History and Systems of Psychology Final

John B. Watson

"Give me a dozen healthy infants ... "

Gestalt school of thought

1910-1914 Max Wertheimer was observing how flashing lights at the local train station worked, by creating an illusion of movement. He was so stunned by the perception that the lights gave that he began his work at the University of Frankfurt's Psychological Institute with Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. These men became lifelong friends that formed the "school of thought," known as Gestalt psychology.

_____ was the influential philosopher who authored the book The Incoherence of the Philosophers.

Al-Ghazali

Alan Turing is often called the father of _____. Artificial intelligence Hypnotism Token system Systematic desensitization

Artificial intelligence

_____ distinguished between delusions and hallucinations and argued that therapy for mental disorders should be pleasant and expedient.

Asclepiades

_____ invented the gyrator and the tranquilizing chair and was the first psychiatrist to open a formal practice in the United States. Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Benjamin Rush Salvadore Dali

Benjamin Rush

Wolfgang Kohler

Born on January 21, 1887. He received a PhD in 1908 from the University of Berlin. At Psychological Institute in Frankfurt, he became an assistant and worked with Max Wertheimer. He died June 11, 1967 in New Hampshire.

Kurt Koffka

Born on March 18, 1886, in Berlin. In 1909 he received his PhD from the University of Berlin,and also became an assistant at Frankfurt. From 1911 to 1927 he lived at the University of Giessen, where he taught students, while writing a book; Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology in 1921. By 1922, Kurt Koffka wrote an article for the Psychological Bulletin that introduced the Gestalt program to the readers in the United States of America. In 1927 Kurt Koffka left the United States to teach at Smith College. There he published the book; Principles of Gestalt Psychology in 1935. Kurt died in 1941

According to Egyptian Greco-Roman thought on demonology, _____ did not appear in creation accounts.

Demons

The phrase "I think, therefore I am" and provided testable hypotheses between behavior and physiology is mainly attributed to _____.

Descartes

The theory of _____ states that there are known and unknown causes of every behavior or experience.

Determinism

Displacement

Displacement is when we transform the person or object we are really concerned about into something else. One example is that one of Freud's patients was extremely resentful of his sister-in-law and referred to her as a dog and often dreamed of strangling a small, white dog. Freud interpreted this as the patient's wish to kill his sister-in-law. If the patient actually dreamed of killing his sister-in-law, then he would have felt guilty, thus his dream turned her into a dog in order to protect him.

The concept based on the goodness of pleasure and the evil of pain is referred to as _____.

Epicureanism

_____ was a key figure in the discovery of new quantitative strategies for the study of behavior.

Francis Galton

The doctrine of ____ assumes that people make choices that are to some degree independent of antecedent conditions.

Free will

Trieb

Freud argued that Trieb starts in a stimulus that persists until it finds satisfaction. The American translation to best fit this term is drive.

Gestalt psychology

Gestalt in the German language means "configuration" or "organization." Our minds looks for completeness, we look for patterns, organization of a certain object or objects that can make something else.

_____ coined the term monad and believed that the universe was created with a preestablished harmony of its individual parts.

Gottfried Leibniz

Perceptual Organization in Gestalt Psychology

How an individual groups smaller objects and makes them into larger objects. This gives way to heuristics, or mental shortcuts for solving problems.

_____ believed that human beings are caught in tensions between heteronomy and autonomy and that we encounter mental states that appear to be comprised of bits and pieces. Immanuel Kant John Locke Christian von Wolff Sigmund Freud

Immanuel Kant

Max Wertheimer

In 1933 Max Wertheimer moved to the United States. He then started working with the New School for Social Research in New York City and remained with the faculty there for ten years. In 1943 he completed his work on the "Productive Thinking"

The Gestalt perspective on the mind-brain problem has been called_____. Approach-approach conflict Isomorphism Proximity Life-space

Isomorphism

_____ provided a boost to the science of hypnosis in treating hysteria, paving the way for Sigmund Freud's use in psychoanalysis. Jean Martin Charcot Charles Darwin C.G. Jung Alfred Adler

Jean Martin Charcot

_____ was the influential philosopher who wrote the book Guide for the Perplexed.

Maimonides

_____ was an early pioneer for the rights of women and wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman".

Mary Wollstonecraft

_____ believed that mental processes impact the health of the body and vice versa.

Paracelsus

The science of the mind is also known as _____. Electrical stimulation Phrenology Adaptation Philosophy

Phrenology

The term _____ refers to the study of the relationships between the physical properties of stimuli and the psychological or subjective impressions of those stimuli. Psychophysics Difference threshold Aesthesiometer Method of constant stimuli

Psychophysics

In 1749, a physician named _____ dismissed demonic possession in favor of medical treatment for mental illnesses.

