944 the new APA had a young and growing segment of almost entirely new psychologists this segment was which of the following:
Clinical psychologists as psychotherapists
Match the philosophical movement to a recipe for ataraxia.
Cynicism (b) Skepticism (a) Stoicism (d) Neoplatonism (c) Epicureanism (e) a. Don't commit yourself fully to any belief, keep searching. b. Ignore social conventions; be a hippie and live as a "dog." c. Know God by dwelling inwardly on your soul. d. Accept your place in the divine logos of the universe. e. With draw from the world and live simply and quietly.
Chauncy Wright took __________ as a model by which to understand how we come to accept some beliefs as true and others as false.
Darwinian evolution
Which of the following explanations most clearly does NOT violate the Iron Law of Explanation?
Depression is caused by a neurochemical imbalance in the brain
Noam Chomsky identified which philosopher as his model?
Descartes
The author of the text uses the Wizard of Oz to illustrate Kant's point about phenomena. Imagine the citizens of OZ had green tinted contact lens implanted in their eyes at birth. Which of the following is a TRUTH that these citizens of OZ can assert that cannot be falsified in the realm of phenomena.
Everything is green in terms of phenomenon.
The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of psychopathology was:
France
In some way, the Gestalt movement in psychology sprang from:
Franz Brentano's revival of realism and descriptive phenomenology
Although today psychologists use the term "participant" for people taking part in a psychological study, the initial term "subject" was introduced to psychology by:
French clinical psychologists
The modern term "subject" that psychologists use to designate the people they study developed originally in:
French clinical psychology (sujet)
Which of the following was NOT an important influence on American thought?
French naturalism
The "New Look" in perception was inspired by the _______ theory of perception.
Freudian
E. G. Boring once remarked that although American psychologists got their brass instruments and degrees from Wundt, they got their inspiration from:
Galton
According to the German sociologist Tonnies, the Bildungsburgers loved ____and feared/hated _________.
Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft
The American psychometrician Lewis Terman argued that an important use of intelligence testing was to identify and socially control people at the low and high ends of general intelligence. The reason being:
Genius needed to be identified and nurtured for the benefit of society.
The country in which psychology established itself primarily in connection with the study of mental testing, for example, the statistical aggregation of measurable differences between minds (animal and human) was :
Great Britain
Freud's theory of psychosexual stages of development is an extension of:
Haeckel's Biogenetic Law
According to the text, Humanistic Psychology is the product of modern age. Yet Rogers and Maslow recipe for happiness is most like which previous era?
Hellenistic
Which of the following is the BEST example of an operational definition?
Intelligence is a score on an IQ test.
Regarding our ability to form generalizations, (i.e. form true beliefs), which of the following was the view of Immanuel Kant?
It results from the Transcendental Ego's imposition of the Categories of Apperception on raw sensory experience
Hume's skepticism raised which later philosopher "from my dogmatic slumbers?"
Kant
Match the following statement about the mind and the body to the person: "Two identical and perfect clocks, both set to the same time and started at the same moment".
Leibniz
Scholars recognized that the Cartesian mechanized world view (watch) offered new support for God (watchmaker), it also resulted in _________.
Making God more distant from human life.
Historian Fritz Ringer has drawn an analogy between German intellectuals of the nineteenth century and a similar class of ruling intellectuals, the:
Mandarins of Confucian China
The rule that in inferring an animal's mental processes from behavior one should infer the simplest level of mind needed to explain the behavior is called:
Morgan's canon
Which of the following was considered to be the "The lamp of the Enlightenment"?
Newton
Probably the first person to inquire into human nature without regard for religion or moral philosophy was:
Niccolo Machiavelli
Thomas Kuhn distinguished two forms of science one known as mathematical or classical and the second being Baconian. Which of the following characteristics is uniquely true of the Baconian tradition of sciences but not classical?
Performing careful experiments in order to form general conclusions about the world.
Phrenology was changed by the Americans who popularized it, in ways that anticipate how psychology would be changed as it Americanized. Which of the following changes did not occur?
Phrenology became more theoretical.
The author of the text points out that much of our early intellectual history is mysterious for several reasons. An example of this is:
Plato's belief that few people are capable of handling the truth about the world with the result being persecution, and destabilization.
Believing that a magnet's power to attract metal objects is the result of an internal power inherent and natural to magnets and not the result of an external spell or demon best illustrates the point of view known as:
Renaissance naturalism.
Skinner said that Freud had one great insight into human behavior and that was:
a. thinking that much of the cause of behavior were unconscious. d. postulating inner mental causes of behavior such as the superego and id.
In general, what did APA president George Miller mean in his 1969 address when he argued that "Psychology should be given away"?
Scientific results should be given to the public in a practical and usable form.
Plato's image of the soul as a charioteer driving two horses resembles to some degree parts of whose later theory?
Sigmund Freud's
Find the best match for the following statement: The soul and the body are completely distinct substances, with the immortal soul using the body during the soul's earthly existence.
St. Bonaventure
The author of the text argues that, "Science describes the natural world with soul- consciousness, and subjectivity subtracted. Science describes the natural world as it is from no perspective, as if there were no people in it at all". The author's statement summarizes the idea of_________?
The View From Nowhere
The "unconscious" may be defined in several ways. Which of the following definitions would have been most acceptable to Freud's contemporary psychologists?
The unconscious just describes the fact that some things are conscious while others are not
Based on their world view, a Renaissance physician might cure a skull fracture or brain damage by administrating walnuts. The reason being:
Walnuts shells resemble the skull and the nut the human brain.
7. The author notes that a unique feature of Chinese intellectual life that inhibited the development of natural philosophy and science was the "mandarins". The mandarins were _________.
a class of government bureaucrats the controlled the reins of government.
