History Exam # 2

Osama bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks., (1957- ) Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and leader of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. He is responsible for numerous terrorist attacks on the United States including the destruction of the World Trade Center. Founder of Al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. Member of Said royal family who dislikes his government working with the US so he fled to Pakistan/Afghanistan and est Al Qaeda in the early 80's from which he launches all of his terrorist training camps and his attacks. After 9/11, al-qaeda leaders are believed to have regrouped in pakistan's tribal areas

Kermit (Kim) Roosevelt

- a top United States spy who was the grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt and a cousin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In Project Ajax, CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt hired local aggitators to destabilize an already fragile Iranian political system and tried to purchase the loyalty of key elements in the army. Although the project nearly backfired, the prime minister was replaced by the shah.

Walt Whitman Rostow

-"promote the evolution of a world in which threats to our security and more broadly to our way of life, are less likely to arise" -Managing the process of social change in the developing world, populations of developing world "politically inert" -transition from "traditional" to "modern" societies destabilizing, Non-communist manifesto, five stages of growth on a linear path, United states serving as the model, -massive infusions of economic aid Was a United States economist and political theorist who served as Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Prominent for his role in the shaping of US foreign policy in Southeast Asia during the 1960s, he was a staunch anti-communist, and was noted for a belief in the efficacy of capitalism and free enterprise. -, wrote "the Stages of Economic Growth (1960)", its modernization theory offered a powerful intellectual framework for policy makers ensnared in the Cold War. -, The interventionalist policies into Vietnam was driven by the modernization movement of the 1960s where Western culture predominates all other cultures -western domination and how other poor nations will develop their economies like Western Nations

Daniel Ellsberg

-, A former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers. -His actions in publishing the papers greatly eroded American faith in the government and their already little support for the war. -

Saddam Hussein

-A Baathist coup by Saddam Hussien in 1968 raised the possibility of new Soviet client in an oil-rich state. 1990; invaded Kuwait on behalf of Iraq in order to control oil supplies; when he did not respond to the UN ultimatum to leave Kuwait, the US attacked him -, As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq

The Reagan Doctrine

-detente is immoral, more aggressive foreign policy toward moscow and involvement in civil wars in the Third world, massive increase in defense spending, peace through strength, The Reagan Doctrine was Reagan's promise to support anti-communist forces around the world. In reality, this doctrine challenged the isolationism that occurred in US foreign policy after Vietnam. Despite his talk about the Soviet Union being an "evil empire", Reagan was keen to reach an arms control agreement. A year after the Geneva summit produced no real result Reagan and Gorbachev met in Iceland to discuss arms control. Reagan refused to negotiate on the Strategic Defense Initiative and the talks gave way. -

Paul Wolfowitz

-ensure american military supremacy, extend nuclear umbrella, prevent mergence of rival superpower deputy defense secretary during the bush administration, backed the Iraq invasion and was one of the first to outwardly blame saddam Hussein and Iraq to having weapons of mass destruction. -, neoconservative. forget about Afghanistan we need to pick a more target rich environment (for Taliban) -, wanted to topple Saddam regime in first persian gulf war; important in promoting action in Iraq in second war -, a leading architect of the Iraq War -, Deputy Secretary of Defense, major architect of Bush's Iraq policy. Part of cohort that saw the elimination of Saddam as a top priority and believed that the US had the right to secure itself against other countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.

David Ben Gurion

-overthrow Nasser and capture sinai Israeli statesman (born in Poland) and active Zionist who organized resistance against the British after World War II -, Leader in Israel's drive to establish the State. He headed the Labor Zionist movement and later became the first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Israel.

Mikhail Gorbachev

-reforms: restructuring and openness, New Thinking in Soviet Foreign Policy, -economic reforms are not having an immediate impact Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. -, -became the Soviet leader in 1985 and had a close relationship with Ronald Reagan -, (1931...) the last General secretary of the Soviet Union. He brought about massive economic, social, and political changes and helped bring an end to both the Soviet Union and the Cold War. His reforms included giving citizens the ability to freely voice their opinions (glasnost) and entirely restructuring the Soviet Union's economy. Realizing that the race to develop nuclear arms was destroying the economy, he agreed with President Reagan to stop making new arms and eliminate many that they had accumulated.

Zhou Enlai

..., Zhou Enlai was a prominent and influential member of the Chinese Communist Party during the time of Mao. He played a large role in China's reestablishing ties with the West. -, A gifted diplomat and nimble opportunist who retained his premier's post throughout the Cultural Revolution; arranged a remarkable change in Chinese foreign policy; helped open communist China to the capitalist West; warmly greeted the United States table tennis team himself; met with Nixon during his visit to China in February 1972; died in 1976.