Robert (Richard) Mead

Secondary elaboration

Secondary elaboration occurs when the mind puts wish fulfilling images into a logical order of events, thus obscuring the latent content. Freud stated that this is why the manifest content of dreams can be in the form of believable events.

Freud's books

Sigmund Freud wrote 320 books, articles and essays. 1. Studies On Hysteria (1895) 2. The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) 3. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) 4. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) 5. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious (1905) 6. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1915) 7. The Future of an Illusion (1927)

Titchener's system of psychology is best known as _____. Method of limits Behaviorism Functionalism Structuralism

Structuralism

Condensation

The process of condensation is the joining of two or more images/ideas into one. One example is that a dream about a man could be a dream about one's father and one's lover. Another example is that a dream about a house might represent worries about security as well as one's appearance to the rest of the world.

Reinforcement

The process of following an event with a second event that makes the first event more likely.

_____ was one of the greatest doctors of the church who helped advance an empirically based system of psychological thought.

Thomas Aquinas

_____ had the idea that consciousness is a continuous flowing process and that any attempt to reduce it to elements will distort it. Carol Gilligan Wilhelm Wundt William James Jesse James

William James

William James

William James was one of the first humanistic theorists to place emphasis primarily around the individual's experience. Used individualism and several strategies in the humanistic experience. Argued the dangers of reductionism.

_____ contrasts with the great-person theory of history and emphasizes the importance of Ortgeist.

Zeitgeist

______ is the spirit of the age, time, or era in psychology. Poltergeist Posteriori Zeitgeist Epistemology

Zeitgeist

Intelligent self-organizing properties of mental processes refer to the _____.

active mind

Gordon Allport

developed principles of freedom and democracy in psychology. He centered on personality and individualistic psychology.

B.F. Skinner

father of operant conditioning; he believed that behavior was based upon rewards or positive reinforcement.

Martin Heidegger

focused on the meaning of existence (Existentialism). Delved into how people should act on an individual and collective level in society.

Any argument in which the conclusion is claimed to be more probable than not given the truth of the premises is known as _____.

inductive reasoning

Victor Frankl

is best known for logo therapy-where emphasis is on the person talking through their problems and reaching the individual's capacity to derive alternate meanings for the events of life.

Abraham Maslow

is mainly known for his hierarchy of needs and self-actualization.

_____ is defined as the study of nature and relations of beings.

ontology

Carl Rogers

placed radical emphasis on the person instead of following institutionalized systems. Emphasized empathy and active listening in therapy.

Thorndike's Law of Effect states:

that behavior that receives rewards will be repeated.

Edmund Husserl

was a proponent of consciousness and the meaning of the experiences of the individual. Was a founder of phenomenology, a qualitative research strategy.

Birth order age differences

• Adler suggests that if more than three years are between children, various sub-groups of birth order may develop • birth order position may be taken by another child if circumstances allow • Also, birth order may not be as significant an influence as parental attitudes, gender roles or socio-economic issues

Jung continued

■ "Until you make the unconscious conscious, it will direct your life and you will call it fate." ■ JUNG'S GREATEST THEORIES WERE SOME OF THE MORE BASIC IDEAS THAT WE TAKE FOR GRANTED TODAY. JUNG COINED THE TERMS INTROVERTED AND EXTROVERTED IN EXPLAINING PERSONALITY TYPES. ARCHETYPES WERE ANOTHER COMMON SUBJECT TODAY BECAUSE OF JUNG. THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS, NOTED ABOVE, WAS AN INTERESTING THEORY WHICH JUNG MANAGED TO WORK INTO MANY OF HIS OTHER THEORIES. ■ "I can only say that as far as consciousness reaches, the will is understood to be free, that the feeling of freedom accompanies your decisions no matter if they are really free or not. The latter question cannot be decided empirically. Where you are not conscious, there can obviously be no freedom. Through analysis of the unconscious, you increase the amount of freedom. A complete consciousness would mean an equally complete freedom and responsibility" (Jung p.139) ■ Jung believed that archetypes have their origins in the history of the human experiences. • The female archetype in males is known as the anima. • The male archetype in females is known as the animus. • The archetypal energy that orders and integrates the personality is called the Self. ■ The main goal to be achieved in analytical psychology is self actualization. • Believed that word association can be a good tool to catch a person in a lie. • Jung believed he had two sides of personality-personality: #1 (science/logic) and personality and #2 (mysticism/pagan spirituality).