Which of the following sentence completions is NOT an example of an operational definition of "anxiety?" Anxiety may be operationally defined as:
a score in the 95th percentile on the Anxiety Inventory
Modern historical commentators think that 19th century "hysteria" was:
a. A set of diseases that then could not be diagnosed, such as focal epilepsy b. a dumping ground for symptoms not easily classifiable into existing disease categories c. a socially constructed behavioral role d. all of the above
Which of the following is used by the New History of psychology?
a. utilizes more primary sources and attempts to understand issues at they appeared in the context of the time . b. history from below. c. is more critical, contextual and inclusive than it is ceremonial d. all of these (Tick)
The idea that people have an innate moral sense that intuitively distinguishes right from wrong:
a. was proposed by the Scottish common-sense philosophers b. led to the idea that psychology could be a distinct, moral, science c. especially influential in the United States d. all of the above
The concept of mediation was introduced to S-R theory in order to:
account for human symbolic processes
Until WW II, clinical psychology meant:
administering mental tests
Through his dialogues, Socrates brought his students to the state of "enlightened ignorance" called:
aporia
The concept of the homunculus refers to the idea that:
behavior is controlled by a "little man" in a person's body
John B. Watson advocated treating children:
brutally behavioristic and like little adults.
The Islamic physician-philosophers were the first thinkers to propose that:
different parts of the brain support different mental abilities
Using the findings from his puzzle box research, Thorndike argued that animals:
do not reason, but they do learn by trial and error.
Findings from artificial intelligence suggest that computers can:
do what people find hard, but not what they find easy
A follower of Wittgenstein might say that a person who finds modern art incomprehensible:
doesn't participate in the form of life of modernism
Imagine the author of a History of Psychology Text Book (know as book X) devotes a single chapter to "The Great Men of Psychology". In contrast, the author of your textbook has sought to place psychology within larger social and historical patterns. One could argue that your history of psychology text represents an example of ______ while text book (X) represents a more _____ dimension in the history of science.
externalism, internal
According to the text and lectures, an important hidden reason for adoption of the Boulder model of clinical training was to:
give clinical psychologists separate and higher status than physicians
In Aristotle's treatment of human beings, what is the unique function of the human soul, or mind?
knowledge of universal truths
In contrast to the wide spread belief in the inner cause of behavior, Skinner emphasized external variables, characterizing a person, or any behaving organism as a(n):
locus of variables
Which of the following is true of the "Old History" as opposed to the "New History"?
narrative in form
The doctrine that one should not invoke gods, spirits, souls, demons or the like to explain events in the world is called:
naturalism
In terms of how science changes, one could argue that Historian Thomas Kuhn's analysis uses a ___________ approach that emphasis the human dimension of science. In contrast, Sir Karl Popper offered an interesting theory of scientific change because Popper tackles the question of how science changes from a ________ rather than a historical point of view.
naturalistic, normative
According to Thomas Kuhn, most eras in science are dominated by a single Weltanschauung called a(n):
paradigm
Taking over the concepts of British empiricism, Condillac and the Ideologues:
proposed that the mind was completely empty at birth, shaped exclusively by experience
Central to Freud's biological conception of human development and behavior was _______ because this provided a truly universal basis for his theory that was not culture specific.
sex
Perception of the W shape in the figure at left illustrates the Gestalt law of perception:
similarity
One innovative aspect of T. S. Kuhn's analysis of science was that it:
stressed the social nature of science
Toward the end of the 18th century, treatment of the insane in mental hospitals was revolutionized by the institution of "moral therapy," which involved:
subjecting patients to a free and caring, but orderly and disciplined, life in the asylum
12. Helen Keller was blind and deaf but grew up to be an intelligent, educated and successful adult. Applying Galton's approach to intelligence testing, an adult Helen Keller would most likely be classified as ________while Binet's test would most likely rate her as ________.
subnormal in intelligence, average or above average
Which of the following best matches what Freud believed about hysteria?
that there was a one to one match between a set of hysterical symptoms and a single underlying cause.
The author of the text notes that the most important historical source of science's view from nowhere was ________.
the Cartesian conception of consciousness and its relation to the world.
Based on the historical events of the French Revolution, many thinkers concluded that
the Enlightenment Project had come to a dangerous and violent end
From the course of the French Revolution, many thinkers concluded that:
the Enlightenment Project had come to a dangerous and violent end
In the post-WW II years, support for research in the behavioral sciences came mostly from:
the Ford Foundation
In several philosophical metaphors, Plato draws an analogy between the sun and:
the Form of the Good
Mills and later Kohler criticized Thorndike's puzzle box research, by arguing____.
the method only allowed trial and error learning so that is what was found.
One reason the sex drive is so important in Freud's theory is that the sex drive is __________.
the one human societies take the greatest interest in regulating
Although he did not say so explicitly, modern historical commentators believe that when Freud came to doubt his early patients' stories of sexual abuse, he feared that:
this meant that psychoanalysis could not be a science
1. In 1892 the preamble to the American Psychological Association (APA) stated its mission was to "advance psychology as a science". When re-organized in 1945 APA's mission was ______?
to advance psychology as a science, a profession and to promote human welfare.
Hull gave as his main reason for excluding consciousness from psychology the argument that it:
was not necessary to his postulate system
In 1951, Karl Lashley criticized the S-R chaining theory of complex behavior because it:
was physiologically impossible
According to XAM's BLOG that shows a figure of Google's Ngram Viewer for the incidence of the word psychology, ________.
was very much part of the second Industrial Revolution, matching the growth in wealth.
The ancient Greek philosophers (e.g. Thales) were said to have established an open system of thought. Open means:
welcomes criticism of its ideas
The findings from Leon Festinger's experiment (boring task) on cognitive dissonance did what?
went against what would be predicted by the law of effect.
