History-Chapters 21, 22, 23, & 24

Philippine War

(1898-1902); War in which America used brutal tactics to crush rebellion; involved executions, concentration camps, destruction, and savagery; Jones Act allowed for the independence of this nation when ready, but did not specify a specific date. Eventually, citizens would gain independence in 1946.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

-In February 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted Submarine Warfare -Germans hoped to defeat Britain before American troops could enter the war., -When Germans announced the resumption of the unrestricted submarine, the US broke off diplomatic ties and later declared war on Germany

Causes of WWI

1) Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 2) imperialism, 3) nationalism, 4) Alliance System, 5) militarism The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914, a Serbian-nationalist terrorist group called the Black Hand sent groups to assassinate the Archduke. The spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand—heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire—was shot to death along with his wife, Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. Princip and other nationalists were struggling to end Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off a rapidly escalating chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Serbian nationalism once and for all.

In the United States, after it entered World War I, A) German books were removed from many schools and libraries. B) he playing of German music was banned in many communities. C) sauerkraut was renamed "liberty cabbage." D) All these answers are correct.

D) All these answers are correct.

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Underwood Tariff Act? A) It reduced tariffs 15 percent across all imports. B) It eliminated tariffs for steel. C) It eliminated tariffs for iron ore. D) It established a federal banking system to oversee tariffs.

D) It established a federal banking system to oversee tariffs.

The traditional backlash against the modern, secular culture of the New Era resulted in all of the following movements except A) prohibition B) religious fundamentalism C) nativism D) agrarianism

D) agrarianism

The revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s opposed A) Catholics and foreigners B) Protestants they considered guilty of irreligion, sexual promiscuity, or drunkenness C) blacks and Jews D) all of the answers above

D) all of the answers above

The United States truly became a consumer society during the 1920s, which meant that Americans A) bought things only to impress their neighbors B) could only afford the means of subsistence C) purchased mainly luxury items D) bought things both for their needs and their pleasures

D) bought things both for their needs and their pleasures

The German government believed that the sinking of the Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was A) given ample warning . B) trying to blockade German food supplies. C) sailing into German waters . D) carrying munitions to Great Britain.

D) carrying munitions to Great Britain.

The German government believed that the sinking of the Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was A) given ample warning. B) trying to blockade German food supplies. C) sailing into German waters. D) carrying munitions to Great Britain.

D) carrying munitions to Great Britain.

Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the United States Senate decided in 1919 to A) ratify it without change. B) ratify it after Democrats accepted the Republican "reservations." C) ratify it with the change that the United States would not join the League of Nations. D) not ratify it.

D) not ratify it.

Parity, a price-raising scheme that dominated agrarian demands in the 1920s, required A) assurance that farmers earned back at least their production costs no matter how the national or international agricultural market fluctuated B) a decrease in tariffs against foreign agricultural goods C) a government commitment to find international markets for surplus domestic goods so the farmers could make a profit D) prices for agricultural commodities to be continuously based on the average price of crops during the good pre-war years.

D) prices for agricultural commodities to be continuously based on the average price of crops during the good pre-war years.

During World War I, the United States government primarily financed the war through A) deficit spending and currency manipulation. B) foreign loans and the printing of new currency. C) private business and banking loans. D) public bond sales and new taxes.

D) public bond sales and new taxes.

The greatest American debate over the consequences of the Spanish-American War involved A) who would control Cuba. B) the question of desegregating the army. C) the annexation of Puerto Rico. D) the status of the Philippines.

D) the status of the Philippines.

Calvin Coolidge

Definition: (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; July 4, 1872 - January 5, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from New England, born in Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. The next year, he was elected the 29th vice president of the United States, and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor Historical context: Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength". Significance of the term: Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength".

Lusitania (1915)*

Definition: British ocean liner, the sinking of which by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915 Historical context: The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was owned by the Cunard Line and was first launched in 1906. Built for the transatlantic passenger trade, it was luxurious and noted for its speed. During World War I the Lusitania was sunk by a German torpedo, resulting in great loss of life. Significance of the term: contributed indirectly to the entry of the United States into World War I.

Selective Service Act of 1917*

Definition: Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which Wilson signed into law on May 18, 1917. The act required all men in the U.S. between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service. Within a few months, some 10 million men across the country had registered in response to the military draft. Historical context: On May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through conscription. The act eventually required all men between the ages of 21 to 45 to register for military service. Significance of the term: The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act (Pub. L. 65-12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription.

Consumerism

Definition: Consumerism in the 1920's was the idea that Americans should continue to buy products and goods in outrageous numbers. ... People bought many quantities of products like automobiles, washing machines, sewing machines, and radios. This massive purchasing period led to installment plans. Historical context: The prosperity of the 1920s led to new patterns of consumption, or purchasing consumer goods like radios, cars, vacuums, beauty products or clothing. The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans. Significance of the term: Consumerism in the 1920's was the idea that Americans should continue to buy product and goods in outrageous numbers. These people neither needed or could afford these products, which generally caused them to live pay-check to pay-check.

Red Scare (1919-1920)*

Definition: Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights) Historical context: At its height in 1919-1920, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern. Significance of the term: At its height in 1919-1920, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of communism and anarchism in the American labor movement fueled a general sense of concern.

Flappers*

Definition: Flappers of the 1920s were young women known for their energetic freedom, embracing a lifestyle viewed by many at the time as outrageous, immoral, or downright dangerous. Now considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers in economic, political, and sexual freedom for women. Historical context: A young woman with a short "bob" hairstyle, cigarette dangling from her painted lips, dancing to a live jazz band. Flappers romped through the Roaring Twenties, enjoying the new freedoms ushered in by the end of the First World War and the dawn of a new era of prosperity, urbanism and consumerism. Significance of the term: The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Automobile

Definition: In the 1920s the automobile became the lifeblood of the petroleum industry, one of the chief customers of the steel industry, and the biggest consumer of many other industrial products. The technologies of these ancillary industries, particularly steel and petroleum, were revolutionized by its demands. Historical context: Significance of the term: Being one of the most significant inventions of the 1920s, the automobile drastically changed the lives of Americans for the better. It not only improved transportation (obviously), it also gave the economy the boost it needed to provide America with the age of prosperity that the 20s is known for.

19th Amendment (1920)

Definition: Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex, and granted women the right to vote. Historical context: ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote. Carries Chapman Catt skillfully had used the American mobilization for entrance into the Great War as her rallying cry. She had claimed that armed with the vote, American women would also support their president and country as they entered the worldwide crisis. Her message hit home and President Wilson gave his public support for the Amendment. Significance of the term: Ended suffrage and gave women the right to vote.

Reservationists

Definition: Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

Anthracite Coal Strike

Definition: The Coal strike of 1902 was a strike by the United States Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners striked for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. Historical context: Roosevelt directly intervened in the dispute and invited both sides to the White House to negotiate a deal that included minor wage increases and a slight improvement of working hours. Significance of the term: The strike caused the explosion of presidential authority.

Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

Definition: The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance, and art. Historical context: The Harlem Renaissance was a period in American history from the 1920s and 1930s. During this time, many African-Americans migrated from the South to Northern cities, seeking economic and creative opportunities. Within their communities, creative expression became an outlet for writers, musicians, artists, and photographers, with a particular concentration in Harlem, New York. Significance of the term: Writers like Alain Locke maintained that it was necessary for African Americans to demonstrate through their artistic endeavors a shared human experience that transcended racial boundaries. In the 1920s and 30s, America remained a deeply segregated society, even in the more urbanized areas of the Northeast. Arguably the political consequences of the Harlem Renaissance were not even appeared until the emergence of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, which is also when there became a renewed scholarly interest in the works of these authors. It would take many more years for the work of Harlem Renaissance writers to become incorporated into literature courses across the country.

Scopes Trial (1925)*

Definition: The Scopes Trial, also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was the 1925 prosecution of science teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school, which a recent bill had made illegal. The trial featured two of the best-known orators of the era, William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow, as opposing attorneys. The trial was viewed as an opportunity to challenge the constitutionality of the bill, to publicly advocate for the legitimacy of Darwin's theory of evolution, and to enhance the profile of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Historical context: Significance of the term: the Scopes trial increased American awareness and interest in the issue of teaching theology and/or modern science in public schools. It also drew attention to the divide between religious Fundamentalists and Modernists who took a less literal approach to the Bible and supported modern science, as well to the schism between urban and rural American values.

Treaty of Versailles*

Definition: Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; it took force on January 10, 1920. Historical context: The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. ... The treaty required Germany to disarm, make ample territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. Significance of the term: The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

New Freedom

Definition: Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform for the 1912 election that called for a small federal government to protect public interests from the evils associated with bad businesses

League of Nations (1919)*

Definition: Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war Historical context: A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. Significance of the term: It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Progressivism

Definition: a broad movement between 1896 and 1916 led by white, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption

Anti-Imperialist League

Definition: a group of diverse and prominent Americans who banded together in 1898 to protest the idea of American empire building -Reasons of the league: goes against democracy, foreign workers coming into the US affecting jobs because of immigrants, didn't want other races coming into the country

Lost Generation of the 1920s

Definition: a group of writers who came of age during World War I and expressed their disillusionment with the era

Moving Assembly Line

Definition: a manufacturing process that allowed workers to stay in one place as the work came to them

Bootlegging

Definition: a nineteenth-century term for the illegal transport of alcoholic beverages that became popular during prohibition

Hollywood

Definition: a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry

Flapper

Definition: a young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age

Expatriate

Definition: someone who lives outside of their home country

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)

Definition: the 1925 trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites

Teapot Dome Scandal, 1923-24

Definition: the bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in 1923

Prohibition (18th amendment)

Definition: the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort Historical context: Prohibition was a nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. Protestants, Progressives, and women all spearheaded the drive to institute Prohibition. Prohibition led directly to the rise of organized crime. Significance of the term: Prohibition should be most memorable because it was an amendment in the United States constitution. It was very significant in American history because the 18th amendment was the only amendment ever to be repealed in American history. It was repealed by the 21st amendment because of all the negative effects in society.

