History benchmark 2, Term 1
What were Franz Kafka, James Joyce, and F. Scott Fitzgerald all known for being?
novelists
In order to pay the expenses of World War I, Germany had to...
print money
In the late 1920s, which of the following did NOT damage the US economy?
shortage of workers
The ideas of Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud had an enormous impact on the ...... century.
20th
What is the theory of relativity?
E=mc^2, Einstein's theory that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time, are not. Space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light.
What was the major cause of the collapse of the stock market?
Stocks sold for more than what they were worth
...............appeared as an art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life.
Surrealism
Name two significant poets in the postwar period.
T.S. Eliot and William Butler Yeats
In 1920, the world's first commercial ........ station (KDKA) in Pennsylvania began broadcasting.
Radio
Why do you think Roosevelt immediately established the New Deal?
Roosevelt established the New Deal right away as he knew that such a program would give people hope, creat many jobs, and begin economic recovery.
The first government was formed in 1917 in....that had a communist leader.
Russia
Explain the Theory of Relativity.
Scientists had found that light travels at exactly the same speed no matter what direction it moves in relation to earth. In 1905, Einstein theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time, are not. Space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light—about 186,000 miles per second.
Who inspired surrealism.
Sigmund Freud
Why was it called the Theory of Relativity?
Since relative motion is the key to Einstein's idea, it is called the theory of relativity.
Why were the ideas of Einstein and Freud revolutionary?
The ideas of Einstein and Freud revolutionary as they weakend faith in reason and changed people's biew of the world.
Explain Freud's theory
Freud treated patients with psychological problems. From his experiences, he constructed a theory about the human mind. He believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason. He called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious. In the unconscious, a number of drives existed, especially pleasure-seeking drives, of which the conscious mind was unaware.
How did Freud's theory affect the world?
Freud's ideas weakened faith in reason. Even so, by the 1920s, Freud's theories had developed widespread influence.
List one cause for each of the following effects: American market for European goods dropped. Unemployment rates soared. European banks and businesses closed.
- American market for European goods dropped --> happed due to hight US tariffs. - Unemployment rates soared. --> happened due to the drop in world trade. - European banks and businesses closed. --> happened due to demand for repayment of US loans on investment withdrawl.
What is true about "motion pictures"?
-Hollywood district in Los Angeles made about 90% of all films -Europe cared about making films -many countries from Cuba to Japan produced movies All of the above
An important result of World War I
-People enjoyed technological improvements in transporation and communication -people began questioning traditional beliefs -women demanded more rights All of the above
The National Government in Britain ...
-passed high protected tariffs -lowered interest rates -increased taxes All of the above
The following points reveal the flaw in the U.S economy
-store owners cut back their orders from factories -factories reduced production and laid off workers -farmers were unable to sell their crops All of the above
Who is Albert Einstein?
A German-born physicist thatoffered startling new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter.
How did Europe respond to the economic crisis?
A lot of countries started to take steps in order to solve the economic problem. Britain: the national government passed high protected tariffs, increased taxes, and lowered interest rates. France: worker reforms helped to lower the rate of unemployement.
What is Jazz?
A new popular musical style that emerged in the United States.
Describe jazz and how it was developed.
A new popular musical style that emerged in the United States. It was developed by musicians, mainly African Americans, in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago. It swept the United States and Europe. The lively, loose beat of jazz seemed to capture the new freedom of the age.
Whose theory of relativity replaced Newton's comforting belief in a world run by absolute laws of motion and gravity?
Albert Einstein
These thinkers were part of a scientific revolution as important as that brought about centuries earlier by Copernicus and Galileo:
Albert Enestien and Sigmund Frued
How did paths of marrigae and family change after the war?
Although most women still followed traditional paths of marriage and family, a growing number spoke out for greater freedom in their lives. Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked arrest by speaking in favor of birth control
Who was Sigmund Freud?
An Austrian physician, who's were as revolutionary as Einstein's.
Who is James Joyce?
An Irish-born author who gained widespread attention with his stream-of-consciousness novel Ulysses (1922). He also broke normal sentence structure in his book.
In France, many political leaders were frightened by the growth of....forces both in France and in other parts of Europe.