According to Abraham Maslow creative geniuses are:
what we all could be if we realized our potential
Leibniz gave a new formulation of the mind body problem, that:
Mind and body are separate but do not interact.
In text, "protopsychologists" are people who try to link psychological processes to physiological processes. The FIRST protopsychologist was:
Alcmeon
The single greatest difference between early American and German psychology was that:
American psychology emphasized practical applications
One reason the psychology of adaptation found such fertile ground and grew in the young United States was:
Americans valued business, and useful knowledge.
The first analysis of the problem of how we see depth was proposed by:
Berkeley
In the work Studies in hysteria (1895), Freud and Breuer present the case of Anna O. Anna O. became a centerpiece of a theory and cure for hysteria, however, Anna O. was a actually a patient of _________, while ______ had nothing to do with the case.
Breuer, Freud
Which of the following is the uniquely American element in the intellectual life of the new world?
Business and commonsense
When it came to answering the thorny question, "Do we have free will"? Locke answered:
By reframing the issue, he argued what matters is freedom of action, not will.
Freud supposedly discovered the Oedipus complex when:
he performed his own self-psychoanalysis
According to Aristotle, the faculty responsible for forming and storing universal knowledge was
mind
According to James, the most important biological function of consciousness is:
choice
27-29. Match the Platonic metaphor for knowledge to its description or implication:
27. We are drawn to the Form of Beauty by first appreciating a beautiful person. (a) 28. We are born in a culture whose particular beliefs must be questioned and escaped from. (b) 29. Opinion and knowledge may be arranged in a hierarchy from images to knowledge of Forms (c) a. The Ladder of Love b. Allegory of the Cave c. Metaphor of the Line
33-35.Match model of explanation to description.
33. covering law (c) a. analysis of explanation as question-answering 34. causal (b) b. search for hidden truth 35. pragmatic (a) c. emphasis on laws of nature
41-44. During the 18th century, philosophers argued about human nature. Match the philosopher to their view of human nature.
41. Thomas Hobbes (c) 42. French empiricism (b) 43. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (a) 44. Scottish commonsense philosophers (d) a. Human beings are naturally peaceful "noble savages". b. Human nature is a blank slate that is shaped by culture and education. c. Human beings are selfish and dangerous: without government there would be a war of everyone against everyone. d. Human beings posses an innate "moral sense" that guides their actions.
Dante's "Divine Comedy" is an allegorical tale of an imaginary trip through Hell. Dante's Hell is arranged on ________ lines, with sins at different levels.
Aristotelian
More generally, Aristotle's philosophy was difficult to merge with Christian theology because:
Aristotle's philosophy was naturalistic, invoking no supernatural forces
Match the following statement to the person: One should begin with careful observations of facts and experiments on nature, and then should form general conclusions only when they were fully justified.
Bacon
In his Radical Behaviorism Skinner argued that references to any unobservable "mental" processes were illegitimate metaphysics and not science. In many ways, Skinner applied ________ vision of psychology to his theory of behaviorism.
Comte's
Regarding our ability to form generalizations, (i.e. form true beliefs), which of the following was the view of Reid (Scottish common sense philosopher)?
It is a God given innate mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge.
Freud's view of the relation between each individual and his or her culture resembles that of philosopher:
Hobbes
Which of the following scientists believed that the cerebral cortex is NOT a set of localized abilities but acts as a unit ("mass action")?
J. M. P. Flourens
One example of a Hellenistic philosophy that nearly became a religion and let to Plato's ideas dominating the middle ages was:
Neoplatonism
James's answer to his provocative paper, "Does Consciousness Exist", was?
No, not as a distinct separate thing but it does as experience (tones, taste, smell etc.)
Find the best match for the following statement: He limited in part a person's knowledge of the world. He believed that God can only be know by inference from his work, thus he harmonized philosophy and theology.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Find the best match for the following statement: Rejected traditional radical dualism. Believed the body is not a tomb, a prison, or punishment; nor is it a puppet operated by the soul. A person is a whole, a mind and a body.
St. Thomas Aquinas
One reason that the scientific revolution occurred in Europe before Islamic countries was:
Unlike the Bible, the Koran was viewed by Muslims as the final authority on every aspect of life, including the nature of things.
In terms of understanding the workings of the natural world, find the best match to the following statement: "In natural philosophy, everyone should be free to say freely whatever he pleases".
William of Ockham
When a rat learns a maze, E. C. Tolman said it acquires:
a cognitive map
Which of the following was the evolutionary function of consciousness according to James?
choosing adaptive behaviors
The animal psychologists Robert Yerkes struggled with the problem of consciousness and came up with three grades or levels that correspond to behavior. Form lowest to highest these levels were:
discriminative - intelligent - rational
Imagine an experiment by Tolman in which he measures how fast Norwegian rats run down a runway for different sizes of food pellets. Using Tolman's ideas, match the description of the intervening variable to one of the terms listed below from the experiment:
drive state of rat
28. In the 1960s, psychologists were influenced by work in artificial intelligence. As a consequence, they started to cast their theories in terms of:
information processing
According to the Medieval philosopher-physicians such as Ibn-Sina, the only mental function which was not to be explained in terms of physiological processes was:
mind
Bronze Age Greeks had a word "Psuche" that is a term that includes, among other things the concept of life-spirit. However, the author of the text notes that nowhere in Homer's the Iliad and Odyssey is there a word designating __________ as there is in Western psychology.
mind or personality as a whole.
According to Hobbes, human nature is:
selfish and therefore violent
According to Plato, we call a cat a cat because:
it resembles our innate knowledge of the Form of the Cat
You buy and are about to watch The Avengers movie on DVD. Which of the following is the best example of an EFFICIENT CAUSAL EXPLANATION of a DVD of the movie The Avengers?