Return to Normalcy

Definition: the campaign promise made by Warren Harding in the presidential election of 1920

Model T

Definition: the first car produced by the Ford Motor Company that took advantage of the economies of scale provided by assembly-line production and was therefore affordable to a large segment of the population

Sphere of Influence

Definition: the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements

New Morality

Definition: the more permissive mores adopted my many young people in the 1920s

Liberty Bonds*

Definition: the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort Historical context: The Liberty Loan Act allowed the federal government to sell liberty bonds to the American public, extolling citizens to "do their part" to help the war effort and bring the troops home. The government ultimately raised $23 billion through liberty bonds. Significance of the term: Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

Negro Nationalism

Definition: the notion that African Americans had a distinct and separate national heritage that should inspire pride and a sense of community

Nativism*

Definition: the rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs Historical Context: The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners. Anxieties of many native-born Americans about the rapid change in society contributed to the upsurge of this belief. Significance of the term: The KKK adopted this belief.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Definition: the summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Zimmermann Telegram (1917)*

Definition: the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies Historical context: The Zimmermann telegram was a coded note sent by Germany's Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmermann, in January 1917 with a message for the Mexican government. Significance of the term: The note asked the Mexican government to declare war on the United States and promised to help Mexico take back Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Second Ku Klux Klan

Definition: unlike the secret terror group of the Reconstruction Era, the Second Ku Klux Klan was a nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism

Sedition Act of 1918

Espionage Act of 1917: Provided for the imprisonment of up to 20 years for persons who either tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstruct the operations of the draft. This gave the government new tools with which to combat spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort (crimes that were often broadly defined). Sabotage Act 1918: This expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, they allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government. This worked along with the Sedition Act. Sedition Act 1918: Prohibited anyone from making "disloyal" or "abusive" remarks about the US government. This expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression of opposition to the war; in practice, they allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government. This worked along with the Sabotage Act.

What vestiges of Progressivism can we see in our modern lives—politically, economically, and socially? Which of our present-day political processes, laws, institutions, and attitudes have roots in this era? Why have they had such staying power?

First, social progressivism: Progressive social policy was rooted in the idea that the government should have power to limit the freedom of some people because it is for the greater good. Any program which is set up to benefit one group at the expense of others would be progressive. Any law or program based on the assumption some people need government paternalism is progressive. So social services, medicaid, public housing, Head Start, food stamps, and affirmative action would all be examples of progressive programs. Those programs continue today because of generations have become reliant on it and vocal in their support. Politicians will not vote to end programs some people rely on for their basic needs. Also, because people have the mistaken idea that minorities benefit the most from these programs, they think criticism is automatically racist. They don't think through the assumption behind this attitude, which is the actually racist idea minorities can't support themselves without some form of government assistance. This attitude should be clearly distinguished from liberalism. A liberal believes everyone should be equal before the law and therefore opposes government programs which are not fairly available to all citizens. Women's rights and racial equality were liberal ideas, not progressive ones. Social progressives like President Wilson opposed suffrage white supremacy. Now, progressive economics: Here, the progressive movement gave the nation somewhat better results. As American became more industrialized and urbanized, the need for basic regulation was obvious. Progressives supported worker safety laws, banning child labor, and protecting the right of workers to organize into unions. President Theodore Roosevelt signed food safety laws and supported unions against powerful corporate interests. He championed anti-monopoly laws to keep single companies from dominating important markets for energy, food, and transportation. This time was also the rise of our first Environmental Movement to preserve open land from being mined. The national parks started soon after. Later, with FDR, we had the establishment of Social Security and other elements of a basic safety net. FDR also instituted a major federal jobs program to address the mass unemployment during the depression, along with further regulation on the power of Wall Street and big business. These increases in government size led to the need for more government funding. The Constitution was amended to allow for an income tax in 1913. Taxes increased throughout most of the 20th century. What was supposed to be a tax on upper income earner instead turned into tax taken out of the hand of hard earned wages of middle and working class Americans. Progressive economic ideas were well meant and based on demonstrated public needs. But even with higher taxes, ideas like Social Security did not come with a plan for long-term fiscal responsibility. Social Security continues because older Americans paid into the program for decades in the trust that it would be there for them when they retired. Lawmakers today are hesitant to discuss reforming the system because older Americans are such a large portion of the electorate. This lack of reform is threatening the future of the program, even as younger generations are still forced to pay into it out of their wages. So while social progessivism was misguided or at worst openly racist, economic progressivism did decrease poverty for older Americans and established worker's rights. Both Roosevelt's were economic progressives, not social progressives. Likewise, people today can be liberal on rights and equality, but support elements of social democracy in economics. This is still the conflict the Democrats are having today.

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), America's 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his predecessors' policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis, which lasted over a decade, Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it. A successful mining engineer before entering politics, the Iowa-born president was widely viewed as callous and insensitive toward the suffering of millions of desperate Americans. As a result, Hoover was soundly defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945).

Jazz Age/Roaring 20's

In the Roaring Twenties, a surging economy created an era of mass consumerism, as Jazz-Age flappers flouted Prohibition laws and the Harlem Renaissance redefined arts and culture.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Describe the United States' movement from isolationism to expansion-mindedness in the final decades of the nineteenth century. What ideas and philosophies underpinned this transformation?

Manifest Destiny and Industrialization were the two ideas. The idea that Americans were destined to expand turned the United States global expansion. It also wanted to have access over more resources and markets to become important for businesses. Further Explanation: Manifest Destiny was widely practiced by many nations to express their common doctrine of territorial expansion. The term was first coined in the "United States" somewhat during 1845, laying weight on expanding dominion and spreading of capitalism and democracy in the Northern regions. The motive was aimed to expand its territories toward the "Pacific" to the "Atlantic Ocean". The expansion theory laid stress on promoting Western technologies in the far-fluing areas of the continent. The introduction of Western technologies can be directly termed as Industrialization. The term gave valid reason for the acquisition of Texas and California into America without any confrontation. During the era, the United States wanted to have access to more and more lands to have an abundant supply of raw material and a free market to sell its finished product.

William Randolph Hearst Yellow Journalism

Owner of the New York Journal who competed against Joseph Pulitzer and his paper the New York World, using events in Cuba and newfangled comic strips as fodder to draw in readers, emerging as the undisputed champion of sensationalistic "yellow" journalism.

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over Warren G. Harding, an Ohio Republican, was the 29th President of the United States (1921-1923). Though his term in office was fraught with scandal, including Teapot Dome, Harding embraced technology and was sensitive to the plights of minorities and women.

How did President Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal" epitomize the notion that the federal government should serve as a steward protecting the public's interests?

Prior to President Theodores Roosevelt, those who preceeded him in federal government had tended to side with industry leaders, expecting laborers to fall in line and do the work for the good of the companies. In 1902, when there was a particularly tense strike by coal workers, Roosevelts invited both sides (labor leaders and management leaders) to the White House to negotiate. This was an example of the way he saw the role of government leadership as "steward" to the nation, mediating on behalf of everyone's interests, not just the interests of a powerful small group. His "Square Deal" policies were aimed at making things fair and square for the general public. An example of this would be how much land was set aside under his administration as national forests, national monuments, etc. He was seeking to protect the use of the land for all Americans' interests, rather than letting corporation tear into any land or forest they wanted in order to grab natural resources.

Prohibition

Prohibition was a nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. Protestants, Progressives, and women all spearheaded the drive to institute Prohibition. Prohibition led directly to the rise of organized crime.

"Irreconcilables": Borah, Johnson, LaFollette

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

How did Taft's "dollar diplomacy" differ from Roosevelt's "big stick" policy? Was one approach more or less successful than the other? How so?

Roosevelt's predecessor McKinley implemented a key strategy for building an American empire. This was to threaten military force, rather than outright use of the military to negotiate foreign trade agreements. When Roosevelt became president, he established a new foreign policy, his "big stick" policy, was able to keep the United States from engaging in military force by employing the legitimate threat of force. Whereas, Taft sought to use U.S. economic power or "dollar diplomacy" to "substitute dollars for bullets" in an effort to use foreign policy to secure markets and opportunities for American businessmen, thus he relied less on military force than Roosevelt's did in his in his "big stick" policy. However, the "big stick" policy approach resulted in the revolt of the Panamanian people against Columbia to be their own nation, and succeeded in doing so with Roosevelt's help. Which resulted in the building of adequate housing, cafeterias, warehouses, machine shops, and other elements of infrastructure, including the Panama Canal that opened up in 1914. It also resulted in the Roosevelt Corollary, which stated that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region. In contrast Taft feared that the debt holders might use the monies owed to leverage to use military intervention in the Western Hemisphere, so he moved quickly to pay off the debts, which in turn made Central American countries be in debt to the United States. After this happened Central American nation was not happy and resisted the arrangement that Taft had made and Taft responded with military force to achieve the objective. The Big Stick Diplomacy is by President Theodore Roosevelt which was based on the theory that the United States could use force to maintain stability in Latin America. It was in the Roosevelt Corollary that the U.S. use "international police power" in Latin America. The Dollar Diplomacy was by President William H. Taft which was based on the theory that when countries near the panama canal were in debt to the British, American bankers would buy the debt. This supported the idea to maintain a good economy for the United States at the Panama Canal. The Big Stick Diplomacy is important because it negotiated in a peaceful manner with other countries while at the same time making other countries yield by "threatening" them through the Big Stick Diplomacy. This would reassure Americans that overseas territories would belong to the United States and it got other countries to respect the United States and to back off. Dollar Diplomacy was important because it helped maintain a positive economy. Since the United States owned the Panama Canal, when other countries around it were not doing so well financially the trade through the canal would not do so well and bring prices down. So if Americans paid off their debt then the economy would be stronger and the trading at the Panama Canal would be more prosperous and the United States will earn more money through their trading port.

Compare Roosevelt's foreign policy in Latin America and Asia. Why did he employ these different methods?

Roosevelt's strategy of "speaking softly and carrying a big stick" worked well in Latin America, where the United States had a strong military presence and could quickly and easily act on any threat of military action. Roosevelt's threat of force was therefore credible in that region, and he was able to wield it effectively. In Asia, however, the United States had less of a military presence. Instead, Roosevelt sought to maintain a balance of power, wherein the various Asian countries kept each other in check and no single player grew too powerful. When the power balance tipped, Roosevelt acted to broker a peace deal between Russia and Japan as a means of restoring balance.