operant conditioning

■ A process of behavior modification in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited. ■ A person repeats a behavior that has been reinforced or stops a behavior that has been punished. ■ Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviors are repeated if reinforced, or stopped if punished.

punishment

■ A stimulus that is followed by behavior which will decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. ■ When subjects are punished, they do not avoid the unpleasant stimulus, but experience it.

The Skinner Box

■ Also known as the Operant Conditioning Chamber ■ Allows behavior to be studied ■ In one experiment, Skinner placed a starving rat into the box. Whenever the rat pressed the lever, a food pellet was dropped. Eventually, the rat realized that pressing the lever would bring food.

Schedules of Reinforcement

■ Continuous reinforcement: Every time the rat presses the lever, he gets food ■ Fixed-ratio schedule: Reinforcement after a set number of responses; The rat gets food after so many presses ■ Fixed-interval schedule: Reinforcement after the same, fixed interval of time has elapsed; The rat gets food every 20 seconds, no matter how many times the lever is pressed ■ Variable-ratio schedule; Reinforcement after a variable number of responses ■ Variable-interval schedule: Reinforcement after a variable interval of time has elapsed

Josef Breur and Anna O

■ During his time with Breur, Freud began to develop the idea for his theories in psychoanalysis ■ His ideas started with the treatment of Anna O, their patient who suffered from hysteria. ■ Anna O's hysteria included a fear of drinking and anxiety from caring for her sick father. ■ Her paralysis disappeared when she was given the chance to make her unconscious thoughts conscious.

Eros and Thanatos

■ Eros contains the life instincts (animal instincts) such as the will to live, reproduce, thirst, hunger, etc. ■ Eros contains the drive for love, life, self-gratification, creativity, sexuality, and reproduction for species preservation ■ Thanatos is the death drive. Freud believed that humans derive pleasure from destructive behaviors. Thanatos in Greek mythology was the angel of death. ■ Thanatos contains the drive for aggression,violence, sadism, destruction, and death. ■ Thanatos is similar to Yoda in that fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, and hate leads to suffering

Jung developed the concept of extroversion and introversion.

■ Extroversion-a concentration of interest in the external world. ■ Introversion-a concentration of inwardness,withdrawal, and shyness. An individual usually prefers to be solo or with small groups of people.

Birth order theory

■ FIRST BORN: • Prone to "perfectionism" • Tends to become intellectual • Good in social settings • Adler says these traits develop because after a sibling is born they lose the parents undivided attention and therefore work lifelong trying to get it back • The first born is also given roles of responsibility and are expected to set an example for younger siblings ■ SECOND/MIDDLE BORN • Competitive • Rebellious • Adler says middle children struggle with finding their place in the family and later on in the world • Eager for praise ■ YOUNGEST • Dependent • Selfish • Confident and entertaining ■ONLY CHILD • Are also dependent and selfish • Have a hard time being told no • "School may be a difficult transition as they are not the sole focus of the teacher" • However they can be more mature and do better in adult settings ■ TWINS • one is usually seen as the older and is stronger and more active • one often becomes the leader • Twins may also develop identity problems due to being treated as one unit instead of two separate people

Laws and Theories within Gestalt psychology

■ Field Theory: Associated with Kurt Lewin, second generation Gestalt Psychologist; Focuses on the idea that people and the environment are interdependent on each other; Behavior is a result of the person and their environment ■ Law of Prägnanz: Wertheimer's principles of organization; Humans view the world in a organized succinct manner that follows chronological thought; Perception is fully developed