A laser cuts divots into the surface of a DVD, encoding the movie
A good example of a concept that is a social construction and yet can still be an object of scientific study is:
money
In response to Parmenides' rationalism arose Empedocles' empiricism, which argued that:
perception creates copies of perceived objects in our minds
The perspective on explanation that focuses on the social context of explanations is the:
pragmatic
If a scientist believes that his or her theory may actually be true, then he or she is a(n):
realist
According to Plato, a proposition is True if and only if:
a. it is spatiotemporally universal b. provable c. is about one of the Forms d. all of the above
According the Bronze Age conception of moral virtue, virtue:
could only be achieved by warriors through prowess in battle.
Like Wittgenstein, the Weltanschauung approach to science views science as being:
a form of life
Which of the following is used by the Old History of psychology?
history from above.
Match the group to their values:
Sparta
Which of the following is most clearly a reason-as opposed to a cause-for Bill murdering Sam?
Bill wanted to marry Sam's wife.
While the conceptual foundations of psychology came from philosophy, the inspiration for the creation of an independent science of psychology came from:
Biology
Isaac Newton's critics argued that he never explained how gravity actually worked. Newton's response was "Hypotheses non fingo", which essentially means:
I do not feign hypotheses
Positivism and Popper's philosophy of science share a common flaw:
Neither is true to the way science is actually practiced.
Which of the following systems of thought provided the most important bridge from classical philosophy to Christian theology?
Neoplatonism
Match Aristotelian soul to its function.
vegetative soul (c) a. sensation animal soul (a) b. reason human soul (b) c. nutrition
According to XAM"s Blog (forward to the past), in the Era of Evolutionary Adaptation early humans traveled in small bands, and mostly formed short-term mating an parenting bonds. This way of life changed:
with agriculture
Sigmund Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess and described himself as a(n):
conquistador
Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology primarily as the study of:
consciousness
Based on Binet's work in mental testing, William Stern introduced the concept of IQ. Using Stern's calculations, if Sally was an 8 year old child and she passed the test items typical for an 8 year old child, her IQ would be 8/8 or ________.
100 and considered normal.
16-19. Match research method criticized or used by Wundt to its description.
16. armchair introspection (b) 17. experimental introspection (c) 18. comparative-psychological methods (a) 19. Völkerpsychology (d) a. study of animals, children, the insane b. bad method used by philosophers c. studying consciousness in the laboratory d. cross-cultural/historical study of the higher mental processes
Using reaction time measures, the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz showed the speed of nerve conduction to be approximately:
26 meters per second
26-30. Find the best match for the following: a. The mind of ancient medieval people. b. The mind of people today. c. No match.
26. All temptation comes from the devil and goes into human minds. (a) 27. Temptation and conscience are characteristics of a person. (b) 28. Feelings of compassion, empathy and mercy for the suffering of another person that is not related to oneself. (b) 29. One's born legal status and social position define how others treat you more than your individual personality. (a) 30. Leaders are born and they are expected to act like leaders (a)
The first mental test that was actually worked and was practical was devised by:
A. Binet
Leaders of the Progressive movement found behaviorism attractive because:
Behaviorism promised to provide scientific means of social control
First force psychology was considered to be ________, while Second Force Psychology was ______. Finally, Third Force psychology was ________.
Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, Humanistic
American psychologist preferred Binet's intelligence test over Galton's because:
Binet's test met the practical and applied needs of American professional psychologists.
Joe argues that the concept of self and the mind are conventional terms and are not real things. Joe views the mind as a harmful illusion that one should strive to free oneself from. In contrast, Sally argues that the mind is a core concept for personhood, consciousness and individuality, allowing humans to transcend animal status. It appears Joe supports a _____ perspective, while Sally represents _________.
Buddhist philosophy, a Western perspective.
Descartes found that he could doubt the existence of everything, except:
Cogito, ergo sum
Both Lamarck and Darwin proposed theories of evolution. The MOST IMPORTANT difference between them was that:
Darwin believed in variation and natural selection; Lamarck did not.
________________ attempted to link the mental process of association to underlying physiological laws.
David Hartley d. Samuel Coleridge
According to XAM'S BLOG, if you thought of certain thinkers as bookends on different shelves of a library, then ______ would be the bookend that closes out the premodern era and ________ would be the bookend sitting at the beginning of the modern thought section.
Descartes, Locke
29. A hiker walking in the woods ignores the sound of a twig snapping while a solider during combat pays attention to the twig snap. Both structuralism and early functionalism would argue it was the Will or Transcendental Ego that controlled perception. In contrast the reflex arc paper by __________ disagreed with this explanation.
Dewey
Which of the following philosophers lived like a "Dog", (i.e. outside social conventions) and proclaimed himself to be "a citizen of the world"?
Diogenes
If you conclude that your mind is running a computational program that runs your body similar to a computer program controlling a computer you are most likely a?
Functionalist
Renaissance humanism turned the focus of human inquiry away from medieval preoccupation with __________ and toward the study of ________.
God, nature/human nature
Although the concept of association of ideas is very old, only _________ made it into a central principle of mental operation, calling it the "gravity" of the mind.
Hume
In terms of understanding the workings of the natural world, find the best match to the following statement: "The problems of physics are of no importance to us in our religious affairs and livelihoods. Therefore, we must leave them alone".
Islamic scholar
When considering a changing world, both Christian and Islamic scholars wrestled with the question of everyday changes. Although secondary causation worked for most European philosophers, Islamic thinkers rejected it because:
It took some power and omnipotence away from God making God less active.
The author of the text recalls that his experience in the museum with the Elgin Marbles taught him an important lesson about history. That lesson was:
No one today knows what the Elgin Marbles mean as people rarely write down what they take for granted.