Antidemocratic
What impact did the increased use of the automobile have on average people?
Automobiles allowed people to drive for pleasure and exert less effort to go to work.
..............was a comic genius known for his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life.
Charley Chaplin
A......government is a temporary alliance of several political parties.
Coalition
Scandinavian countries built their recovery programs on an existing tradition of .....community action.
Cooperation
How did World War I change the balance of economic power in the world?
Countries' economies changed after WWI. Europe's resources had been drained by the war. The situation in Japan and the US was different as both countries were economically strong.
What is cubism?
Cubism transformed natural shapes into geo- metric forms. Objects were broken down into different parts with sharp angles and edges. Often several views were depicted at the same time.
How did Einestien's theory affect the world?
Einstein's ideas had implications not only for science but also for how people viewed the world. Now uncertainty and relativity replaced Isaac Newton's comforting belief of a world operating according to absolute laws of motion and gravity.
Each person creates his or her own meaning in life through choices made and actions taken. This explanation is about:
Existentialism
Which of the following is NOT an art movement from the early 20th century?
Existentialism
What is exitentialism?
Existentialists believed that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning in life through choices made and actions taken.
Why do you think writers and artists began exploring the unconscious?
Exploring the uncomscious offered escape from the brutal life. As people saw terror during the war, they simply wanted to find a way out of such distruction and frustration caused by WWI.
No novels showed the influence of Freud's theories on the unconscious.
False
How did Sigmund Freud's ideas weaken faith in reason?
He believed that much of human behavior is irrational
Who is William Butler Yeats?
In 1921, the Irish poet William Butler Yeats conveyed a sense of dark times ahead in the poem "The Second Coming": "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world."
Who is T.S Eliot?
In 1922, T. S. Eliot, an American poet living in England, wrote that Western society had lost its spiritual values. He described the postwar world as a barren "wasteland," drained of hope and faith.
What problems did the collapse of the American economy cause in other countries?
In 1929, the American stock market collapsed. What happened in the US has affected many countries all over the world. Such an effect appeared in different ways like: slumping economies, diminishing trade, and the soaring of unemployment.
Whybis Freidrich Neitzsche important?
In the 1880s, Nietzsche wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions. Nietzsche urged a return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength. His ideas attracted growing attention in the 20th century and had a great impact on politics in Italy and Germany in the 1920s and 1930s.
Why did people turn to exitentialism?
In their search for meaning in an uncertain world, some thinkers turned to the philosophy known as existentialism.
Who founded cubism and how?
Inspired by traditional African art, Georges Braque of France and Pablo Picasso of Spain founded Cubism in 1907.
Why is James Joyce important?
Irish-born author James Joyce gained widespread attention with his stream-of- consciousness novel Ulysses (1922). This book focuses on a single day in the lives of three people in Dublin, Ireland. Joyce broke with normal sentence structure and vocabulary in a bold attempt to mirror the workings of the human mind.
What impact did radio have after the war?
It allowed families to enjoy broadcasts of news, plays, music, and sports.
What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy of postwar Germany?
It saved Germany from an inflationary crisis and stabilized the economy
What was one part of Roosevelt's New Deal program to fight the Depression?
Large public works projects helped to provide jobs
How did literature in the 1920s reflect the uncertainty of the period?
Literature at that time focused on the meaninglessness of life. It showed how people were shocked by the great distruction caused by WWI.
The best description for the "Great Depression" is..
Long bussiness slump
Why were new medical treatments and inventions developed during World War I?
Medical treatments and inventions developed to help war casualities and improve the technology of warfare.
Name some expressionist painters:
Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky
In your opinion, whose contribution has had the most lasting impact?
Postwar time brought about remarkable contributions in various feilds. In science, Albert Einestien developed "The Theory of Relativity". Also, Sigmund Freud staretd ro spread his new ideas at that time about human behavior which is irrational (according to his beliefs). Freidrich Neitzsche wrote that western ideas such as reason, democracy and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions.
What was Freud's theory?
That much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason. He called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious. In the unconscious, a number of drives existed, especially pleasure-seeking drives, of which the conscious mind was unaware.