Max Wertheimer

■ Founder of Gestalt Psychology ■ Max Werthimer was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary on April, 15, 1880. ■ He was the second son of Wilhelm Wertheimer and Rosa Zwicker Wertheimer. ■ Max Wertheimer's father was a teacher and a director at a commercial school. (including teaching business, typing, accounting, and shorthand) ■ Max Wertheimer was married to Anne Werthimer, and had three children; Valentin, Michael, and Lise. ■ Following high school he attended Charles University in Prague to study law from 1898-1901. ( Max did keep an interest in justice and values, and ethics was a major concern for his learning)• ■ Although, he did change his schooling interest from Law to physiology, psychology, philosophy and music from 1901-1904.• ■ Max Wertheimer received a doctorate in 1905 from The University of Wurzburg. ■ He studied philosophy first at Prague, then Berlin. ■ He did further study of psychology in Prague, Frankfurt, and Vienna. ■ Following his studies in Berlin, he started a career in Frankfurt (The University of Frankfurt). ■ 1910-1914: During these years, Max Wertheimer worked with Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Doffka, developing Gestalt theory.• ■ 1916-1929: He worked in Berlin at the Psychological Institute ■ 1929: He returned to Frankfurt as a full-time professor

psychosexual stages

■ Freud believed that children are born with a libido, a sexual pleasure urge. He believed that a child seeks pleasure from different objects' such as oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. ■ Freud stated that to be psychologically healthy a child must complete each stage and failure to complete each stage can result in a person becoming stuck in a particular stage and developing a fixation on that particular stage.

Freud's death continued

■ Freud once thought cocaine was a miracle drug: In the 1880s, Freud grew interested in a little-known, legal drug being used by a German military doctor to rejuvenate exhausted troops—cocaine. Freud experimented with the drug and found his digestion and spirits improved after drinking water laced with dissolved cocaine. He distributed doses to his friends and future wife and touted the drug's therapeutic benefits in an 1884 paper "On Coca," which he called "a song of praise to this magical substance." However, when Freud gave cocaine to his close friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow to wean him from his morphine addiction and chronic pain, his friend instead developed a cocaine addiction. With news of other addictions and overdose death spreading, Freud stopped advocating cocaine's medical benefits but continued to use the drug for migraines, nasal inflammation, and depression until the mid-1890s.

Freud continued

■ Freud studied the sex lives of eels. While enrolled at the University of Vienna, a young Freud studied zoology. On a research trip to Trieste to study the sexual organs of eels, his professor assigned him the task of finding the gonads of the male of the species, a discovery that had eluded scientists for centuries. Freud spent many hours dissecting eels to no avail. "All the eels I have cut open are of the tenderer sex," he reported. ■ Thieves attempted to steal his ashes. After Freud's death, his ashes were placed in an ancient Greek urn given to him by Bonaparte. When his wife, Martha, passed away in 1951, her ashes were added to the vase stored at London's Golder Green Crematorium. In January 2014, London police reported that thieves had attempted to swipe the Freud's ashes. Although the theft was thwarted, the thieves severely damaged the 2,300-year-old urn.

Freud

■ Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia on May 6, 1856 ■ Four years later his family moved to Vienna where he would live and work for most of his life ■ He studied medicine at the University of Vienna starting in 1873 and graduated in 1881. ■ The following year he became engaged and his marriage produced six children, the youngest of whom was set to be a prominent psychoanalyst herself. ■ Freud began to work at the Vienna general hospital after graduation. ■ During this time he began to work with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by recalling painful experiences under hypnosis ■ In 1885 he moved to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot ■ In 1886 he returned to Vienna where he setup a private practice that specialized in nervous and brain disorders.

Gestalt Psychology/Gestalt Therapy

■ Gestalt therapy has four main theoretical strategies: experimental freedom; dialogical relationships; field-theoretical techniques;and phenomenological strategies. ■ The primary emphasis of gestalt therapy is on the present or here and now, not the past or the future of an individual in therapy.