In 1748, __________ took a step Descartes would not, or could not, proclaiming that human beings are just machines, not very different from animals.
J. O. La Mettrie
As an example of New Structuralism, Piaget's genetic epistemology is a developmental version of _________ philosophy.
Kant's
The theory of cognitive dissonance was developed by:
Leon Festinger
The statement, "Not all criminals are feeble-minded, but all feeble minded are at least potential criminals", was most likely said by the American advocate for intelligence testing _____?
Lewis Terman
For the most part, clinical and thus professional psychology was founded by:
Lightner Witmer
In the USA, the "Old Psychology" referred to:
Scottish commonsense psychology
Of all the philosophical systems of the 18th century, which was MOST INFLUENTIAL in the United States before the Civil War?
Scottish realism
Which of the following contemporary research programs best exemplifies the individual question asked by the psychology of adaptation?
Skinner's work on the shaping of behavior by positive and negative reinforcers.
Joe believes that the government should do nothing to help the poor, weak and helpless and that natural selection should be allowed to take its course with the human species. Joe's belief best matches the ideas of:
Social Darwinism
The idea that government should not do anything to ameliorate the condition of the poor, because doing so would interfere with evolution is called:
Social Darwinism
One reason psychology was slow to grow in Germany was:
The Bildung-Mandarin culture and philosophers opposed its growth as it became more experimental.
Unlike the Enlightenment's "Newton's of the Mind", the Romantics' conception of the Will was captured in the phrase, ____________.
The Will is a wild beast.
A good example of a purposive device the can be used to illustrate the concept of feedback in psychology is a:
Thermostat
The field of psychiatry first developed in which of these institutional settings?
asylums for the insane
Francis Galton was the first to try and develop tests of intelligence and his work influenced James Cattell in America, yet as a practical matter Galton's tests of intelligence were:
a failure
In Lamarck's Romantic theory of evolution, the engine of change was proposed to be:
a living species innate drive to perfect itself.
Freud argued that religion is:
a massive attempt at wish fulfillment.
Imagine a subject who has learned to withdraw her finger by moving it up and away from a shock pad when a warning signal precedes the shock. Now turn the subject's hand over so the same reflex might drive her finger into the shock pad. Watson predicts __________ while Tolman predicts __________.
a new molecular reflex will need to be learned for avoidance, a molar response resulting in shock avoidance.
In terms of conscious and intuitive processors, the New Connectionists believe that human behavior is rule-following only _______.
at the conscious level
There were critics of the eugenics movement in the U.S. Which of the following is an example of arguments made at the time against some aspect of eugenics (e.g. sterilization etc)?
a. 90% of "subnormal" children are born to normal parents thus diminishing any effect of sterilization. b. Carrie Buck's child from the Supreme court case of Buck vs. Bell was found to later be normal and bright. c. all of these (Tick) d. none of these
The idea that psychology should and could be a science gained ground in the 19th century for two reasons. One was:
a. Advances in physiology and development of methods to study and experiment on the mind. b. Bringing consciousness into the lab to be studied brought respect to the field. c. Both of these d. None of these.
After 1944 the new APA had a young and growing segment of almost entirely new Psychologists this segment was which of the following:
a. Developmental psychologists b. Gestalt psychologists c. Neuro - psychologists d. none of these (Tick)
Many of the founders of psychology viewed the mind in the spirit of Romanticism. Which of the following has some aspect of Romanticism in their work?
a. Freud b. James c. Wundt d. All of these
Which of the following is one way that humans differ from animals according to Descartes?
a. Humans have language. b. Humans are self-aware and have complex reflective awareness. c. Humans exhibit flexible behavior. d. All of these (Tick)
Any student today with interests in logic, computation, cognitive psychology and decision making, owes a debt of gratitude to the Greek school of philosophy known as ___________.
a. Skepticism b. Magna Mater c. Epicureanism d. None of these (Tick)
Singer disagreed with James's answer to the automatic sweetheart question. Singer argued that the concept of mind was an example of the fallacy of reification, what Ryle called a "category mistake". Which of the following is an example?
a. a rock plus heat equals a hot rock. b. a body plus life equals a living person. c. a human body plus a soul equals a living person. d. all of these. (Tick)
Descartes doubting let him to conclude that there are two worlds. One is the objective scientifically knowable material world and the other is in some sense:
a. a subjective world of human consciousness. b. the world of a person as a thinking being. c. a world only known through introspection. d. all of these. (Tick)
When it comes to discussing Descartes description of the mind (Copy theory) the advocates of embodied cognition and radical behaviorism (Skinner) tend to _____.
a. agree, they wind up with the same picture of psychology b. both take a realist view of perception. c. believes the body responds to the world at the point of contact, copies are a waste of time. d. all of these
According to the Spencerian paradigm:
a. animals could be lined up on a unilineal scale of intelligence b. men were smarter than women c. the adaptive value of mind was to mirror the world d. all the above (Tick)
Although they had different interests, in the 1930's applied psychologists were inextricably linked to academic psychology. One reason for this link was:
a. applied psychologists received training from academic psychologists b. they needed to claim psychology as a science c. both of these (Tick) d. none of these
14. The mechanized world view led scientists to see Machines_________.
a. as God created them and everything, with internal and inherent purpose. b. as if they moved by inner purpose, although they had none. c. as having magical power. d. none of these. (Tick)
If Descartes' picture of the mind—the Cartesian Theater—is correct, then psychology can be a science with a special methodology, namely:
a. behavior analysis b. mental testing c. introspection d. brain anatomy
Skinner criticized earlier experimental methods in animal psychology for:
a. chopping behavior up into arbitrary trials b. not being enough like the natural world c. involving subjective and arbitrary judgments by psychologists d. all of the above (Tick)
The author of the text states that Wundt remade psychology from a fitful enterprise of solitary scholars into a genuine scientific community. He did this in part by:
a. creating the first academically recognized lab in psychology b. founding the first journal in experimental psychology c. creating many enduring innovating methods of research. d. all of these (Tick)
In his work "Human Learning: Thorndike applied his S-R associations to all learning. Which of the following was one of his arguments?
a. forgetting lowers S-R probabilities. b. human learning is automatic and unconscious c. learning increases S-R probabilities d. all of these
According to XAM's BLOG, which of the following would Francis Bacon agree with?
a. knowledge should be useful as it was power. b. knowledge should be pursued collectively in an organized, cumulative enterprise. c. knowledge is best found by working upward from facts, often from experiments. d. all of these.