What problems did Taft's foreign policy create for the United States?

Taft's policies created some troubles that were immediate, and others that would not bear fruit until decades later. The tremendous debts in Central America created years of economic instability there and fostered nationalist movements driven by resentment of America's interference in the region. In Asia, Taft's efforts at China-Japan mediation heightened tensions between Japan and the United States—tensions that would explode, ultimately, with the outbreak of World War II—and spurred Japan to consolidate its power throughout the region.

National Origins Act of 1924

The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. To "preserve the ideal of American homogeneity," the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 introduced numerical limits on European immigration for the first time in U.S. history. These limits were based on a quota system that restricted annual immigration from any given country to 3 percent of the residents from that same country as counted in the 1910 census. The National Origins Act of 1924 went even further, lowering the level to 2 percent of the 1890 census, significantly reducing the share of eligible southern and eastern Europeans, since they had only begun to arrive in the United States in large numbers in the 1890s. Although New York congressmen Fiorello LaGuardia and Emanuel Celler spoke out against the act, there was minimal opposition in Congress, and both labor unions and the Ku Klux Klan supported the bill. When President Coolidge signed it into law, he declared, "America must be kept American."

KKK in the 1920s

The Roaring Twenties was also the decade in which the newly revived Ku Klux Klan expanded across the country under the guise of enforcing Prohibition. The Klan's main targets were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, especially Catholic ones. Prohibition advocates had already linked them with drinking and criminality, and for these people, the era was a time of raids, violence, and terror. From the beginning, Prohibition was tied up in the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic bias. Many of its advocates were white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants who thought only people like them could be "real Americans." They believed the country was under siege by Catholic immigrants from countries like Italy, and that these people threatened the U.S. with their foreign drinking habits and saloons. "It was really a battle for cultural supremacy in a country that was changing,"

Triple Alliance

The Triple Alliance was an agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879.

Parity

The doctrine of parity was used to justify agricultural price controls in the United States beginning in the 1920s. It was the belief that farming should be as profitable as it was between 1909 and 1914, an era of high food prices and farm prosperity. the idea which referred to a formula for quarantining farmers a fair price for their crops regardless of how national or international agricultural market might fluctuate; in the '20s, the formula was the average price of the crop during the half-decade preceding WWI as compared with the general average of all the price during the same period

Pink-collar jobs

The pink-collar term was coined during the Second World War, when women occupied jobs as secretaries, typists, and transcribers. But as the U.S. economy evolved, these jobs became defined as those that were traditionally dominated by women. They include nurses, doctor's aides, dental assistants, and teachers.

Religious Fundamentalism

The term fundamentalist was coined in 1920 to describe conservative Evangelical Protestants who supported the principles expounded in The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910-15), a series of 12 pamphlets that attacked modernist theories of biblical criticism and reasserted the authority of the Bible. Fundamentalism, in the narrowest meaning of the term, was a movement that began in the late 19th- and early 20th-century within American Protestant circles to defend the "fundamentals of belief" against the corrosive effects of liberalism that had grown within the ranks of Protestantism itself. Liberalism, manifested in critical approaches to the Bible that relied on purely natural assumptions, or that framed Christianity as a purely natural or human phenomenon that could be explained scientifically, presented a challenge to traditional belief. Religion was a pivotal cultural battleground during the 1920s. The roots of this religious conflict were planted in the late 19th century. Before the Civil War, the Protestant denominations were united in a belief that the findings of science confirmed the teachings of religion.

New Era

The term used by Republicans to describe their programs for the 1920s. But in fact, the Republican ascendancy of the 1920s mostly meant the return of an older vision centered on minimalist government, individualism, and a less internationalist foreign policy. The 1920s, of course, would be anything but "normal." The decade so reshaped American life that it came to be called by many names: the New Era, the Jazz Age, the Age of the Flapper, the Prosperity Decade, and, most commonly, the Roaring Twenties. The economic boom and the Jazz Age were over, and America began the period called the Great Depression. The 1920s represented an era of change and growth. The decade was one of learning and exploration. America had become a world power and was no longer considered just another former British colony. The 1920s marked a new era of postwar economic growth in the United States, fueled by electricity and oil but marred by controversies.

Theodore Roosevelt

The youthful successor to William McKinley in 1901; pushed an agenda of progressive reform; By 1905 localized reform movements had coalesced into a national effort. In 1906, Robert La Follette was elected a U.S. senator. Five years earlier, progressivism had found its first national leader, Theodore Roosevelt, nicknamed "TR." Self-righteous, jingoistic, verbose—but also brilliant, politically savvy, and endlessly interesting—Roosevelt became president in 1901 and made the White House a cauldron of political activism. Skillfully orchestrating public opinion, Roosevelt pursued his goals—labor mediation, consumer protection, corporate regulation, natural-resource conservation, and engagement abroad; On September 14 McKinley died, and forty-two-year-old Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president. Many Republican leaders shuddered at the thought of what one called "that damned cowboy" in the White House. Roosevelt was the son of an aristocratic New York family and was sickly as a child, but he had used a body-building program and active summers in Wyoming to become a model of physical fitness. When his young wife died in 1884, he stoically carried on. Two years on a Dakota ranch deepened his enthusiasm for what he termed "the strenuous life." Although his social peers scorned politics, Roosevelt served as a state assemblyman, New York City police commissioner, and U.S. civil-service commissioner. In 1898, fresh from his Cuban exploits, he was elected New York's governor. Two years later, the state's Republican boss, eager to be rid of him, arranged for Roosevelt's nomination as vice president. Roosevelt enjoyed public life and loved the limelight. "When Theodore attends a wedding he wants to be the bride," his daughter observed, "and when he attends a funeral he wants to be the corpse." With his toothy grin, machine-gun speech, and amazing energy, he dominated the political landscape. When he refused to shoot a bear cub on a hunting trip, a shrewd toymaker marketed a cuddly new product, the Teddy Bear.

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Triple Entente

When the First World War started, Europe was divided into two powerful blocks. The United Kingdom, France, and Russia (also known as Triple Entente) were opposing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (also known as Triple Alliance.

Test Essay Question #3: How did the U.S. government "sell" World War I to the public and what legal and informal means did the government use to silence war critics? How successful were each of these efforts?

When the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson faced a reluctant nation. Wilson had, after all, won his reelection in 1916 with the slogan, "He kept us out of the war." To convince Americans that going to war in Europe was necessary, Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI), to focus on promoting the war effort. Woodrow Wilson did his best to keep the United States out of World War I. However, when Germany went against its word not to use submarines to attack the opposition ships and struck the Laconia and four more ships, Wilson's pressure to declare war increased. Then the final element that led to American involvement in the war was the Zimmermann telegram, which instructed Mexico to join forces with Germany so they could end the war before the United States got involved. In exchange, Zimmermann offered to return to Mexico land previously lost to the United States during the Spanish-American War. So on April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. To sell the war to the public would be no easy task. First, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in 1917, which required all men from the ages of twenty-one through thirty to register for the draft. Whoever did not register for the draft received stiff military punishments. Over two hundred prison sentences were handed down by the courts of twenty years or more, and seventeen death sentences. Since there was so much opposition regarding the war with Germany, the government had to find a way to control the American people. To do this, Wilson initiated a propaganda campaign that pushed the message "America First" to convince Americans that they should do everything in their power to ensure an American victory. Even if that meant silencing their criticisms, especially when it came down to American immigrants from Germany, another tactic the government created was the Committee of Public Information under the direct George Creed. Creed employed artists, speakers, writers, and filmmakers to develop a propaganda machine, which resulted in loyalty leagues. Before long, the United States became anti-German. The government silenced the war critics with suppressive legislation like the Enemy Act of 1917, which prohibited individual trade with an enemy nation and banned postal service for disseminating any literature deemed treasonous by the postmaster general. During that same year, the Espionage Act prohibited giving aid to the enemy by spying, espionage, and any public comments that opposed the American war effort. The Sedition Act of 1918 prohibited criticism or disloyal language against the federal government, its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag. Anyone who violated these laws received prison sentences up to twenty years, and immigrants faced deportation as punishment for their dissent. Although all these laws were successful in the short term, they did not last for the long term. The Civil Liberties Bureau found these laws to violate the First Amendment. Congress repealed the Espionage and Sedition Acts in 1921 and released the people from prison who had violated these laws.

Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

Fourteen Points (1918)

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others

Women's Roles in the 1920s

Young women with short hairstyles, cigarettes dangling from their painted lips, dancing to a live jazz band, explored new-found freedoms. No cultural symbol of the 1920s is more recognizable than the flapper. A young woman with a short "bob" hairstyle, cigarette dangling from her painted lips, dancing to a live jazz band. Flappers romped through the Roaring Twenties, enjoying the new freedoms ushered in by the end of the First World War and the dawn of a new era of prosperity, urbanism and consumerism. The decade kicked off with passage of the 19th Amendment, which finally gave women the vote. Women also joined the workforce in increasing numbers, participated actively in the nation's new mass consumer culture, and enjoyed more freedom in their personal lives. Despite the heady freedoms embodied by the flapper, real liberation and equality for women remained elusive in the 1920s, and it would be left to later generations of women to fully benefit from the social changes the decade set in motion.

Harlem Hellfighters (The Black Rattlers)

a nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

Clear and Present Danger

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

Historians and contemporaries called the 1920s the "New Era" because A) American popular culture reshaped itself to reflect an urban, middle-class, consumer-oriented society B) America emerged from its isolationist stance in foreign affairs C)social and economic changes were virtually nonexistent D) the liberal federal government endorsed wholesale changes in public policy

A) American popular culture reshaped itself to reflect an urban, middle-class, consumer-oriented society

On the eve of the Great War, the chief rivalry in Europe was between A) Germany and Great Britain. B) Austro-Hungary and Russia. C) Germany and France. D) France and Russia.

A) Germany and Great Britain.