1978 Camp David Accords

1st agreement between Israel and Arabs where Egyptian pres. Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a state and Israeli PM Menachem Begin agreed to return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt (Carter us pres.), The Camp David Accords were talks hosted by Pres. Carter at the Presidential Retreat at Camp David. They eventually produced a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. In exchange for Israel's withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt became the first Arab country to recognize Israel. Israel received $3 billion from us and Egypt received $1.5 billion.

Operation Mongoose

A covert operation aimed at Castro's removal, run out of the CIA, and monitored by a high level group that included the attorney General. Mongoose began slowly with contingency plans, intelligence gathering, and small-scale sabotages to destabilize Cuba. The CIA and Pentagon concocted schemes provoking US military intervention, including the sinking of a US warship that could be blamed on Castro and even hold Cuba responsible if a U.S. space mission failed. A secret program of propaganda, psychological warfare, and sabotage against Cuba to remove the communists from power. Many futile assassination attempts on Castro. Significance, this could of been one of the deciding factors for allowing the soviet union to place missiles in Cuba.

Richard Cheney

A former White House staffer, congressman, and secretary of defense during the first Persian Gulf War, he joined the Bush ticket in 2000 to add experience and a link to the first Bush presidency. As vice president, he was more active in policy and politics than his predecessors, playing decisive roles especially in matters of foreign policy. -, The Vice President of George W bush and President of the Senate as of January 19, 2009, Secretary of Defense under George HW Bush. Oversaw Operation Desert Storm.

Modernization theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations -, A theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism. -, A theory that provided the theoretical underpinnings for an activist US foreign policy in the "underdeveloped world"; the proponents of this theory believed that the traditional societies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America could develop into modern industrial and democratic nations by following the West's own path;

1954 Geneva Accords

The Geneva Accords divided Vietnam temporarily at the 17th parallel and set elections for 1956 to unify the country. US believed these agreements would ultimately end in communist victory, causing US to undermine through commando raids across 17th parallel and help Ngo Dinh Diem take over for Bao Dai and inaugurate Republic of Vietnam. The US later violated the Geneva Accords, backing Ngo Dinh Diem's refusal to participate in national elections.

McGeorge Bundy

was United States National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson from 1961 through 1966. Under Bundy, an enlarged and reinvigorated NSC supplanted State as the key player in foreign affairs. He reshaped the NSC into the focal point of decision-making. Known for role in involving U.S. in Vietnam War. -immunize "vulnerable societies" from communism was one of Kennedy's "wise men". He played a crucial role in all of the major foreign policy and defense decisions of the Kennedy and part of the Johnson administration. These included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, most controversially, the Vietnam War. From 1964 he was Chairman of the 303 Committee, responsible for coordinating government covert operations. Former dean of faculty at Harvard. Undergrad at Yale. -, National Security Advisor, agreed with Johnson to attack North Vietnam -for Escalated US involvement in Vietnam. Was for escalating bombing in NV.

General Augusto Pinochet

was ruler of Chile from 1973 till 1990. He promoted foreign investment and privatized industry, and basically tried to solve economic problems by sponsoring capitalism. He also killed and tortured many people, political opponents -, overthrew Allende and established a repressive anti-communist dictatorship that lasted until 1990. -, Became a brutal leader of Chile in 1973 after Allende and was accused of crimes against humanity by the Spanish government. He was supported by the US because he opposes communism.

Robert McNamara

was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy, expands conventional forces, nuclear weapons, missiles -, Secretary of Defense under JFK & LBJ; expanded American involvement in Vietnam - He turned the military's focus away from the using the threat of nukes as it's biggest weapon, to achieving flexible response options. -ordered the compilation of secret study that came to be known as "The Pentagon Papers of US-Vietnam Relations 1945-."becomes disillusioned with the Vietnam war, strategy is not working, costs greater than imagined. Unsuccesfully urged LBJ to stop the bombing of North Vietnam, put a ceiling on US ground troops, scale back war aims and seek a negotiated settlement.

The Bush Doctrine

we cannot simply play defense, instead we must pursue preemptive action to prevent future terrorist attacks -, preemption, conflicts with the Geneva Convention, only available to superpowers, sets potentially dangerous precedent as U.S. loses ground economically -, The Bush Doctrine "War on Terrorism" is a phrase used to describe various related foreign policy principles of former United States president George W. Bush. Bush Administration's unilateral withdrawals from the ABM treaty and the Kyoto Protocol. The phrase initially described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.[2] This was a doctrine of preemptive war.