Problems for Kuhn's analysis of science include:
a. little historical evidence for change in a revolutionary manner. b. his own retreat from the theme of revolution in his analysis. c. all of the above. (Tick) d. none of the above.
In the Renaissance, the world was viewed as a book. To understand nature then one had to:
a. look for signs and decipher their meaning. b. use close observations, seeking out similarities and resemblances. c. use hermeneutics. d. all of the above.
Freud emphasized sex in his theory because:
a. many of his patients suffered from problems handling their sexual desires b. since he thought humans had no "higher" motives, he needed to explain activities such as art and science as redirected sexual impulses c. it provided a biological foundation for his theorizing after he gave up the "Project for a Scientific Psychology" d. all of the above
Although Margaret Mead's research on Coming of Age in Samoa was flawed anthropology, at the time it promised to:
a. resolve the nature-nurture debate of the 1920's against eugenicists b. create a role for psychologists to manipulate and shape human nature c. allow social scientists to dream of a new Western civilization that was less neurotic and more well adjusted (e.g. harmonious, emotionally and sexually open). d. all of these (Tick)
One reason given by Wittgenstein for concluding that sensations such as pains are not mental objects is that:
a. sensations are not things d. they do not follow conventional rules of localization
One question raised by any theory of evolution involves the question of when a creature grows up, how it can be seen as adapting psychologically to the environment in a way analogous to organic evolution. This question leads to the study of learning. This question is known as the ___.
a. species question b. vitalism question c. pragmatic question d. none of these
The rise of autonomous cities in Europe was a historical turning point because:
a. the citizens of cities embraced technology. b. the first businessmen appeared seeking profit and personal financial gain. c. citizens of the cities were free with no feudal obligations. d. all of these. (Tick)
Leibniz was the first philosopher of the mind to propose:
a. the concept of the threshold b. that some mental states are unconscious c. the concept of attention (apperception) d. all of the above
The famous Hawthorne Effect findings were reanalyzed and it was concluded:
a. the effect is a myth. b. the improved productivity was most likely the result of replacing a non- productive disgruntled worker with a more productive one. c. there is evidence workers regarded the researchers as company spies. d. all of these (Tick)
Wundt criticized the Würzburg experiments on the grounds that:
a. the results of their experiments were not stable and replicable b. they had relapsed into philosophical armchair introspection c. it was impossible to introspect the higher mental processes d. all of the above
American evangelical Christianity and behaviorism were alike in that both:
aimed at improving people
Garcia's work on conditioned nausea in rats and the Breland's work training animals demonstrates?
an animal's evolutionary inheritance places limits on what it can learn
According to the semantic approach to theories, scientific theory is not directly about the real world. It is really about:
an idealized model of the world
According to Wundt, the speaker of a sentence begins speaking by:
analyzing a complex idea into constituent ideas
According to Socrates, some people make bad choices because they:
are ignorant of the Good
According to Tolman's earliest formulation of the problem of mind, mental entities such as purposes and cognitions:
are observable aspects of behavior itself
According to William James, consciousness should be understood:
as an ever changing stream that chooses its material
According to the Boulder model, clinical psychologists should be trained:
as scientists first
Mental testing originated primarily in order to:
assesses the intelligence of schoolchildren with the goal of getting subnormal children special education.
In his theory of learning as recollection, Plato says that seeing objects in this world activates innate but latent knowledge of the Forms. This proposal anticipates the later 18th century British concept of:
association of ideas
The Gestalt movement began by rejecting the "bundle hypothesis," which is what they called:
associationism
In terms of mental chronometry, the first quantitative way of measuring mental processes arose in the field of _________.
astronomy
Early French, German, and English psychologists argued over whether psychology should be a genuine positive science of individuals or something different. Although Comte wanted psychology to _________ he also wanted psychology to _____ with the latter being in opposition to the views of many German psychologists of the time.
be a genuine positivistic science, be socially useful
30. In general, Wundt's view of the mind was more Kantian and Titchener was closer to Hume and the associationists. However regardless of these differences the dominant approach to consciousness for both was that it should_____.
be analyzed into its component parts
Franz Joseph Gall's psychology was the first to:
be objectively behavioristic rather than subjectively introspective
With respect to the possibility of psychology—defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness—becoming a science, Vico argued that
because people create local cultures, the human sciences should not be modeled on the natural sciences such as physics, but on history
With respect to the possibility of psychology—defined as the introspective psychology of consciousness—becoming a science, Vico argued that:
because people create local cultures, the human sciences should not be modeled on the natural sciences such as physics, but on history
Although the Reformation had no direct impact on psychology, it did have an important outcome on the history of psychology. Both Protestants and Catholics alike _________.
began to look inside themselves for grace, paving the way for Descartes introspective philosophical method.
In the latter part of the 1880's, psychiatrists and neurologists tended to believe that madness was caused by _________. Less sever syndromes like hysteria were _________.
biological troubles in the brain, troubles in the nervous system.