The United States took control of part of the Samoan islands after a long dispute with A) Great Britain and Germany B) Germany and France C) France and Spain D) Spain and Great Britain

A) Great Britain and Germany

For what reason did most of the opponents of the League of Nations believe that the United States should not join it? A) It would increase U.S. involvement in its allies' affairs. B) It intended to aggressively force other countries to join. C) It was a weak organization that was likely to be unsuccessful. D) none of these answers are correct.

A) It would increase U.S. involvement in its allies' affairs.

What two countries were engaged in a negotiation that the Lodge Corollary disallowed? A) Mexico and Japan B) Nicaragua and France C) Colombia and Japan D) Mexico and Spain

A) Mexico and Japan

The National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration entirely from A) east Asia B) southern and eastern Europe C) northern and western Europe D) Africa

A) east Asia

Which of the following was not a key area of focus for the Progressives? A) land reform B) democracy C) business regulation D) social justice

A) land reform

In the 1920s, the populations of American metropolitan areas grew as a result of the construction of which of the following? A) skyscrapers B) subway systems C) water mains and sewers D) public parks

A) skyscrapers

While progressivism has many meanings it tended to be based on the central assumption A) that American society was capable of improvement. B) that Social Darwinism could create social order and stability. C) that individual rights should be expanded as widely as possible. D) that the laissez-faire philosophy should be embraced in American politics.

A) that American society was capable of improvement.

Even though women were granted suffrage in 1920, their political influence was limited because A) the political parties were dominated by males. B) women did not want to hold political office. C) most women did not vote. D) none of these are correct.

A) the political parties were dominated by males.

Radio

After being introduced during World War I, radios became a common feature in American homes of the 1920s. Hundreds of radio stations popped up over the decade. These stations developed and broadcasted news, serial stories, and political speeches. Much like print media, advertising space was interspersed with entertainment. Yet, unlike magazines and newspapers, advertisers did not have to depend on the active participation of consumers: Advertisers could reach out to anyone within listening distance of the radio. On the other hand, their broader audience meant that they had to be more conservative and careful not to offend anyone. The power of radio further sped up the processes of nationalization and homogenization that were previously begun with the wide distribution of newspapers made possible by railroads and telegraphs. Far more effectively than these print media, however, radio created and pumped out American culture onto the airwaves and into the homes of families around the country. Syndicated radio programs like Amos 'n' Andy, which began in the late 1920s, entertained listeners around the country—in the case of the popular Amos 'n' Andy, it did so with racial stereotypes about African Americans familiar from minstrel shows of the previous century. No longer were small corners of the country separated by their access to information. With the radio, Americans from coast to coast could listen to exactly the same programming. This had the effect of smoothing out regional differences in dialect, language, music, and even consumer taste. Radio also transformed how Americans enjoyed sports. The introduction of play-by-play descriptions of sporting events broadcast over the radio brought sports entertainment right into the homes of millions. Radio also helped to popularize sports figures and their accomplishments. Jim Thorpe, who grew up in the Sac and Fox Nation in Oklahoma, was known as one of the best athletes in the world: He medaled in the 1912 Olympic Games, played Major League Baseball, and was one of the founding members of the National Football League. Other sports superstars were soon household names. In 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the English Channel. Helen Wills dominated women's tennis, winning Wimbledon eight times in the late 1920s (Figure 24.8), whereas "Big Bill" Tilden won the national singles title every year from 1920 to 1925. In football, Harold "Red" Grange played for the University of Illinois, averaging over ten yards per carry during his college career. The biggest star of all was the "Sultan of Swat," Babe Ruth, who became America's first baseball hero (Figure 24.8). He changed the game of baseball from a low-scoring one dominated by pitchers to one where his hitting became famous. By 1923, pitchers frequently chose to intentionally walk him. In 1927, he hit sixty home runs.

What specific forces or interests transformed the relationship between the United States and the rest of the world between 1865 and 1890?

After the Civil War (1861-1865), America's relationship changes with the world in several different ways. First, slavery become outlawed in the U.S. This greatly effects the U.S. economy, as the Southern states relied heavily on slave labor for crops such as cotton. Along with the change in the way cotton is produced, the U.S. also starts to expand their powers elsewhere. The year 1890 marks the beginning of American Imperialism, as they will continue to take over territories like Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The imperialist policy allow the U.S. to expand their political power. Besides spreading political power, the U.S. now gains new resourced because of the new land they have control of. Overall, this positively helps their economy. Along with this new political power, the success of U.S. in World War I in helping the Allied power gives them more influence of countries in Europe (like Germany).

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Describe the multiple groups and leaders that emerged in the fight for the Progressive agenda, including women's rights, African American rights, and workers' rights. How were the philosophies, agendas, strategies, and approaches of these leaders and organizations similar and different? What made it difficult for all Progressive activists to present a united front?

All of the leaders among these progressive groups had a very strong sense of purpose and determination. Two personal traits that are key if they were to break the current status quo of the societies they lived in. Simularities: - The speech these groups used aimed to find common ground amoung the potential followers they were aiming to get. Differences: - Their strategies were not always the same. Associations that demanded workers rights would engage in violent acts in a couple of occasions. This deferred from King's Civil Rights movement that offered a Gandhi—style peaceful approach while claiming their rights. Although the 3 groups were demanding rights, they would not necessarily share the beliefs or goals of the others. For instance, associations that fought for workers rights would not necessarily support equal rights for African Americans or Women and vice-versa. OR.... In some cases, it was focused on those who suffered due to pervasive inequality, such as African Americans, other ethnic groups, and women. In others, the goal was to help those who ere in desperate need due to circomstance, such as poor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who often suffered severe discrimination, the working poor, and those with ill health. Women were in the vanguard of social justice reform. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Ellen Gates Starr, for example, led the settlement house movement of 1880s. Their work to provide social services, education, and health care to working-class women and their children was among the earliest Progressive grassroots efforts in the country. The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), formed in 1904, urged the passage of labor legislation to ban child labor in the industrial sector. The managers paid child workers noticeably less for their labor gave additional fuel to the NCLC's efforts to radically curtail child labor. The committee employed photographer Lewis Hine to engage in a decade-long pictorial campaign to education Americans on the plight of children working in factories. Florence Kelley particularly opposed sweatshop labor and urged the passage of an eight-hour-workday law in order to specifically protect women in the workplace. Booker T. Washington proposed what came to be known as the Atlanta Compromise. Speaking to a racially mixed audience, Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. W. E. B. Du Bois emerged as prominent spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the Niagara Movement, which calls for African Americans to accommodate white racism and focus solely on self-improvement.

Spanish-American War

Americans declared war on Spain after the ship Maine exploded in Havana's harbor. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans. Furthermore, the U.S. wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines. "A Splendid Little War.

Motion Pictures

As the popularity of "moving pictures" grew in the early part of the decade, movie "palaces" capable of seating thousands sprang up in major cities. ... The silent movies of the early 1920s gave rise to the first generation of movie stars. The increased prosperity of the 1920s gave many Americans more disposable income to spend on entertainment. As the popularity of "moving pictures" grew in the early part of the decade, "movie palaces," capable of seating thousands, sprang up in major cities. A ticket for a double feature and a live show cost twenty-five cents; for a quarter, Americans could escape from their problems and lose themselves in another era or world. People of all ages attended the movies with far more regularity than today, often going more than once per week. By the end of the decade, weekly movie attendance swelled to ninety million people. The silent movies of the early 1920s gave rise to the first generation of movie stars. Rudolph Valentino, the lothario with the bedroom eyes, and Clara Bow, the "It Girl" with sex appeal, filled the imagination of millions of American moviegoers. However, no star captured the attention of the American viewing public more than Charlie Chaplin. This sad-eyed tramp with a mustache, baggy pants, and a cane was the top box office attraction of his time. In 1927, the world of the silent movie began to wane with the New York release of the first "talkie": The Jazz Singer. The plot of this film, which starred Al Jolson, told a distinctively American story of the 1920s. It follows the life of a Jewish man from his boyhood days of being groomed to be the cantor at the local synagogue to his life as a famous and "Americanized" jazz singer. Both the story and the new sound technology used to present it was popular with audiences around the country. It quickly became a huge hit for Warner Brothers, one of the "big five" motion picture studios in Hollywood along with Twentieth Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

As a result of the sinking of the British passenger liner Lusitania, A) the United States declared war on Germany. B) Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action. C) President Wilson prohibited Americans from traveling to Europe. D) Great Britain began an intensive campaign to build a submarine fleet.

B) Germany pledged to the United States it would not repeat such an action.

In 1914, the "Triple Entente" consisted of A) Italy, France, Russia. B) Great Britain, France, United States. C) Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy. D) Great Britain, France, Russia.

B) Great Britain, France, United States.

Which of the following men was not a member of the Big Four? A) Wilson of the United States B) Lenin of Russia C) Lloyd George of Great Britain D) Vittorio Orlando of Italy

B) Lenin of Russia

Why did some Central American nations object to Taft's paying off their debt to Europe with U.S. dollars? A) because American currency wasn't worth as much as local currencies B) because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage C) because they were forced to give land grants to the United States in return D) because they wanted Asian countries to pay off their debts instead

B) because they felt it gave the United States too much leverage

All of the following are true about President Warren G. Harding except A) he had a penchant for gambling and alcohol. B) he was a capable and dynamic leader. C) he delegated authority to his cabinet members. D) died while on a speaking tour.

B) he was a capable and dynamic leader.

With the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt sought to establish ________. A) the consequences for any European nation that involved itself in Latin American affairs B) the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary C) the idea that Latin America was free and independent from foreign intervention D) the need for further colonization efforts in the Western Hemisphere

B) the right of the United States to involve itself in Latin American affairs whenever necessary

Which foreign country experienced an economic crisis in the 1920s that gravely affected the U.S. economy? A) China B) France C) Germany D) Japan

C) Germany

For what reason did advertising become more common in American media in the 1920s? A) More companies were competing to produce the same goods. B) Higher literacy rates meant more magazines were being sold. C) Goods were being mass-produced on levels never seen before. D) none of these answers are correct.

C) Goods were being mass-produced on levels never seen before.

In May 1917, Wilson authorized the draft of young men into the military by signing the A) Sedition Act B) Sabotage Act C) Selective Service Act D) Federal Reserve Act

C) Selective Service Act

Many Americans became outraged at Germany after it began to A) shell major cities like Paris. B) use Russian prisoners of war as forced labor. C) engage in submarine warfare. D) imprison European Jews.

