History chap 10.4

1. What did the Catholic Church do to help fight the Protestant challenge in Europe?

- Across Europe, Catholic monarchs and the Catholic Church fought back against the Protestant challenge. - They also took steps to reform the Church and to restore its spiritual leadership in the Christian world.

12. What notable person was executed and what happened after his death?

- Among them was the well-known English humanist, Sir Thomas More. More was later canonized, or recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church.

15. Did Henry make many changes in the teachings of the church? Explain.

- Aside from breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible, he kept most Catholic forms of worship.

5. What groups trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists?

- Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their religious ancestry to the Anabaptists.

31. Describe the religious persecution that occurred in Europe at this time:

- Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. The Inquisition executed many people accused of heresy. - Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants. - Protestants killed Catholic priests and destroyed Catholic churches. - Catholics and Protestants persecuted radical sects like the Anabaptists. - The religious fervor of the time contributed to a wave of witch hunting. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men died as victims of witch hunts.

32. How were Jews persecuted in Italy?

- By 1516, Jews in Venice had to live in a separate quarter of the city called the ghetto. Other Italian cities set up walled ghettos in which Jews were forced to live.

33. How were restrictions on Jews increased during the Reformation?

- By 1516, Jews in Venice had to live in a separate quarter of the city called the ghetto. Other Italian cities set up walled ghettos in which Jews were forced to live.

20. What was the reform movement within the Catholic Church called? Who was its leader?

- Catholic Reformation, Pope Paul III. protestants called it the counter-reformation

37) Thomas Cranmer(TDA)

- Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform - When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Cranmer became England's first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. - He distributed English language Bibles to parish churches and, later, developed the Book of Common Prayer . - Cranmer also acted as an adviser to both Henry VIII and his son, Edward VI.

18. Explain what the "Elizabethan Settlement" was:

- Elizabeth adopted a policy of religious compromise, or acceptable middle ground. She moved cautiously at first but gradually enforced reforms that both moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept.

7. Summarize the issue that Henry VIII had with the Church.

- Henry felt that England's stability depended on his having a male heir. He wanted to divorce Catherine and marry a new wife, hoping she would bear him a son. - Because Catholic law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage.

9. How did Henry take over the English Church?

- Henry had Parliament pass a series of laws that took the English Church from the pope's control and placed it under Henry's rule. - The most notable of these laws was the Act of Supremacy, passed in 1534. It made Henry "the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England."

10. What happened to Henry in the years after Thomas Cranmer was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?

- Henry married Anne Boleyn, a noble lady-in-waiting to Catherine. Soon, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. - In the years that followed, Henry married four more times, but had only one son, Edward.

13. What happened to the convents and monasteries in England?

- Henry ordered the closing of all convents and monasteries in England and seized their lands and wealth for the crown. - This became know as the dissolution, the dissolving, or ending, of Catholic monasteries in England.

25. Explain who the Jesuits were:

- In 1540, the pope recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. - Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order was dedicated to combating heresy and spreading the Catholic faith.

3. Why did some Protestant groups reject the practice of infant baptism?

- Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith. Only adults, they felt, should receive the sacrament of baptism.

11. What happened to Catholics who refused to accept the Act of Supremacy?

- Many loyal Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and were executed for treason.

4. What were Anabaptists like and what were their beliefs?

- Most Anabaptists, however, were peaceful. In an age of religious intolerance, they called for religious toleration. - They also put forward the idea of the separation of church and state. - Despite harsh persecution for their threat to the traditional order, these groups influenced Protestant thinking in many countries.

8. Why did the pope refuse Henry's request?

- Popes had annulled royal marriages before. But this pope refused. He did not want to offend the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine's nephew. So he refused Henry's request.

38) Elizabeth(MBQB)

- Queen Elizabeth I of England upon the death of Queen Mary. Shifting politics made her early years quite hazardous. - Elizabeth used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. - Her balanced handling of the English religious conflicts earned her the nickname Good Queen Bess.

24. How was the Inquisition used to battle Protestant ideas?

- The Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages. - To battle Protestant ideas, the Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out what the Church considered heresy

6. Who was responsible for the break with the Catholic Church in England?

- The break with the Catholic Church, however, was the work not of religious leaders but of King Henry VIII. - For political reasons, Henry wanted to end papal control over the English Church.

23. What did the council do to end abuses in the Church?

- The council also took steps to end abuses in the Church. It provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy. - It also established schools to create a better-educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings.