The term "clinical psychology" was coined by Witmer to define a _______ and not a _______.
broad method of mental testing, physical location
The cases of Dora (Ida Bauer) and Emma von Eckstein suggest that as Freud constructed his depth psychology in the wake of his "discovery" of the Oedipus complex, he:
came to ignore or depreciate the role played by their environmental circumstances in making his patients unhappy
Hume initially proposed three basic laws of association. He then argued, however, that one of them was not basic, but derived from another law (plus a sentiment). This nonbasic law was:
causality
50. The recent alliance between the symbol system and connectionists approaches revived the Path through Physiology. The name for the field that represents the New Path through Physiology is called _______ , a name invented by George Miller and Michael Gazzaniga.
cognitive neuroscience
A computer that plays chess exactly as grandmasters do would be an example of:
computer simulation
Which of the following characteristics of German universities was MOST IMPORTANT in making it more open than other nation's systems of higher education to creation of psychology as a new, recognized, discipline?
emphasis on innovative scientific research
Through the elenchus, Socrates aimed to create in others the mental state of aporia, meaning:
enlightened ignorance
Aristotle distinguished between memory and knowledge. This distinction reflects the modern distinction of:
episodic and semantic memory
In the medieval faculty psychology of Ibn Sina's system, a person knows that fire is dangerous and harmful by using the faculty of:
estimation
The New Functionalism views Cognitive psychologists like computer programmers. However, they dare not fool with the machine's wiring so they attempt to understand its program by?
experimenting with input-output functions.
The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) was originally developed by the psychologist Henry Chauncey for Harvard President Conant to do which of the following?
find the most intelligent youths to bring to Harvard to replace the elite ruling aristocracy with a meritocracy.
During what evolutionary psychologists call the Era of Evolutionary Adaptation, it appears that H. Sapiens most important adaptation was not upright posture or a tool using grip, but rather _________.
folk psychology
Sir Karl Popper formulated his demarcation criterion as a rule:
for telling real science from fake science.
In contrast to Gall's ideas about the brain's hemispheres, his critic Flourens argued:
for the idea of mass action - the cerebrum was a single organ with the single function being thought.
Which of the following is an example of positive eugenics?
giving prizes for high IQ people who marry
The democratic life of the Greek polis:
grew out of the tradition of philosophical argument that proceeded it
The philosopher Sidney Hook asked numerous psychoanalysts to describe what a person without a Oedipus complex would look like. What he found was:
he never received an satisfactory reply.
David Hartley strove to see the mind through Newtonian eyes. Hartley believed in the close correspondence of mind and brain and ___________.
he proposed parallel laws of association for both in his physiological theory.
The modern day phrase "If it feels good, do it!" summarizes the ethical doctrine of:
hedonism
"Project Camelot" was a government scheme to fund social scientists to:
help the CIA and Pentagon cope with guerilla wars
For Rogers and Maslow, the key goal of humanistic psychology was to: help people build moral character.
help them realize their full potential
Which of the following best represents Robert Yerkes contribution to the WWI war effort?
helped develop intelligence tests that could be given in large groups in brief periods of time.
In autobiographical statements from the 1930s concerning the seduction episode in the history of psychoanalysis, Freud stated that:
his early patients had told him openly of being seduced by their parents
One of the goals of Munsterberg's work titled, "Psychology and Industrial Efficiency" was to find______.
how to produce the best possible work
Taking the next logical step past Cartesian dualism, which said that the soul's only function is thinking, La Mettrie proposed that:
humans are just soulless machines, as are animals
Eventually Mesmer's claim that his patients trance was the result of animal magnetism was investigated. As a result a simpler explanation was found. As a result, Mesmerism was transformed into ________.
hypnotism.
Franz Mesmer's treatment for his patient's "functional illnesses" using mesmerism eventually transformed into ____________.
hypnotism.
The Würzburg psychologists upset a longstanding idea about the mind—that all ideas are sensations or copies of sensations—with their apparent discovery of:
imageless thought
Pure artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to __________. A good example of pure AI today is _________ programs.
imitate human behavior; chess playing
Which of the following cartoon conventions illustrates the psychological theory embodied in early medieval plays of psychomachia? Using:
little devils and angels on a person's shoulders to represent moral choices
One aspect of modern psychology that would have deeply puzzled medieval thinkers is our interest in:
individual differences
Morgan's Canon is the rule that in attributing mental processes to animals we should:
infer the simplest mental process possible
Donald Broadbent (1958) proposed a mechanical model of attention and short term memory using balls dropped into a Y-shaped tube. He argued that psychologists should think of input from the senses not as physical stimuli but as________.
information
According to Freud's Three essays on sexuality, sexual perversions are:
innate in everyone (i.e., everyone has the capacity to become homosexual)
Which of the following is NOT one of Skinner's contingencies of reinforcement?
intervening variable
Skinner argued that Freud's great discovery was that human behavior has unconscious causes but Freud's great mistake was _______.
inventing the mental apparatus (id, ego, superego) to explain human behavior.
Which of the following was the view of Reid and the Scots?
is a God-given mental faculty and is therefore a reliable source of knowledge
According to Karl Popper, psychoanalysis:
is not a science because its hypotheses cannot be falsified
According to Thomas Szasz's The myth of mental illness, mental illness is, is what?
is not something a person has, but is something he/she does.
According to pragmatism, one should accept an idea as true if it:
is useful in the conduct of life
Hume argued that our ability to form generalizations, i.e., form true beliefs,
is useful in the conduct of life and is found in children and animals, but does not guarantee Truth
Before the 1890's the U.S. could be described as ___________, by 1920 the U.S had become _________.
island communities, a nation state with a more common culture.