C) engage in submarine warfare.

The Zimmermann telegram stirred up anti-German sentiment in the United States because it revealed German plans to A) destroy the Panama Canal. B) deploy submarines along the Atlantic coast of the United States. C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the American Southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of war on the United States. D) recruit German-Americans and Irish-Americans for use as spies and saboteurs in the U.S.

C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the American Southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of war on the United States.

In which part of the country were the first states to grant women suffrage? A) the East B) the South C) the West D) the North

C) the West

Test Essay Question #4: Discuss the variety of new goods that became available to Americans in the 1920s. What impact did these goods have on American lives and how did modern advertising promote the desire for new goods.

For many middle-class Americans, the 1920s was a decade of unprecedented prosperity. Rising earnings generated more disposable income for the purchase of consumer goods. Henry Ford's assembly-line efficiency advances created a truly affordable automobile, making car ownership possible for many Americans. Advertising became as big an industry as the manufactured goods that advertisers represented. Many families relied on new forms of credit to increase their consumption levels as they strived for a new American standard of living. · Consumption in the 1920s · The prosperity of the 1920s led to new patterns of consumption or purchasing consumer goods like radios, cars, vacuums, beauty products, or clothing. · The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within average Americans' reach. Now individuals who could not afford to purchase a car at full price could pay for that car over time -- with interest, of course! · With so many new products and so many Americans eager to purchase them, advertising became a central institution in this new consumer economy. · Affordable automobiles · New possibilities of mobility opened up in the 1920s for a large percentage of the U.S. population. Once a luxury item, cars became within reach for many more consumers as automobile manufacturers began to mass-produce automobiles. The most significant innovation of this era was Henry Ford's Model T Ford, which made car ownership available to the average American. · By the early twentieth century, hundreds of car manufacturers existed. However, they all made products that were too expensive for most Americans. Ford's innovation lay in his use of mass production to manufacture automobiles. He revolutionized industrial work by perfecting the assembly line, which enabled him to lower the Model T's price from $850 in 1908 to $300 in 1924, making car ownership a real possibility for a large population share. People could soon buy used Model Ts for as little as five dollars, allowing students and others with low incomes to enjoy the freedom and mobility of car ownership. By 1929, there were over 23 million automobiles on American roads. The assembly line helped Ford reduce labor costs within the production process by moving the product from one team of workers to the next, each of them completing a step so simple that workers had to be—in Ford's words—"no smarter than an ox." Ford's reliance on the assembly line emphasized efficiency over craftsmanship. Ford's focus on cheap mass production brought both benefits and disadvantages to his workers. Ford would not allow his workers to unionize, and the tedious, repetitive nature of the assembly line work generated a high turnover rate. On the other hand, Ford doubled workers' pay to five dollars a day and standardized the workday to eight hours—a reduction from the norm. Ford's assembly line also offered greater racial equality than most employment of the time; he paid white and black workers equally. Seeking these wages, many African Americans from the South moved to Detroit and other large northern cities to work in factories. Ford shaped the nation's mode of industrialism to rely on paying decent wages so that workers could afford to be the consumers of their products. The automobile changed the face of America, both economically and socially. Industries like glass, steel, and rubber processing expanded to keep up with auto production. The oil industry in California, Oklahoma, and Texas expanded as Americans' reliance on oil increased and the nation transitioned from a coal-based economy to one driven by petroleum. The need for public roadways required local and state governments to fund a dramatic expansion of infrastructure, which permitted motels and restaurants to spring up and offer new services to millions of new mobile Americans with cash to spend. New shopping and living patterns emerged with this new infrastructure, and streetcar suburbs gave way to automobile suburbs as private automobile traffic on public roads began to replace mass transit on trains and trolleys. Airplanes The 1920s witnessed not only a transformation in ground transportation but also significant changes in air travel. By the mid-1920s, men—as well as some pioneering women like the African American stunt pilot Bessie Coleman—had been flying for two decades. However, there remained doubts about the suitability of airplanes for long-distance travel. Orville Wright, one of the pioneers of airplane technology in the United States, once famously declared, "No flying machine will ever fly from New York to Paris [because] no known motor can run at the requisite speed for four days without stopping." However, in 1927, this skepticism was finally put to rest when Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, flying from New York to Paris in 33 hours. Lindbergh's flight made him an international hero: the best-known American in the world. On his return, Americans greeted him with a parade. His flight, which he completed in the monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, seemed like a triumph of individualism in modern mass society and exemplified Americans' ability to conquer the air with new technology. Following his success, the small airline industry began to blossom, fully coming into its own in the 1930s. Companies like Boeing and Ford developed airplanes explicitly designed for passenger air transport. As technologies in engine and passenger compartment design improved, air travel became more popular. In 1934, the number of U.S. domestic air passengers was just over 450,000 annually. By the end of the decade, that number had increased to nearly two million. The lure of technology Technological innovation influenced more than just transportation. As access to electricity became more common, and the electric motor was made more efficient, inventors began to churn out new and more complex household appliances. Newly developed innovations like radios, phonographs, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and refrigerators emerged on the market during this period. These new items were expensive, but consumer-purchasing innovations like store credit and installment plans made them available to a larger population segment. Many of the new devices promised to give women—who continued to have primary responsibility for housework—more opportunities to step out of the home and expand their horizons. Ironically, however, these labor-saving devices tended to increase the workload for women by raising domestic work standards. With the aid of these tools, women ended up cleaning more frequently, washing more often, and cooking more elaborate meals rather than gaining spare time. Despite the fact that the promise of more leisure time went largely unfulfilled, the lure of technology as the gateway to a more relaxed lifestyle endured. This enduring dream was a testament to the influence of another growing industry: advertising. The mass consumption of cars, household appliances, ready-to-wear clothing, and processed foods depended heavily on advertisers' work. Magazines like Ladies' Home Journal and The Saturday Evening Post became vehicles to connect advertisers with middle-class consumers. Colorful and occasionally provocative print advertisements decorated these publications' pages and became a staple in American popular culture.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

Upton Sinclair

He won the Democratic nomination for governor in 1934 as the head of the End Poverty in California movement lost after being subjected to one of the first modern negative media campaigns. His 1905 novel, The Jungle, exposed the meatpacking industry and President Roosevelt initially questioned the book by after the investigation of the meat industry Roosevelt quickly moved to protect public health. Thus the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was born which established a system of government inspection for meat products, including the grading of the meat-based on its quality. This also led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 which required labels on all food and drug products so that it clearly stated the materials in the products.

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Most Hawaiians opposed the annexation, but a small powerful group of sugar growers, traders, and missionaries, along with their allies and leaders in the United States, supported it. After William McKinley became president, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii, and in 1900 it became a territory of the United States. The success of the revolter's work was due to the support of John Stevens. Stevens was a chief American diplomat in Hawaii. He arranged for marines from the warship the Boston, to assist in the revolt. Stevens immediately recognized the new gov't. He sent a delegate to Washington to seek a treaty to annex, or add, Hawaii to the U.S. President Benjamin Harrison signed the treaty and sent it to the Senate for approval. The senate, however, did not ratify the treaty before Harrison left office. The new president, Grover Cleveland, opposed the annexation of Hawaii and withdrew the treaty from the Senate when he found out that the Hawaiians did not support the revolt. After William Mckinley became President, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii, and in 1900 it became a territory of the U.S.

Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925)

One of the greatest advocates of Progressive politicians who fought hard to curb the power of special interests in politics and reform the democratic process at state and local levels. During his time as governor (1901-1906), he introduced the Wisconsin Idea, where he hired experts to research and advise him in drafting legislation to improve his state. Where he earned the nickname "Fighting Bob." He supported numerous Progressive ideas while he was governor. He also signed into law the first workman's compensation system, approved a minimum wage law, developed progressive tax law, adopted the direct election of U.S. senators before the subsequent constitutional amendment made it mandatory, and advocated for women's suffrage. He served as a popular U.S.senator from Wisconsin from 1906 through 1925, and ran for president on the Progressive Party ticket in 1924. Progressive politician; won the Wisconsin governorship as independent and oversaw several reforms; later a U.S. senator; Americans concerned about the social implications of industrialization deplored unregulated corporate power and the hazards facing industrial workers. The drive to regulate big business, inherited from the populists, became an important component of progressivism. Since corporations had benefited from government policies such as high protective tariffs and railroad subsidies, reformers reasoned, they should also be subject to government regulation. Wisconsin, under Governor Robert ("Fighting Bob") La Follette (lah FALL-ett), took the lead in regulating railroads, mines, and other businesses. As a Republican congressman, La Follette had feuded with the state's conservative party leadership, and in 1900 he won the governorship as an independent. Challenging powerful corporate interests, La Follette and his administration adopted the direct-primary system, set up a railroad regulatory commission, increased corporate taxes, and limited campaign spending. Reflecting progressivism's faith in experts, La Follette consulted reform-minded professors at the University of Wisconsin and set up a legislative reference library to help lawmakers draft bills. La Follette's reforms gained national attention as the "Wisconsin Idea."

Boxer Rebellion

-In 1899, a fanatical anti foreign secret society known as the Harmonious Righteous Fists (called "Boxers" by Western Journalists) killed thousands of foreigners and Chinese Christians. -In June 1900, the Boxers occupied Beijing (Peking), the Chinese capital, and besieged the foreign legations. -USA contributes 2500 soldiers to an international army that marches on Beijing to quash this rebellion and rescue the occupants of the threatened legations. -Boxer's defeat further weakens China's government and therefore allows the Europeans to carve up China.

Venezuela Border

- 1895, Guiana and Venezuela in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.- Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute.

Prohibition (18th Amendment/ Volstead Act) *

1919: the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors. Volstead Act - 1919: Defined what drinks constituted "intoxicating liquors" under the 18th Amendment, and set penalties for violations of prohibition. Gained support from key group Progressives. This crusade gained followers through the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League, directly linked to Progressivism with morality and Christian reform initiatives, and saw in alcohol both a moral vice and practical concern, as workingmen spent their hard-earned wages on liquor and saloons, often turning violent towards each other or their families at home. The (WCTU) and Anti-Saloon League moved the efforts to eliminate the sale of alcohol from a bar-to-bar public opinion campaign to one city-to-city and state-to-state votes.