Carl Jung continued

■ IN 1907, JUNG TRAVELED TO VIENNA AFTER A FRIENDLY EXCHANGED OF LETTERS WITH FREUD. THEIR FIRST MEETING WAS LEGENDARY, LASTING SOMETHING LIKE A MARATHON THIRTEEN HOURS. FREUD HOPED TO FIND A CROWN PRINCE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS WHO WOULD EXTEND RANGE AND APPLICATION OF HIS DEVELOPING SYSTEM OF THOUGHT. UNLIKE FREUD AND OTHER CENTRAL FIGURES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, JUNG IDENTIFIED WITH PROTESTANT CHRISTIANITY RATHER THAN JUDAISM. ■ BY 1912, STRONG THEORETICAL DIFFERENCES HAD SURFACED. IN PART, TENSIONS DEVELOPED WHEN JUNG SHARED HIS INTEREST IN MYSTICAL PHENOMENA. SINCE CHILDHOOD, JUNG BELIEVED HE HAD COMPETING SIDES TO HIS PERSONALITY. HIS NUMBER ONE PERSONALITY , AS HE CALLED IT, AS GROUNDED IN LOGIC AND SCIENCE. THIS SIDE INSPIRED JUNG TO BECOME A MAN OF SCIENCE AND THE FOUNDER OF A FAMOUS SCHOOL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY. HIS NUMBER TWO PERSONALITY, BY CONTRAST, WAS DRAWN TO MYSTICISM AND PAGAN SPIRITUALITY ■ The conflict with Freud took its toll on Jung which caused him to have a series of revelations that transformed his life and career. He began practicing trance like meditations he called active imagination. In his autobiography he wrote (1961/1973) "Philemon represented a force which was not myself. In my fantasies I held conversations with him, and he said things which I had not consciously thought. Psychologically, Philemon represented superior insight. He was a mysterious figure to me. At times he seemed to me quite real, as if he were a living personality. I went walking up and down the garden with him and to me he was what the Indians called a guru." ■ JUNG'S EYES WERE OPENED TO THE POWER OF THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND. FROM AROUND 1914 UNTIL 1930, JUNG COLLECTED HIS ILLUSTRATIONS AND CALLIGRAPHIC TEXT IN A RED LEATHER BOUND MANUSCRIPT KNOWN AS THE RED BOOK. THE MANUSCRIPT REMAINED PRIVATE UNTIL HIS HEIRS ALLOWED THE PHILEMON FOUNDATION TO PUBLISH IT IN 2009. JUNG RESOLVED TO CHANGE THE WAY PEOPLE LOOKED AT THE HUMAN MIND AND SPIRITUALITY. AS JUNG AGED, HE PLUNGED DEEPER INTO THE MYSTICAL SIDE OF HIS NUMBER TWO PERSONALITY.

Phi Phenomenon

■ If you see a sequence of lights flashing, they may appear to some people as moving. In Gestalt psychology, this happens because our minds fill in missing information and we perceive what we want to perceive. This is known as the Phi Phenomenon (Max Wertheimer). It is also how videos, television programs, and motion pictures are based on. ■ Also known as apparent movement ■ Introduced by Max Wertheimer in his 1912 paper, "Experimental Studies on the Perception of Movement." ■ It is an optical illusion where stationary objects appear to be moving ■ Two lights flashed in two different places on the eye in quick succession of each other will appear to be one moving light ■ Gestalt psychologists used this to explain how looking at something in pieces fails to convey the whole message

Freud's theories

■ In 1895 Freud published his Studies in Hysteria in which he proposed that physical symptoms are often the manifestation of deeply repressed conflicts. ■ In 1900 Freud developed a topographical model of the mind which described the features of the mind's structure and function. ■ Freud proposed the analogy of the iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind in which the conscious is just the tip of the iceberg and the unconscious is the biggest, unseen part.

Dream Analysis

■ In 1900 Freud published one of his major works The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud considered dreams to be "the royal road to the unconscious" because in dreams the ego's defenses are lowered and the repressed material comes to the conscious although it's somewhat distorted. He said that dreams perform important functions of the unconscious mind and provides clues into how the unconscious mind ... ■ In 1895 Freud had a dream that became the basis of his dream analysis. Freud had been worried about a patient named Irma who was not doing as well that he had hoped. He blamed himself for her doing so poorly. In his dream he saw Irma at a party and as he was watching her, he saw another doctor inject her with a dirty syringe and that this was the cause of her doing poorly. Freud interpreted his dream to be a form of wish fulfillment to alleviate his guilt and place blame on the other doctor. ■ Freud distinguished between manifest content and latent content in a dream. Manifest content is what the dreamer remembers and latent content is the symbolic meaning of the dream (i.e. the underlying wish). Manifest content is usually based on the events of the day. ■ Freud called the process in which an underlying wish is transformed into manifest content dream-work. The goal of dream-work is to process the forbidden wish into a non-threatening form which reduces anxiety and allows us to keep sleeping. Dream-work involves the process of condensation, displacement, and secondary elaboration.

