History Chapter 18

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800. 10,000 300,000 1,000,000 30,000,000

300,000

Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was: A poet and theologian of considerable influence in Mexico. A nun who protested against the enslavement of Native Americans. A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés. The wife of Francisco Pizarro, who led an expedition of Spanish women to the New World.

A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America. Belize Brazil Colombia Bolivia

Bolivia

Spain, under the __________, enacted significant reforms in order to regain control over their American possessions. Hohenzollern Bourbons Habsburgs Stewarts

Bourbons

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels. Cabildos Zacatecas Pampas Crioulos

Cabildos

The Spanish captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525. Moctezuma II Atahualpa Cuauhtémoc Montezuma

Cuauhtémoc

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world. Ideas Population Minerals Diseases

Diseases

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World. Criollos Cabildos Encomiendas Haciendas

Encomiendas

The success of Cortés and Pizzaro spurred additional expeditions to find ___________. Tobacco Gold Slaves Sugar

Gold

By the early seventeenth century, an elite of Spaniards who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist and then replaced Spanish administrators. Had accompanied the conquistadors in the 1510s. Had been born in the Americas. Had joined a specially created Franciscan order of priests. Had been brought across the Atlantic to marry the men and produce children.

Had been born in the Americas.

_________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to combatting antinomianism. Harvard College College of William and Mary Providence College Yale Divinity School

Harvard College

Leading a force of about 300 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518. Minas Gerais Hernán Cortés Francisco Pizarro Alonso Ortíz

Hernán Cortés

In the second half of the 1600s, the ___________ drove many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains. Iroquois Comanche Micmac Huron

Iroquois

In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise. The descent of fiery tongues at Pentecost. Jesus's initial appearance to his female followers after his resurrection. Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper. Jesus's miracle of the loaves and fishes.

Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper.

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535. São Paulo Santiago de Chile Cartagena Lima

Lima

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala was one of several: Advocates of the abolition of slave trade in imported Africans. Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators. Jesuits who established universities in Santo Domingo, Mexico City, and elsewhere. Members of the Inquisition who later converted to Protestantism in the New World.

Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators.

Anne Hutchinson was famous for: Becoming the wife of Miles Standish, but divorcing him soon after the wedding. Challenging the institution of witch trials in Salem in 1692. Becoming the first female student enrolled at Harvard College in 1646. Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts.

Preaching an antinomian position in defiance of the General Court of Massachusetts.

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation. Rotating labor assignments Khipu-calculated tax-tables Tithe-based church endowments Apartments for young women

Rotating labor assignments

What from Eurasia had the largest impact on the Native American population? Smallpox Coffee Cattle Whooping cough

Smallpox

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the the city of ___________,he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V. Veracruz Tlaxcala Tenochtitlán Campeche

Tenochtitlán

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to: A blight on the potato harvest in the 1510s The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox Military raids from a Spanish-Carib alliance Superior Spanish firepower

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with: The failure of sugar plantations in their colony of Saint-Domingue in 1653. The colonization of eastern Hispaniola by the French in 1665. The surrender of Cuba to the Dutch in 1659. The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655.

The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655.

One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements on the Brazilian coast was: The establishment of rice plantations after sugar crops failed. The failure of French merchants to find any of their trading posts in the rainforest. The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families. The establishment of factories for the manufacture of brazilwood.

The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.

Which of the following was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies? The expansion of silver mining and textile manufacturing. A reduction of the annual armed silver fleet. The division of two viceroyalties into four. The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships.

The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships.

The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was: A sudden upsurge in accusations and prosecutions for witchcraft in the colonies. The discovery of new documents that proved that Jesus had visited North America. The imposition of Catholic doctrine on Anglican churches in Massachusetts and Virginia. The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.

The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.

What gave the Spanish a military advantage over their Native American opponents? They possessed bows that fired longer distances. They were trained to fight in formation. They possessed steel weapons and armor. They fought from large ships.

They possessed steel weapons and armor.

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa: Disappeared into the rainforest and was never seen again. Secured Spanish assistance against his half-brother Huáscar. Converted to Catholicism in order to protect his people against Spanish encroachment. Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered.

Was captured and his unarmed retainers murdered.

By the mid-16th century, the conquistadors shifted from looting Native American empires and towns to exploiting native labor in _______ and in agriculture. Working silver, gold, and mercury mines Translating for the Spanish and guiding expeditions to new lands in the interior of the continent. Military service, in certain specialized units Shipbuilding, to facilitate the voyage back to Spain

Working silver, gold, and mercury mines

Agriculture in the New World was ___________ during the sixteenth century. An essential source of tropical goods for export Dramatically extending Europe's reach into warm-weather plants A source of sufficient export revenue for the Spanish Peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

Peripheral to the economy of the Spanish empire

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas). Heavily taxed Encouraged Dismissed as impractical Suppressed

Encouraged

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the ______. Slave tax, an effort to diminish reliance on the Portuguese slave trade. Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes. "Real" tax, which was paid directly to the crown on the king's birthday. Export tax, a flat percentage of all materials that had been sent out of the country.

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.

As in Spain, the only income tax in New Spain was the __________. Export tax, a flat percentage of all materials that had been sent out of the country. Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes. Slave tax, an effort to diminish reliance on the Portuguese slave trade. "Real" tax, which was paid directly to the crown on the king's birthday.

Tithe paid to the church, which the administration, at times, used for its own purposes.