What is a main idea of the philosophy known as existentialism?
That one should find his or her own meaning in life
Who is Arnold Schoenberg?
The Austrian composer who rejected traditional harmonies and musical scales.
Why was Franz Kafaka significant?
The Czech-born author Franz Kafka wrote eerie novels such as The Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926). His books feature people caught in threatening situations they can neither understand nor escape. The books struck a chord among readers in the uneasy postwar years.
Who is Franz Kafka?
The Czech-born author who wrote eerie novels such as The Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926). (Surreal and anxious)
Franklin Roosevelt developed a program of government reform which was called..
The New Deal
Who is Igor Stravinsky?
The Russian composer who used irregular rhythms and dissonances, or harsh combinations of sound in his ballet masterpiece, The Rite of Spring.
Why did some writers and thinkers create disturbing visions of the present and the future?
The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to question accepted ideas about reason and progress. Disillusioned by the war, many people also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional religious beliefs. Some writers and thinkers expressed their anxieties by creating disturbing visions of the present and the future.
Who was a major leader of the exitentialism movement?
The french philosopher Jean Paul Sartre.
Who influenced exitentialism?
The german philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
What did President Roosevelt do to try to counter the effects of the Great Depression?
The great depression was the long buisness slump. It resulted in: closing banks, foreclosing farms, and rising of unemployement. Also, many people lost their savings in the banks. President Roosevelt instituted an economic plan called: The New Deal. Such a program supported the ideas that work projects would help provide jobs for the unemployed. As a result buisnesses and farms gained financial help from the government.
How did the postwar period affect women?
The independent spirit of the times showed clearly in the changes women were making in their lives. The war had allowed women to take on new roles. Their work in the war effort was decisive in helping them win the right to vote. After the war, women's suffrage became law in many countries, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria.
What did the weakness of the League of Nations in 1928 suggest about its future effectiveness?
The league of nations would be too weak to be effective in a crisis.
The new wealth in the U.S.A was not equally distributed as:
The richest 5% recieved more income and 60% were too poor to buy necessary goods.
What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash of 1929
Describe surrealism
The term surreal means "beyond or above reality." Surrealists tried to call on the unconscious part of their minds. Many of their paintings have an eerie, dreamlike quality and depict objects in unrealistic ways.
Why did millions of Germans turn against the leaders of the Weimar Republic?
They had signed the Treaty of Versailles
What did expresionist painters do after the war?
They used bold colors and distorted or exaggerated forms.
What did artists want after the war?
They wanted to depict the inner world of emotion and imagination rather than show realistic representations of objects.
After the war automobile prices dropped and the middle class could afford cars.
True
Although many of the new directions in painting and music began in the prewar period, they evolved after the war.
True
Artists rebelled against earlier realistic styles of painting.
True
As women sought new careers, the numbers of women in medicine, education, journalism, and other professions increased.
True
Cubism was founded by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso
True
During World War I, scientists developed new drugs and medical treatments that helped millions of people in the postwar years.
True
In both classical and popular music, composers moved away from traditional styles.
True
In prewar Britain, autos were owned only by the rich.
True
New ideas and ways of life led to a new kind of individual freedom during the 1920s.
True
The automobile benefited from a host of wartime innovations and improvements.
True
The horror of war made a deep impression on many writers.
True
The horrors of World War I shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail.
True
The war's technological advances were put to use to improve transportation and communication after the war.
True
World War I had disrupted traditional social patterns.
True
How did women express their increased independence and freedom with thier look?
Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles. They wore shorter, looser garments and had their hair "bobbed," or cut short. They also wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in public.
Why did some women begin demanding more political and social freedom?
Women played and important rile during war time. They built tanks, paved streets and ran hospitals. They changed many people's views of what women were cable of doing. As they gained more freedom, they didn't want to give it up.
What effect did World War I have on the literature of the 1920s?
Writers expressed disillusionment about reason and progress
......... especially were willing to break with the past and experiment with modern values.
Young people
What is surrealism?
an art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life.
After World War I, most European nations had what type of government, if only temporarily?
democratic
Why did coalition governments usually prove unstable?
they were alliances of several parties who disagreed on many policies