Social Gospel

A Progressive reform aligned by religion and led by protestant ministers. The goal was to interject church into worldly matters. Plus they believed service to fellow humans secured individual salvation in heaven.

Temperance Movement

A campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Alfed T. Mahan

A major popularizer of the "New Navy" supported by navalism. argued the nation required an efficient navy to protect its shipping, in return a navy required a navy for bases. Published the Influence of Sea Power Upon History that stated the need for expansion and the links between trade, navy, and colonies and the growing alarm over the aggressive military spirit of Germany. Wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) that argued that US Security, and the nation's global status, depended on a strong navy, which was necessary to protect Asia and Latin America from its European rivals.

What system did the direct primary replace? A) candidate selection by secret ballots B) candidate selection by machine bosses C) candidate selection by convention delegates D) an indirect primary

C) candidate selection by convention delegates

Muckrakers

A term coined by Theodore Roosevelt as a criticism of writers who wrote about scandalous situations and distasteful alliances involving money. The name became a badge of honor among "muckrakers" determined to expose the seedy, sordid side of life in the United States. They sought to shock the public into recognizing the shameful state of political, economic, and social affairs, and to prompt people into action. Much of their work was published in cheap magazines of the time. Definition: investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills, from child labor to the corrupt business practices of big businesses, and urged the public to take action Historical context: They provided an important spark that ignited the Progressive movement and exposed problems in American society and urged the public to identify solutions for those problems. Whether those problems were associated with corrupt machine politics, poor working conditions in factories, or the questionable living conditions of the working class (among others). They brought attention to the problem and provoked outraged responses from Americans. President Theodore Roosevelt knew many of these investigative journalists well and considered himself a Progressive. However, he was unhappy with the way they forced agendas into national politics, so he was the one who first gave them the derogatory nickname, involving an ill-spirited character obsessed with filth from The Pilgrims' Progress, a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. Significance of the term: Their work not only revealed serious problems in American society but also agitated, often successfully, for change.

How did Roosevelt intercede in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902? A) He invited strikers and workers to the White House. B) He urged the owners to negotiate a deal. C) He threatened to send in the army to work the mines. D) He ordered the National Guard to protect the strikers.

A) He invited strikers and workers to the White House.

How did Hay's suggestion of an open door policy in China benefit the United States over other nations? A) The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries. B) The United States enjoyed a historically stronger relationship with the Chinese government. C) The United States was the only nation granted permission to collect taxes on the goods it traded within China's borders. D) The United States controlled more foreign ports than other countries.

A) The United States produced goods of better quality and lower cost than other countries.

Beginning in 1898, the American war in the Philippines A) lasted for years and resulted in thousands of deaths. B) led to war with China. C) saw the United States withdraw its military and negotiate a diplomatic end to the conflict. D) went much more smoothly than the recent Spanish-American War.

A) lasted for years and resulted in thousands of deaths.

Secret Ballot

Also known as the Australian ballot, the secret ballot allowed people to vote in private rather that in public. In addition, it required the government rather than the political parties to print the ballots and supervise the voting. First used in Australia in the 1880s. All candidates' names were to be printed on the same white piece of paper at the government's expense and polling was to be done in private. It was opposed by the party machines, who wanted to be able to pressure people into voting for their candidates, but it was implemented and is still in use.

Russo-Japanese War

Although he supported the Open Door notes as an excellent economic policy in China, Roosevelt lamented the fact that the United States had no strong military presence in the region to enforce it. Clearly, without a military presence there, he could not as easily use his "big stick" threat credibly to achieve his foreign policy goals. As a result, when conflicts did arise on the other side of the Pacific, Roosevelt adopted a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the nations there. This was particularly evident when the Russo-Japanese War erupted in 1904. In 1904, angered by the massing of Russian troops along the Manchurian border, and the threat it represented to the region, Japan launched a surprise naval attack upon the Russian fleet. Initially, Roosevelt supported the Japanese position. However, when the Japanese fleet quickly achieved victory after victory, Roosevelt grew concerned over the growth of Japanese influence in the region and the continued threat that it represented to China and American access to those markets (Figure 22.17). Wishing to maintain the aforementioned balance of power, in 1905, Roosevelt arranged for diplomats from both nations to attend a secret peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The resultant negotiations secured peace in the region, with Japan gaining control over Korea, several former Russian bases in Manchuria, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. These negotiations also garnered the Nobel Peace Prize for Roosevelt, the first American to receive the award.

President Teddy Roosevelt's 1904 reform program was called the ___________. A) New Federalism B) Square Deal C) Fair Deal D) New Deal

B) Square Deal

Which of the following statements regarding the Spanish-American War is FALSE? A) The war lasted only a few months with fewer than 500 American battle casualties. B) U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped and supplied. C) More than 5,000 U.S. soldiers died from disease during the war. D) Cuban rebels did most of the fighting even after the Americans joined in the war.

B) U.S. Army soldiers were well-equipped and supplied.

Which "muckraking" journalist advocated the reforms that led to the Pure Food and Drug Act? A) Jacob Riis B) Upton Sinclair C) Ida Tarbell D) Ida B. Wells-Barnett

B) Upton Sinclair

Which is not one of the reasons the Anti-Imperial League gave for opposing the creation of an American empire? A) fear of competition from foreign workers B) fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion C) concerns about the integration of other races D) concerns that empire building ran counter to American democratic principles

B) fear that the United States would suffer a foreign invasion

Why did the United States express limited interest in overseas expansion in the 1860s and 1870s? A) fear of attacks on their borders B) post-Civil War reconstruction C) the Anti-Imperialist League D) Manifest Destiny

B) post-Civil War reconstruction

Which of the following is not an example of social justice Progressivism? A) anti-liquor campaigns B) referendums C) workplace safety initiatives D) improvements in education

B) referendums

Ida Tarbell wrote publicly about A) the need for better housing in rural America B) the sinister business practices of Standard Oil C) the need for a national temperance movement D) the women's suffrage cause in the American West

B) the sinister business practices of Standard Oil

President William Howard Taft A) was a more dynamic president that Theodore Roosevelt. B) was cautious and poorly suited to the office of President. C) discontinued Roosevelt's trustbusting program. D) did not seek re-election in 1912.

B) was cautious and poorly suited to the office of President.

Which of the following was not a feature of Booker T. Washington's strategy to improve the lives of African Americans? A) self-help B) accommodating/tolerating white racism C) immediate protests for equal rights D) learning new trades/skills

C) immediate protests for equal rights

Which of the following did Mahan not believe was needed to build an American empire? A) a navy B) military bases around the world C) the reopening of the American frontier D) a canal through Central America

C) the reopening of the American frontier

How did Colombia react to the United States' proposal to construct a canal through Central America? A) They preferred to build such a canal themselves. B) They preferred that no canal be built at all. C) They agreed to sell land to the United States to build the canal, but in a less advantageous location than the Panamanians. D) They felt that Roosevelt's deal offered too little money.

D) They felt that Roosevelt's deal offered too little money.

The newspaper magnate who famously told one of his Cuban reporters, "You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war," was A) Joseph Pulitzer. B) Henry Luce. C) Horace Greeley. D) William Randolph Hearst.

D) William Randolph Hearst.

Who were the "Silent Sentinels"? A) a group of progressive African Americans who drafted the Declaration of Principles B) anti-suffrage women C) an offshoot of the Industrial Workers of the World D) suffragists who protested outside the White House

D) suffragists who protested outside the White House

Which of the following was a key Progressive item passed by Taft? A) the Pure Food and Drug Act B) the U.S. Forestry Service C) the Mann-Elkins Act D) the Payne-Aldrich Act

D) the Payne-Aldrich Act

Settlement House Movement *

Definition: A group of leaders who sought to achieve change by bridging the gaps between social classes. The middle-class leaders joined underserved urban neighborhoods and opened their homes to the local children, parents, families, and older adults. Historical context: The goal of this movement was to help those who were in desperate need due to circumstances, such as poor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who often suffered severe discrimination, the working poor, and those with ill health. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Ellen Gates Starr led this movement of the 1880s. Significance of the term: The work of the leaders who led the settlement house movement provided social services, education, and health care to working-class women and their children and was among the earliest Progressive grassroots efforts in the country.

Settlement Houses *

Definition: A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the United States. At settlement houses, the instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. Historical context: The first settlement house was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle-class women. Significance of the term: The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements. The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), formed in 1904, urged the passage of labor legislation to ban child labor in the industrial sector.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

Definition: Booker T. Washington's speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and get along with others in their white communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country Historical context: A speech delivered at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, which was meant to promote the economy of the "New South." In this speech, Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. This message also appealed to many in the black community, and some attribute this widespread popularity to his consistent message that social and economic growth, even within a segregated society, would do more for African Americans than an all-out agitation for equal rights on all fronts. Significance of the term: This speech eventually convinced southern whites to grant political and civil rights and it placed the burden of change on the backs of the African Americans and not the backs of the white people.

Booker T. Washington

Definition: He was born into slavery in 1856 and became an influential African American leader at the outset of the Progressive Era. Historical context: In 1881, he became the first principle for the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, a position he held until he died in 1915. Tuskegee was an all-black "normal school"--an old term for a teachers' college--teaching African Americans a curriculum geared towards practical skills such as cooking, farming, and housekeeping. Graduates would then travel through the South, teaching new farming and industrial techniques to rural communities. Significance of the term: Washington extolled the school's graduates to focus on the black community's self-improvement and prove that they were productive members of society even in freedom--something white Americans throughout the nation had always doubted. He delivered the Atlanta Compromise Speech in 1895 which was to promote the economy of a "New South," and he eventually convinced southern whites to grant the African Americans political and civil rights through this speech.