Freud's death

■ In 1923 Freud was diagnosed with oral cancer. He underwent more than thirty operations. After fleeing Vienna from the Nazis in 1938, he died a year later in England at the age of 83 ■ Freud's death may have been a physician-assisted suicide: By the summer of 1939, Freud was frail and suffering from intense pain from terminal, inoperable mouth cancer. On September 21, 1939, Freud grasped the hand of his friend and doctor, Max Schur, and reminded him of his earlier pledge not to "torment me unnecessarily." He added, "Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense." After receiving the permission of Freud's daughter, Anna, Schur injected the first of three heavy morphine doses. Freud slipped into a coma and never awakened ■ His chain-smoking led to more than 30 cancer surgeries: Freud became addicted to tobacco after lighting up his first cigarette in his twenties. His daily constitutionals always included stopovers at a local tobacco store, and after graduating to cigars, he often smoked more than 20 of them a day. In spite of the warnings from doctors about his chain-smoking, Freud believed the habit enhanced his productivity and creativity. After the discovery of a cancerous tumor inside Freud's mouth in 1923, doctors removed a large part of his jaw. Although he underwent 33 additional surgeries over the next 16 years and had a large prosthesis inserted to separate his sinus and jaw, Freud never quit smoking.

id, ego, superego

■ In 1923, Freud developed a structural model of the mind comprising the entities known as the id, ego, and superego, these were not physical areas but hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions. ■ Freud assumed the id worked in the unconscious on the pleasure principle. Freud stated that the id operates on two biological drives which he named Thanatos and Eros. ■ Eros is the life principal which helps an individual survive, Thanatos is the destructive force in all humans ■ Freud stated that the ego developed from the id during infancy. The goal of the ego was to satisfy the id in a socially acceptable way. ■ The ego follows the reality principal since it operates in the conscious and unconscious mind. ■ The superego develops during childhood when the child begins to identify with the same sex parent. The goal of the superego is to ensure that moral standards are followed.

Freud's theory of consciousness and unconsciousness

■ In Freud's theory of the conscious and unconscious, he proposed that the unconscious is the "cauldron" of primitive wishes and impulses which were kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area. ■ Freud found that some events or desires were often too frightening or painful for his patients to acknowledge and believed these were locked away in the unconscious mind through a process called repression. ■ Freud's main goal of psychoanalysis was to make the unconscious conscious.

Carl Jung

■ Jung was a contemporary of Sigmund Freud-at first. ■ Came up with his own version of psychoanalysis called Analytical Psychology. ■ Was largely influenced by the philosophy of Romanticism. ■ Started out friends with Freud but they parted ways and stopped speaking socially and professionally. ■ Was very interested in ancient mythology, legends, and religious practices of different cultures ■ He believed that there should be balance between the personal unconscious mind, the conscious mind and the collective unconscious mind. ■ Believed that people are partially influenced by their personal unconscious and their collective unconscious but are not completely controlled by them. Everyone is capable of making conscious decisions that are influenced by the two. ■ FROM 1859-1947 , HE TOOK A LEAVE TO STUDY WITH PIER JANET IN PARIS. ON HIS RETURN HE INITIATED EXPERIMENTS USING GALTON'S WORD ASSOCIATION TEST. HE PUT A SPIN ON FRANCIS GALTON'S CONCEPT, CLAIMING THAT THE SPEED AND CONTENT ASSOCIATIONS REVEALED PENT-UP UNCONSCIOUS DYNAMICS. ■ JUNG's PROPOSAL THAT WORD ASSOCIATION COULD BE USED AS A LIE DETECTOR DEVICE BROUGHT HIM CONFLICT WITH THE GESTALT PSYCHOLOGIST MAX WERTHEIMER WHO HAD CONDUCTED SIMILAR FORENSIC WORK. JUNG WORK WITH WORD ASSOCIATION TEST OF INTEREST OF FREUD, AND FREUD CLASSIC"INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS HAD BEEN OF INTEREST TO JUNG.