The use of non-sense syllables to study memory by Ebbinghaus shows his desire to:
isolate and study memory as the pure function of learning, abstracting away the effects of content.
XAM's Blog on J.B. Watson suggests that Watson's paper "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It" was a manifesto. Why was it a manifesto?
it aggressively repudiated the past and set out a vision for the future of psychology.
The Boulder Model of clinical training was adopted in part because:
it helped heal the academic-practitioner rift of the late 1930s
In what way did improved transportation for both people and goods transform the American experience by the early 1900s?
it helped homogenize it into a more shared national experience.
In American, the most important consequence of the debate about imageless thought (Wurzburg School) was:
it increased suspicion that introspection was a fragile, unreliable and prejudicial tool of research.
Kant believed that psychology cannot be a science because:
it is impossible to introspectively observe the Self
The author of the text points out that in the early decades of the 1900's Popular psychology simultaneously accomplished two apparently contradictory things. One was to provide a sense of sexual liberation from the outdated past religious morality and the second was _______________.
it provided new and supposedly scientific techniques for social control
After reading Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principles of Population Darwin got the idea that:
it was the struggle for survival that caused natural selection.
Ockham discarded many of the metaphysical problems of Plato and Aristotle by rejecting the world of universals. For Ockham many of these concepts were:
learned habits derived from experience
When John Garcia sickened rats he found that they:
learned to avoid the most recently ingested novel tasting liquid
The French naturalist philosophers replaced the Greek ethical goal of eudaemonia with ethical hedonism. Eudaemonia meant:
living well—flourishing
Although psychology got started as a science in Germany, it did not grow quickly, especially compared to psychology in America. Which of the following factors was MOST IMPORTANT in inhibiting the growth of psychology in Germany?
the difficulty of finding a place in the traditional examination system, which was based on the training of traditionally recognized professions
The key economic development that appeared during the High Middle Ages (1,000-1350) was:
the first autonomous European cities
Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?
the frame problem
Many of psychology's intellectual roots can be traced to Ancient Greece, yet a concept we today have, that is strikingly missing from Ancient Greece is:
the idea of a whole personality
XAM'S Blog (Premodernism) mentions the phrase, "as above, so below". This phrase describes:
the idea that human social status on earth ought to reflect the divine hierarchical order of the heavens.
Pascal made many contributions to the scientific revolution, one of which was:
the idea that the human mind could be conceived of in terms of an information processor, similar to a calculating machine.
Which of the following represents Kant's view of depth perception?
the innate Categories of Perception impose three dimensional space on experience as a logically necessary preconception of consciousness
Because its functions were carried out by refined animal spirits, the mental faculty of __________ marks the transition from the material to the spiritual world in medieval faculty psychology.
the interior senses
In contrast to Plato, but anticipating today's cognitive psychology, Aristotle defined soul in terms of:
the life functions it carries out
At a cocktail party, we can follow the speech of the person to whom we are talking, while the conversations around us become mere noise. Wundt would explain this phenomenon by saying that:
the mental force of apperception clarifies the attended conversation
Which of the following represents the science we know today?
the merging of both Kuhn's two forms of science.
According to Kant, statements such as "Every event has a cause," or "Space is three dimensional" can never be disproved because:
the mind constructs experience by imposing various categories of understanding
The author of the text notes that Cervantes story of "Don Quixote" explores the personal character, personality and consciousness of a fictional character. By writing about realistic like characters that do not exist, one could arguably state that both ______ and the concept of _______had arrived by the time of Cervantes.
the novel, the individual
Psychologists began to perform psychotherapy during WWII because:
the number of psychologically disturbed veterans swamped the Army psychiatrists
After Alexander's death followed a period of turmoil. With the fall of the polis to tyrants and foreigners, Greeks of the Hellenistic Age turned to:
the pleasures of private life at home
According to James' theory of emotion (the James-Lange theory), emotions are:
the registration in consciousness of the motor responses and visceral changes in our bodies in response to certain stimuli
For Freud a therapy would be effective if and only if _______________.
the scientific theory from which it was derived was true
Wundt explained the results of his experiment on the span of apprehension by saying that subjects were able to report 3-4 items because:
these items fell within the focus of consciousness
The Congressional investigation into the CIA's Project Camelot (1965) tarnished social scientists participating in it because:
they appeared to be tools of the government rather than disinterested researchers.
According to the text, which of the following was a reason for Timothy Leary and many of the Hippies of the 1960s using LSD and other mind altering drugs?
they believed drugs would open the doors of perception to the spiritual world of the mind.
In the text, it was suggested that many of the first psychologists, including Wundt, who first set foot on the path through physiology later abandoned it because:
they feared that if psychology became too physiological, it might lose its autonomy and become simply a part of physiology
In a study supporting embodied cognition, only skilled basketball players watching a video of a free-throw new if it would be a basket or not because:
they had more bodily experience making free throws
Plato believed that sometimes people behave badly because:
they have lost control of their baser motives
Many 19th century intellectuals became involved in psychical research because:
they wanted to find empirical evidence supporting the existence of a human soul and its survival
An important advance of the Islamic psychological commentators in their commentaries on Aristotle's de Anima was:
trying to locate the faculties different parts of the brain
Viewed from a broad cultural perspective, Freud's ideas are important because they:
undermined the Enlightenment belief that human beings are rational
Freud shared the goal of the other founders of psychology which was to create a scientific psychology. To do this Freud __________.
used an abundance of reliable observations, in other words his clinical cases.
Adherents of the Old Psychology of the Scots resisted the New psychology of laboratory experiment primarily because the New Psychologists:
viewed psychology as a value-free natural science
When Watson proclaimed his vision for psychology and that vision was behaviorism, it:
was a logical development of trends in psychology since 1892