Panama Canal*

Definition: Ship canal across the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the Caribbean Sea (hence, Atlantic Ocean) and the Pacific Ocean Historical context: Building the Panama Canal, 1903-1914. President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a long-term United States goal. A trans-isthmian canal. Throughout the 1800s, American and British leader and businessmen wanted to ship good quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Significance of the term: The canal permits shippers of commercial goods, ranging from automobiles to grain, to save time and money by transporting cargo more quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Dollar Diplomacy *

Definition: Taft's foreign policy, which involved using American economic power to push for favorable foreign policies Historical context: During the presidency of William Howard Taft in 1909, he chose to adapt Roosevelt's foreign policy philosophy to one that reflected American economic power at the time. Significance of the term: It shifted focus from military to economic policy ("substituting dollars for bullets"), intervening in other nations' affairs should they threaten American business interests. Taft used the threat of American economic clout to coerce countries into agreements to benefit the United States. Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Definition: The 1913 law that revised banking and currency by extending limited government regulation through the creation of the Federal Reserve System. A major step toward establishing a solid national banking system; In June 1913, Wilson called for banking and currency reform. The nation's totally decentralized banking system clearly needed overhauling. But no consensus existed on specifics. Many reformers wanted a publicly controlled central banking system, but the nation's bankers favored private control. Some opposed any central banking authority, public or private. Wilson, who was no banking expert, insisted that the monetary system ultimately be publicly controlled. As bargaining went on, Wilson played a crucial behind-the-scenes role. The result was the Federal Reserve Act (1913). A compromise measure, this law created twelve regional Federal Reserve banks under mixed public and private control. Each regional bank could issue U.S. dollars, called Federal Reserve notes, to the banks in its district to make loans. Overall control of the system was assigned to the heads of the twelve regional banks and the members of a Washington-based Federal Reserve Board (FRB), appointed by the president for fourteen-year terms. The Federal Reserve Act stands as Wilson's greatest legislative achievement. In time the FRB, nicknamed "the Fed," grew into the strong central monetary institution it remains today, setting interest rates and adopting fiscal policies to prevent financial panics, promote economic growth, and combat inflation.

Ida Tarbell

Definition: The most well-known female muckraker, who wrote a series of articles on the dangers of John D. Rockefeller's powerful monopoly, Standard Oil. Historical context: Her articles followed Henry Demarest Lloyd's book, Wealth Against Commonwealth, published in 1894, which examined the excesses of Standard Oil. She also followed other writers like Lincoln Steffens, explored corruption in city politics, or, like Ray Standard Baker, researched unsafe working conditions and low pay in the coal mines. Significance of the term:

New Nationalism

Definition: Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 campaign platform, which called for a powerful federal government to protect the American public

Rough Riders *

Definition: Theodore Roosevelt's cavalry unit, which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War Historical context: The first U.S. Cavalry, led in battle in the Spanish-American War by Theodore Roosevelt. They were victorious in their only battle near Santiago, Cuba. Significance of the term: Roosevelt used the notoriety to aid his political career.

Square Deal

Definition: Theodore Roosevelt's name for the kind of involved, the hands-on government he felt the country needed Was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. Thus, it aimed at helping middle-class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting the business from the extreme demands of organized labor. *The 3 Cs-as some of the other definitions said.

Niagara Movement (1905)

Definition: a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans Historical context: Black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by William Trotter and W. E. B. Bois that called for universal male suffrage, civil rights, and leadership by the black intellectual elite. These rights included universal suffrage, compulsory education, and the elimination of the convict lease system in which tens of thousands of blacks had endured slavery-like conditions in southern road construction, mines, prisons, and penal farms since the end of Reconstruction. Significance of the term: The movement helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.

Wobblies

Definition: a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) *

Definition: a political party started by Roosevelt and other Progressive Republicans who were unhappy with Taft and wanted Roosevelt to run for a nonconsecutive third term in 1912 Historical context: The presidential election of 1912. Also known as the Bull Moose Party, the progressive platform called for the direct election of U.S. senators, woman suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many social reforms. Significance of the term: Led to the nomination of Woodrow Wilson and he defeated Roosevelt in the 1912 election and then he ran his platform called the New Freedom. Which advocated for lowering the protective tariff, creating a better banking system, and strengthening antitrust laws. National third party formed around Roosevelt's presidential candidacy in 1912; In February 1912, Roosevelt announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination. However, Taft wanted a second term. Although Roosevelt generally walloped Taft in the Republican state primaries and conventions, Taft controlled the party machinery, and the Republican convention in Chicago disqualified many of Roosevelt's hard-won delegates. Outraged, Roosevelt's backers walked out and formed the Progressive Party. What had been a general term for a broad reform movement now became the official name of a political party. "I feel fit as a bull moose," Roosevelt trumpeted, thereby giving his organization its nickname, the Bull Moose Party. The party's convention platform endorsed most reform causes of the day, including lower tariffs, woman suffrage, business regulation, the abolition of child labor, the eight-hour workday, workers' compensation, the direct primary, and the popular election of senators. The new party attracted a diverse following, united mainly by affection for Roosevelt.

Direct Primary *

Definition: a political reform that allowed for the nomination of candidates through a direct vote by party members, rather than by the choice of delegates at conventions; in the South, this strengthened all-white solidarity within the Democratic Party Historical Context: This was the first law that worked toward a more perfected democracy. Prior to this, only people who had a hand in selecting candidates for elections were delegates at conventions. This was the beginning of the current system of holding a primary election before a general election. South Carolina adopted this system for statewide elections in 1896; in 1901, Florida became the first state to use it in nominations for the presidency. It is the method currently used in three-quarters of U.S. states. Significance of the term: This primary enabled the voters instead of party bosses to choose party candidates for office.

Wisconsin Idea

Definition: a political system created by Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin, that embodied many progressive ideals; La Follette hired experts to advise him on improving conditions in his state

Referendum

Definition: a process that allows voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject Historical context: One out of three reforms pushed forward by Progressives that sought to sidestep the power of special interests in state legislatures and restore the democratic political process. This allowed voters to counteract legislation by putting an existing law on the ballot for voters to either affirm or reject. Currently, twenty-four states allow some form of initiative or referendum. Significance of the term: Gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

initiative

Definition: a proposed law, or initiative, placed on the ballot by public petition Historical context: One of the first that permitted voters to enact legislation by petitioning to place an idea on the ballot. In 1898, South Dakota became the first state to allow initiatives to appear on a ballot. By 1920, twenty states had adopted the procedure. Significance of the term: allows voters to put a proposed law on the ballot for public approval.

Roosevelt Corollary

Definition: a statement by Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would use military force to act as an international police power and correct any chronic wrongdoing by any Latin American nation threatening the stability of the region Roosevelt's 1904 extension to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force. The United States was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrongdoing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the United States an "international police power."

Taylorism

Definition: a system named for Fredrick Winslow Taylor, aimed at improving factory efficiency rates through the principle of standardization; Taylor's model limited workers to repetitive tasks, reducing human contact and opportunities to think or collaborate

Frontier Thesis

Definition: an idea proposed by Fredrick Jackson Turner, which stated that the encounter of European traditions and a native wilderness was integral to the development of American democracy, individualism, and innovative character

Yellow Journalism/Press *

Definition: sensationalist newspapers who sought to manufacture news stories in order to sell more papers Historical context: A type of journalism, epitomized in the 1890s by the newspaper empires of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. It intentionally manipulates public opinion though sensational headlines about both real and invented events. Significance of the term: During its heyday in the late 19th century it was one of the many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.

NAACP *

Definition: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley Historical context: Coalition of blacks and whites who sought legal and political rights for African Americans through the courts. Significance of the term: With their legal team, the NAACP challenged the segregation laws in place, their earlier cases all overshadowed by the most important case which was Brown v. Board of Education. Major civil rights organization founded during the Progressive Era; In 1909, white reformers who had grown dissatisfied with Washington's cautiousness joined with Du Bois and other blacks from the Niagara Movement to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). This new organization called for sustained activism, including legal challenges, to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life. Attracting the urban black middle class, the NAACP by 1914 had six thousand members in fifty branches.

Seward's Folly

Definition: the pejorative name given by the press to Secretary of State Seward's acquisition of Alaska in 1867

Recall

Definition: to remove a public official from office by virtue of a petition and vote process Historical context: A series of reforms pushed forward by Progressives that sought to sidestep the power of special interests in state legislatures and restore the democratic political process. The recall permitted citizens to remove a public official from office through a process of petition and vote, similar to initiative and referendum. Even though this measure was not widely adopted by others; In 1910, Oregon became the first state to allow recalls, and by 1920, twelve states had adopted this tool too. It has only been used successfully a handful of times on the statewide level, and that was to remove the governor of North Dakota in 1921, and, more recently the governor of California in 2003. Significance of the term: Made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

W.E.B. DuBois

Definition: was the leader of a group of prominent civil rights leaders who met in a small hotel on the Canadian side of Niagra Falls-where segregation laws did not bar them from hotel accommodations-to discuss what immediate steps were needed for equal rights Historical context: He was a professor at the all-black Atlanta University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, and he emerged as a prominent spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the Niagra Movement. In 1905, he had grown wary of Booker T. Washington's calls for African Americans to accommodate white racism and focus solely on self-improvement. Significance of the term: He wished to carve a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the black, educated elite, which he termed the "talented tenth." African-American scholar and civil rights leader; author of The Souls of Black Folk; Washington's principal black critic was W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963). After earning a PhD in history from Harvard in 1895, Du Bois taught at Atlanta University. In The Souls of Black Folk (1903), Du Bois rejected Washington's emphasis on patience and manual skills. Instead, Du Bois demanded full racial equality, including equal educational opportunities, and urged resistance to all forms of racism. In 1905, under Du Bois's leadership, blacks committed to battling racism held a conference at Niagara Falls. For the next few years, participants in the "Niagara Movement" met annually.