Karl Lashley

■ Lashley was an apprentice of John Watson. However, he later defected from Watson's views of behaviorism in favor of the neurobiological basis for sensorimotor and memory representations stemming from the brain. ■ Also worked with rodents in the laboratory. Emphasis was on removing or damaging parts of the rodent's brain to research their behavior and intelligence. ■ His famous work was "The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior" that served as a basis for Chomsky's critique of Skinner's theory of language.

humanistic psychology

■ Many theorists contributed to humanistic psychology. Most notable include, but not limited to, William James, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Martin Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, Gordon Allport, and Victor Frankl. ■ Methods includes existentialism, individual psychology, person-centered therapy,logo therapy, and positive psychology.

Gestalt Psychology/Gestalt Therapy

■ Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka are credited with starting Gestalt psychology. ■ Several other Gestalt theorists have contributed to this brand of psychology. ■ The main initiative regarding the mind-brain phenomenon is called isomorphism (same appearance or form). ■ Gestalt in German can mean a lot of things. The main use in terms of psychology is configuration. Many have thought it can mean holistic but this term is falling out of favor because of confusion. ■ Gestalt psychology seeks to treat the mind and behavior through whole means rather than separate parts. ■ Gestalt therapy (not to be confused with Gestalt psychology) falls under the guise of the humanistic approaches. ■ Fritz and Laura Perls are credited with the genesis of Gestalt therapy. ■ Many have thought Gestalt therapy as a major combination of revamped psychoanalysis mixed with existential psychology and phenomenology.

Birth order theory continued

■ Only boy amongst girls: always trying to prove his manhood or may become feminine ■ Only girl amongst boys: may become very feminine or tomboyish; tend to work hard to please her father

Alfred Adler

■ Physician, psychotherapist, and the founder of Adlerian psychology, ■ Graduated with a medical degree in 1895 from the University of Vienna and began his career as an ophthalmologist ■ He then switched to general practice in a less affluent area of Vienna close to an amusement park and circus. ■ Working with people from the circus, Adler was inspired by the performers' unusual strengths and weaknesses. Which may have been where he developed his theories on compensation and insight ■ In 1908 he came up with the birth order theory

Types of Gestalt thinking

■ Productive Thinking: Focused on thoughts and revelations that influence future thought ■ Reproductive Thinking: Routine way of thinking that focuses on conditioning and repetition

B.F. Skinner

■ Skinner proclaimed that people's behavior was based upon rewards or positive reinforcement. ■ Believed in Stimulus-Response Theory ■ Created the Skinner box ■ Conducted experiments with pigeons and rats and rewarded them when they behaved in a desired manner. ■ His experiments developed his theories.

B.F. Skinner

■ Skinner's belief is that free will and motivation are disguises for the real cause which is environment. ■ He believes that when a person commits a crime, they are not responsible because they had no choice but to commit the crime. ■ Skinner also believes that we are tricked into believing that we have the ability to choose while acknowledging the environmental causes. ■ Skinner 's belief continues to say that people who have received positive reinforcement for obeying the law will continue to obey the law because all behavior is under stimulus control, no moral or mental evaluation.

In defining certain situations, Gestalt psychologists:

■ Stress the importance of how individuals perceive their environment ■ Take into account their subjective beliefs and expectations (i.e. Thomas Theorem)

Oedipus complex

■ The Oedipus complex generally happens in the phallic stage. It is when a child has affection for the parent of the opposite sex and hostility toward the parent of the same sex. ■ The Oedipus complex is usually notated for boys. The Electra complex is usually notated for girls.

positive reinforcement

■ The presentation of a pleasant stimulus that will increase the likelihood of that response occurring. ■Example: A child needs to clean his/her room. Dad offers to buy the child ice cream if the room is cleaned. The child is more likely to clean the room for the ice cream.

negative reinforcement

■ The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the likelihood of a response, in order to avoid the negative reinforcer, will occur. ■Example: Giving a rat an electric shock when it presses a bar will increase the likelihood that the rat will avoid pressing the bar.