22. What traditional Catholic views did it reaffirm?

- The council reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged. The council believed that salvation comes through faith and good works. - It declared that the Christian Bible, while a major source of religious truth, is not the only source. - The council also took steps to end abuses in the Church. It provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy. - It also established schools to create a better-educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings.

30. What was the religious/geographical divide in Europe?

- The reforms of the Catholic Reformation did stop the Protestant tide and even returned some areas to the Catholic Church. - Still, Europe remained divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north. - This division would fuel conflicts that lasted for centuries, although later, the goals were more political than religious.

16. After Edward VI became king, what did his advisors do regarding religion?

- The young king's advisers were devout Protestants who pushed for Calvinist reforms. - Thomas Cranmer drew up the Book of Common Prayer to be used in the Anglican Church. - It imposed a moderate form of Protestant service but preserved many Catholic doctrines. Even so, it sparked uprisings that were harshly suppressed.

27. Describe Theresa of Avila's new order of nuns:

- They lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little and dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation.

14. What did Henry do with this new wealth brought to the royal exchequer (treasury)?

- This move brought new wealth to the royal exchequer. Henry shrewdly granted some church lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens, - thereby securing their support for the Anglican Church, as the new Church of England was called. - Henry used much of his newly acquired wealth to pursue wars in Europe.

29. Name four results of the Catholic Reformation:

- Tireless Catholic reformers, like Francis de Sales in France, had succeeded in bringing Protestants back into the Catholic Church. - Across Catholic Europe, piety, charity, and religious art flourished, - and church abuses were reduced from within. - most of Europe was cathlic

21. Why did the pope call the Council of Trent in 1545?

- To establish the direction that reform should take, the pope called the Council of Trent in 1545. It met off and on for almost 20 years

26. How did Jesuits further the Catholic cause?(ASM)

- To further the Catholic cause, Jesuits became advisers to Catholic rulers, helping them combat heresy in their lands. - They set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic beliefs and enforced discipline and obedience. - Daring Jesuits slipped into Protestant lands in disguise to minister to Catholics. Jesuit missionaries spread their Catholic faith to Asia, Africa, and the Americas

19. Summarize what the church under Elizabeth was like:(EHTP)

- Under Elizabeth, English replaced Latin as the language of the Anglican service. The Book of Common Prayer was restored, although it was revised to make it more acceptable to Catholics. Much of the Catholic ritual was kept. - The Church of England also kept the old hierarchy of bishops and archbishops, but Elizabeth quickly affirmed that the monarch, not the pope, was the head of the Anglican Church. - Even though Elizabeth preserved many traditional Catholic ideas and she firmly established England as a Protestant nation

40) compromise

- acceptable middle ground

2. What teachings did new the Protestant sects, or religious groups, follow?

- developed their own version of calvinism and lutherism.

36) Mary Tudor(FQCB)

- first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, - Mary was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. - Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

43) Teresa of Avila(ARR)

- gained renown as the author of several books on spiritual matters. She was a key influence during the Catholic Reformation. - As a Carmelite nun, she dedicated herself to a simple religious life built on quiet reflection. - Teresa dedicated most of her life to the reform of the Carmelite order, founding many convents throughout Spain.

41) Council of Trent

- group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

28. What did the Catholic Church ask her to do? How was she recognized for her work after her death?

- her superiors in the Church asked Teresa to reorganize and reform Spanish convents and monasteries. - Teresa was widely honored for her work, and after her death the Church made her a saint. - Her spiritual writings rank among the most important Christian texts of her time and are still widely read today.

39) canonize

- recognize a person as a saint

35) Henry VIII(STWB)

- second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. - He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. - Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England.

44) Ghetto

- separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

17. What did Mary Tudor try to do after becoming queen? What was the result?

- she was determined to make England Catholic once more. She failed, but not before hundreds of English Protestants, including Archbishop Cranmer, were burned at the stake for heresy.

34) sect

- subgroup of a major religious group

42) Ignatius of Loyola(TMJ)

- went from an early career as a Spanish nobleman soldier to become a theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation. - While recovering from leg surgery, Ignatius read a book on the lives of the saints and decided that serving God was holy chivalry. - From that time until his death, Ignatius studied, preached, and did missionary work as founder of the Society of Jesus, an order of religious men who came to be known as Jesuits.