Silent Sentinels

Definition: women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women's right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president whose election in 1912 ushered in a second wave of progressive reforms on the national level; Meanwhile, the reform spirit also infused the Democratic Party. In New Jersey in 1910, voters elected a political novice, Woodrow Wilson, as governor. A "Wilson for President" boom soon arose, and when the Democrats assembled in Baltimore in June 1912, Wilson won the nomination, defeating several established party leaders. Wilson called for a "New Freedom," evoking an earlier era of small government, small businesses, and free competition. The divided Republicans proved no match for the united Democrats. Wilson prevailed, and the Democrats took both houses of Congress (see Map 21.2). More than nine hundred thousand voters opted for Debs and socialism. The 1912 election identified the triumphant Democrats with reform (except on the issue of race)—a link that Franklin D. Roosevelt would strengthen in the 1930s. In addition, Theodore Roosevelt's third-party campaign demonstrated the continued appeal of reform among many grass-roots Republicans; As he led a party long identified with workers, Wilson supported labor unions and workers' right to organize. He also endorsed a Clayton Act clause exempting strikes, boycotts, and picketing from the antitrust laws' prohibition of actions in restraint of trade. In 1916 (a campaign year), Wilson and congressional Democrats enacted three important worker-protection laws. The Keating-Owen Act barred from interstate commerce products manufactured by child labor (later declared unconstitutional). The Adamson Act established an eight-hour workday for interstate railway workers. The Workmen's Compensation Act provided accident and injury protection to federal workers.

Test Essay Question #1: How did the issues prominent during the Progressive Era, and the changes that occurred then, affect the lives of immigrants, African-Americans, and women?

During the Progressive Era, there were two new movements, which were the women's rights movement, and the civil rights movement for African-American's and immigrants. These movements brought on the 15th Amendment that states that African-American men and women could vote, and the 19th Amendment states that no one can be discriminated against for their sex at the voting polls. The issues that they faced were that the women's place was in the home and not in politics, so the women had to form organizations like the American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to push for the right for women to vote. However, the state and national legislatures' lack of response made the women frustrated. They decided to take a more tactical stance to draw more attention to the legislature and the media. However, the more they pushed, the more backlash they received from the anti-suffragists who declared their thoughts through ridiculing postcards and signs that showed the suffragists as sexually indulgent, grasping, irresponsible, impossibly ugly. The anti-suffragists also made fun that a suffragist's husband takes his suffragist wife's duties and that the wives take on the men's' vices, such as gambling, drinking, and smoking cigars. African-Americans and immigrants still faced discrimination, segregation, and violence from the Ku Klux Klan. In the end, with all of these issues, the suffragists were able to push their agendas through, and the women got their right to vote through the ratification of the 19th Amendment. The African-American's and immigrants got their right to vote through the ratification of the 15th Amendment that was supported by President Woodrow Wilson.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's hand-picked successor for president; later served as Supreme Court justice; Roosevelt's activist approach permanently enlarged the powers of the presidency. His handpicked successor, William Howard Taft, proved politically inept, however, and controversy marked his administration. With the Republicans divided, the Democrat Woodrow Wilson, espousing a somewhat different reform vision, won the presidency in 1912

Why were the Midway Islands important to American expansion?

The Midway Islands provided a more stable path to Asian Markets and a vital naval coaling station, which steamships needed in order to travel further afield

How did muckrakers help initiate the Progressive Era?

The Muckrakers played a pivotal role in initiating the Progressive Era, because they spurred everyday Americans to take action. Unlike earlier sensationalist journalists, the Muckarakers told their stories with the explicit goal of galvanizing their readers and encouraging them to take step to address the issues. With photographs and descriptions of real-life senarios of which many Americans were unaware, the Muckrakers brought the tribulations of child factory workers, the urban poor, and others into the living rooms of the middle-class.

How does the "Open Door notes" episode represent a new, nonmilitary tactic in the expansion of the American empire?

The Open Door notes and the American foray into China revealed the power of economic clout. Given the unprecedented technological advances of the industrial revolution, American goods were often less expensive and of better quality than those produced in other countries, and they were highly sought after in Asia. Therefore, when Hay decided the spheres of influence model, wherein each country had its own room to maneuver in China, he was able to flood Chinese markets with American trade. Through these maneuvers, the United States was able to augment its global standing considerably without the use of its military forces.

What challenges did the U.S. military have to overcome in the Spanish-American War? What accounted for the nation's eventual victory?

The Spanish-American War posed a series of challenges to the United States' military capacities. The new U.S. Navy, while impressive, was still untested, and no one was certain how the new ships would perform. Furthermore, the country had a limited army, with fewer than thirty thousand soldiers and sailors. While over one million men ultimately volunteered for service, they were untrained, and the army was ill-prepared to house, arm, and feed them all. Eventually, American naval strength, combined with the proximity of American supplies relative to the distance Spanish forces traveled, made the decisive difference. In a war upon the sea, the U.S. Navy proved superior in both the Philippines and the blockade of Cuba.

What was the role of the Taft Commission?

The Taft Commission introduced reforms to modernize and improve daily life in the Philippines. Many of these reforms were legislative in nature, impacting the structure and composition of local governments. In exchange for the support of resistance leaders, for example, the commission offered them political appointments.

Open Door Notes/Policy *

The circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be "open doors" in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the United States Historical context: U.S. been interested in China for trade but spheres of influence made matters complicated. John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State suggested in 1899 that there should be an "open door policy" regarding China, establishing equal trade for everyone in China. Significance of the term: It was imperialistic and was created in response to Americans fearing that other nations would prevent them from trading in China.

Ida Wells-Barnett

The lynching of blacks outraged her, an African-American journalist. In her newspaper, free speech, Wells urged African-Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated streetcars and white-owned stores. She spoke out despite the threats to her life, and she also marched at the front of the suffrage parade between two white women to take her stance on segregation during the suffrage movement. Eloquent speaker, writer, and civil rights activist who championed anti-lynching legislation; With racism on the rise, Booker T. Washington's self-help message (see Chapter 20) seemed increasingly unrealistic, particularly to northern blacks. In 1902, one editor of a black newspaper called Washington's go-slow policies "a fatal blow . . . to the Negro's political rights and liberty." Another opponent was the black journalist and activist Ida Wells-Barnett. Moving to Chicago from Memphis in 1892 after a white mob destroyed her offices, Wells-Barnett mounted a national anti-lynching campaign, in contrast to Booker T. Washington's public silence on the subject.

Explain the fundamental differences between Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Wilson's "New Freedom."

The major difference between Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom concerned the candidate's beliefs about the necessary size of the federal government. Wilson believed that a small federal government could keep bad businesses in check while allowing the country to grow. Roosevelt, in contrast, believed that the country required a large and involved federal government to safeguard the interests of the American people.

Which of the primary features of grassroots Progressivism was the most essential to the continued growth and success of the reformist movement? Why?

The primary features of grassroots Progressivism that was most essential to the continued growth and success of the Reformist Movement would be that most strove for a perfection of political participation for those considered "unfit" on account of health, education, or race. Progressives also agreed that democracy had to be balanced with an emphasis on efficiency, a reliance on science and technology, and deference to the expertise of professions. They repudiated party politics but looked to government to regulate the modern market economy. They saw themselves as the agents of social justice and reform, as well as the stewards and guides of workers and the urban poor. Often, reformers' convictions and faith in their own expertise led them to dismiss the voices of the very people they sought to help. The expressions of these Progressive principles developed at the grassroots level. It was not until Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became president in 1901 that the federal government would engage in Progressive reforms. Before the Progressivism was work done by the people, for the people. What knit Progressives together was the feeling that the country was moving at a dangerous pace in a dangerous direction and required the efforts of everyday Americans to help put it back on track.

Election of 1912

The significance is that Roosevelt ran for president a second time, representing the Progressive "Bull Moose" Party, against the incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson. Since William Howard Taft was also a Republican candidate the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt. Therefore, Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912. Roosevelt and Taft together won more than enough votes to defeat Wilson. 1912 was the only presidential election in which a third-party candidate finished second. It was the first time in 20 years that a Democrat

Somoa

They are about 3,000 miles away from Hawaii. They allowed the Americans to build a naval station They also granted special trading rights to the U.S, but because Great Britain and Germany also secured trading rights on the island, tensions grew as the three powers competed for power in Samoa. In 1899 the U.S, Great Britain, and Germany met in Berlin. Without consulting the Samoans, the U.S and Germany split the Samos, and the U.S quickly annexed its portion.

Jacob Riis

United States reporter, social reformer, and photographer who shocked the U.S. conscience in 1890 by a factorial description of slum conditions in his book, How The Other Half Carves.

Describe the philosophy and strategies of the Niagara Movement. How did it differ from Washington's way of thinking?

W. E. B. Du Bois sought to push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on the education and skills of the "talented tenth" to advance the Niagara Movement's agenda. The movement's Declaration of Principles called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system. This represented, in many ways, a rejection of Booker T. Washington's advocacy of accommodation and self-improvement.

How did the goals and reform agenda of the Progressive Era manifest themselves during the presidential administrations of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson?

When Roosevelt became the United States president, he introduced different policies under what is known as Square Deal. These policies were meant to address some of the problems affecting the laborers and industry leaders. Further Explanation: During the Progressive Era, President Roosevelt implemented different policies that were meant to protect the consumers, control large corporations, and the preservation of natural resourced. The Square Deal helped the middle-class citizens and also protects the industries from incessant strike actions by laborers. The Square Deal also plays a vital role in the protection of women and children in the workplace. President William Howard Taft was handpicked by Roosevelt to continue the Square Deal policy. Taft strongly supported the Square Deal policy and also ensures there was a balance between employers and employees. However, William Howard Taft later deviated from the continued implementation of the Square Deal policy by favoring the conservatives more than the progressive. Roosevelt was angered by Taft's action and contested against Taft for the Republican nomination by lost out. President Woodrow Wilson was a leading progressive during the progressive era. He fights for a stronger federal government and also fights for labor rights and legislation that were not protecting the right of the public. As a leading progressive, Wilson reduces tariff and created the Federal Reserve System. He also introduced the income tax. Although Wilson also abandons domestic reforms to focus more on the war effort.

Why did Wilson's "New Freedom" agenda come in two distinct phases (1913 and 1916)?

Wilson's actions were limited by his belieft in his New Freedom platform, which promised voters a small government. Still, he took a number of steps in the first year of his presidency to shore up the economy and push back against destructive trusts. With those goals accomplished, he largely left the Progressive agenda alone. As the 1916 election season approached, however, Wilson realized that his hands-off policy was not endearing him to voters, and he ended his first term in a flurry of Progressive legislation that reminded the voting public of all he could do for them.