Little Albert

■ There is speculation that Little Albert was, after years of investigation, Douglas Merritte, the son of Arvilla Merritte of Baltimore. ■ Douglas Merritte developed hydrocephalus (aka "waterhead") in 1922 and died three years later at the age of 6. ■ More investigation concluded that if Douglas Merritte was the infant that Watson researched, he already had a neurological condition at birth. If this was true, then Watson's research with Little Albert should have been null and void since it violated ethics. Watson had previously stated that Little Albert was a healthy child. ■ A third investigation concluded that the infant in the Little Albert experiment was an infant by the name of Albert Barger. The investigators arrived at this conclusion because the child's weight at the time matched the weight of the child in the film. They also concluded that the name, "Little Albert", matched the name of Albert Barger.

Sigmund Freud

■ Usually known as the founder of psychoanalysis. ■ Freud believed in and has a lot of items to his credit. ■ His best known book was The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899/1900. ■ Believed that most of women's problems were sexual in nature. ■ In Freud's thought, interplaying tensions confront every human being. ■ Well known for the id (it), ego (I), and superego (over-I) hypothesis. ■ Known for his stages of psychosexual development: Oral (0-18 months); anal (18-36 m); phallic (3-6 years); latency (6-puberty); and genital (puberty until). ■ In his book Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud demonstrated his belief in the pleasure principle-the dominant feature of the human mental apparatus. It wants instant release of tension until whatever fulfills it.

John Broadus Watson

■ Watson begin working at John Hopkins University in 1908 ■ In 1913, he gave a seminal lecture at Columbia University titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It ■ Watson was fired from John Hopkins University in 1920 ■ He also conducted a research study in 1920 "the Little Albert"

Gestalt Psychology

■ We form wholes out of data. Man is the meaning making animal ■ Figures form in a process ■ A clear figure is formed on the basis of need, and freedom of the apparatus ■ Truth is emergent ■ The formation of a clear figure, or gestalt, is the cure ■ The term Gestalt means, "Whole"• ■ Gestalt Therapy creates an understanding of the mind and body as a unit. ■ Gestalt Therapy places an emphasis on the combining of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Freud

■Freud turned down $100,000 from a Hollywood mogul. By 1925, Freud's fame had spread so widely that movie producer Samuel Goldwyn offered the Viennese psychoanalyst, who he called the "greatest love specialist in the world," $100,000 to write or consult on a film script about"the great love stories of history." In spite of the eye-popping offer, Freud turned it down as he did a $25,000 offer the year before from the publisher of the Chicago Tribune to psychoanalyze the famed criminals Leopold and Loeb as they awaited their sensational murder trial. ■ "The Interpretation of Dreams" was initially a commercial failure.The book Freud considered his "most significant work" produced little fanfare when it was published in 1899. Only 351 copies of "The Interpretation of Dreams" were sold in its first six years, and a second edition was not published until 1909 ■ His famous couch was a gift from a gratified patient. Freud employed hypnotism when he opened his medical practice in Vienna in 1886, and he found it easier to put patients into trances if they were lying down. When he began to employ his "talking cure" in his psychoanalysis, Freud also had his patients recline on a couch covered with a Persian throw rug given to him as a "thank-you" gift from a patient named Madame Benvenisti while he took notes in a chair out of sight. ■ The Nazis burned his books and drove him from Austria: Although an atheist himself, Freud was born into a Jewish family and became a particular target of the Nazis when they rose to power. His books were among those burned by the Nazis in 1933, which caused him to quip: "What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burnt me, nowadays they are content with burning my books." After Germany annexed Austria, the Nazis raided his apartment,and the Gestapo detained and interrogated his daughter, Anna. With the assistance of his friend and patient, Princess Marie Bonaparte, a reluctant Freud fled to Paris and then to London with his wife and Anna. ■ Four of his sisters died in Nazi concentration camps.Bonaparte attempted, but failed to also obtain exit visas for four of Freud's sisters. The psychoanalyst died just weeks after the launch of World War II. The four sisters left behind in Vienna were eventually sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they died.

Watson's life after university

■Watson resigned his position at Johns Hopkins and entered advertising, he is credited with popularizing the "coffee break" during an ad campaign for Maxwell House coffee. ■ he achieved some degree of success. ■ His book Psychological Care of the Infant and Child (1928) was very popular, advocating a rather detached approach to parenting, with few displays of affection such as kissing and hugging of children ■ The Battle of Behaviorism: An Exposition and an Exposure (1928) ■ He retired in 1935 and his wife died also in 1935 at the age 36 ■ In 1957, shortly before his death, he received a Gold Medal from the American Psychological Association for his contributions to psychology