The Alliance for Progress

Alliance for Progress, the Marshall Plan-like aid program providing billions for the economic development of Latin America, political democracy and fundamental reforms were to accompany economic development. Like the Peace Corps, its seemed to epitomize the idealism of the New Frontier foreign policy. The Alliance for progress built roads, schools, hospitals, and low-cost housing in many Latin American countries. The growth rate fell short of the targeted 2.5 percennt, nor did the aid program accomplish much in terms of democratization and economic reform. The Kennedy also expanded military aid, the administration also sought to strengthen Latin American internal security forces and training them in countergurellia methods to root out Castro-like insurgencies. United States hoped that closer ties would bring democratic values and bring increased United States influence. It was a short lived public relations success, and a minor actual success. The program assisted the growth of military influence, which dominated hemispheric politics for the next two decades.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

An Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death. -, Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989 -, An Iranian religious and political leader of the 20th cent; imposed rule of Islamic law and determined to rid Iran of foreigners, especially US; became virtual dictator in 1979; responsible for ordering Iranian militants to take US hostages (diplomats) from 1979-81; died in 1989.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Appointed prime minister with strong backing from US, establishes the Republic of Vietnam in South Vietnam. He is an oppressive and unpopular leader, Diem resisted reforms and refused to broaden his government. He oversaw a crackdown on opposition and the harassment of South Vietnam's Buddhist majority by the Catholic-dominated South Vietnamese regime. American ally in South Vietnam because of identification with Catholicism, anti-communist views, his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South. Later Washington backs a coup, in which Diem and his brother are murdered.

Jacobo Arbenz

Arbenz was a popularly elected reformer who sought to modernize his nation's economy by encouraging factories, establishing banks and exploiting the nation's mineral resources. He launched a massive land reform program, expropriating thousands of acres for redistribution to peasants. In 1952, he seized four hundred thousand acres of land belonging to the United Fruit Company, a US-owned corporation that dominated Guatemala's economy. Although the CIA could find no direct ties to Moscow(no communists in Arbenz's cabinet, a few in minor government positions) the US perceived a Communist threat and threat to US hemisphere control, implemented PBsuccess, a US backed coup to overthrow Arbenz through psywar, inserting trained rebel forces into Guatemala and forces Arbenz into exile.

Mohammed Mosaddeq

As Iran's Prime Minister, he attempted to regain full control over Iran's resource, oil by nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Emerges as a popular nationalist leader but politically weak, Shah's attempt to have him removed as PM fails, Kermit Roosevelt plots with the Shah and others to have Mossadeq removed in Project AJAX and replaced by the Shah Reza Pahlavi. He is portrayed by U.S. ambassadors and Washington like Loy Henderson as dominated by emotions and prejudices, unreliable, unpredictable, and even effeminate ("that madman").

The Bay of Pigs

-CIA Backed plan developed under Eisenhower, occurred under Kennedy, US was supposed to provide air support to Cuban rebels to overthrow Castro but is a huge failure, damaged US credibility in the world. Operatives inserted by CIA are captured or killed, JFK does not want US military support to exiles to be overt. The exiles were poorly trained, disorganized, and divided among themselves. Called "the perfect failure", JFK is blamed for the failure, contributes to the Cuban Missile Crisis, emboldens Khruschev and Castro. Kennedys become obsessed with Castro, creating bizarre plots to assassinate the Cuban leader. The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba, planned and funded by the United States, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This action accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations, which was further worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year. -, Eisenhower gave CIA permission to train Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. JFK approved it. Completely failed. Kennedy negotiated with Castro and paid $53 million in food and medical supplies to release the imprisoned exiles -

Salvatore Allende

-Critic of US after Arbenz coup in Guatemala and politics in Cuba and Vietnam, critical of USSR but friendly with Cuba, nationalization policies Chileans elected him to help the economy, tried to turn Chile socialist, nationalized copper mines, angering U.S. businesses, began to confiscate land from plantation owners -, Chile: elected as President & tried to turn country toward socialism; scared US, mine & business owners; nationalized copper mines; took land from plantation owners; killed by coup d'etat which was backed by the US -

General Douglas MacArthur

-He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2, - Military governor of the Philippines, which Japan invaded a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack. Responsible for implementing democratic reforms in Japan after WWII. -Commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean War, Devised a successful plan to drive the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel. He dismissed fears of Chinese or Soviet intervention in the Korean war as unlikely, was horribly mistaken as hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops entered the war. MacArthur pushed for an all-out war and challenged Truman's desire for a limited war and was removed from command on the charge of insubordination. The Korean war ended in a stalemate and served to encourage the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia. These Cold War policies would eventually lead the United States to regional actions that included its attempts at preventing the fall of Vietnam to communism.

Strategic Hamlet Program

-Massive resettlement program of 15M villagers, 16,000 villages into 12, 000 strategic hamlets, designed to separate villagers from guerrillas, increases support for NLF The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency by means of population transfer. In 1961, U.S. advisors in South Vietnam, along with the Diem regime, began the implementation of a plan attempted to isolate rural peasants from contact with and influence by the National Liberation Front (NLF). Both of these programs attempted to separate rural peasants from Communist insurgents by creating "fortified villages". The program backfired drastically and ultimately led to a decrease in support for Diem's regime and an increase in sympathy for Communist efforts.

Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

-Paris peace conference, Appointed by Kennedy as the Ambassador to South Vietnam, which he held from 1963 to 1964. -, Nixon's running mate for the presidential campaign of 1960; had served for seven years as the US representative to the UN

Syngman Rhee

-US backed Princeton educated, protege of Woodrow Wilson, to lead a conservative southern government in Korea which had been divided between US and Soviet occupation zones at the 38th parallel. He was regarded as anti-communist and a strongman and he led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election and he died in exile. His party was notoriously corrupt. Rather aggressive repression of political dissidence.

The Pentagon Papers

-Were discovered that revealed the plans for entering the war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send the American troops to Vietnam. They also showed that there was never any plan to end the war as long as the North Vietnamese persisted. Americans found out that the government was not honest about their intentions. -, The U.S. government came under further fire in June 1971 when the New York Times published a series of articles about the contents of a secret study that Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara had commissioned in 1968. The leaked documents, collectively called the Pentagon Papers, detailed U.S. government and military activity in Vietnam since the 1940s. The papers revealed that the U.S. Army, as well as presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, had authorized a number of covert actions that increased U.S. involvement in Vietnam unbeknownst to the American public. -The Nixon administration attempted to halt the Times series, but a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision allowed the articles to be published. The Pentagon Papers caused an uproar in the United States and pushed the already unpopular war into even murkier moral territory. Public distrust of the government grew deeper.

National Security Action Memo. (NSAM) 288

-bombing No. Vietnam, Continue support to South Vietnam, bolster MRC 1947; enacted to back up the Truman Doctrine; established the National Security Council to advise the president, established the Central Intelligence Agency to gather information abroad and engage in covert activities in support of the nation's security, began the processes of transforming the old War and Navy Depts into the Department of Defense, and combined the leadership of the army,navy, and air force under the Joint Chiefs of Staff; showed Truman's and Americans' fears of communist invasion after WWII -, (1947) Provided (1) a centralized Department of Defense (replacing the War Department) to coordinate the operations of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; (2) the creation of the national security council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold war, and (3) the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather info on the foreign governments.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State under Eisenhower, he advocated an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. Under the Truman administration he negotiated a peace treaty with Japan that restored its sovereignty over the home islands and provided for US bases. He also drafted the reparations settlement in the Paris peace conference. Under Eisenhower, he helped design Eisenhower's Cold War strategy, the New Look strategy. During the Geneva accords, he famously refused to shake Chinese prime minister, Zhou En Lai's hand. He also helped establish SEATO, an eight-nation alliance to defend Southeast Asia from Communism. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax) in support of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS). -Eisenhower's Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious) -pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959) -He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. - building up NATO - One of his first major policy shifts towards a more aggressive posture against communism, Dulles directed the CIA at this point now under the directorship of his brother Allen Dulles, in March 1953, to draft plans to overthrow the Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran. This led directly to the Coup d'état via Operation Ajax in support of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

PB Success

CIA program to overthrow Arbenz in Guatemala, trained mercernaries, picked rebel leader Castillo Armas to lead rebellion to "invade" Guatemala, -3$ million budget, a small force trained and inserted into Guatemala, successful use of Psyops and propaganda (CIA trained teams used broadcasts and leaflets to hint at rebellion) -Led to similar efforts in Cuba, British Guiana, and Chile. The coup produced a stable government friendly to US interests, but for Guatemala, it brought disaster. The overthrow of Arbenz would initiate a cycle of violence that would last for more than 4 decades.

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff. -, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during the Gulf War and later became the first African-American Secretary of State -, African American General who helped President Bush organize military operations against Iraq.

Allen Dulles

Director of CIA, appointed by Eisenhower. He was a veteran of wartime OSS cloak-and-dagger operations. He was also the brother of John Foster Dulles - planned coups in various nations susceptible to Communist overthrow. the CIA at this point now under the directorship of his brother Allen Dulles, in March 1953, to draft plans to overthrow the Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran. This led directly to the Coup d'état via Operation Ajax in support of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Dulles, in March 1953, to draft plans to overthrow the Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran. This led directly to the Coup d'état via Operation Ajax in support of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. - Allen Dulles, the Director of CIA and a former member of the Board Of Directors of the United Fruit Company, based in Guatemala, Foster Dulles was pivotal in promoting and executing the CIA-led Operation PBSUCCESS that overthrew the democratically elected Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

William Casey

Director of the CIA that worked with Reagan to turn to the security council in the Iran Contra affair to get around congressional forces. -

1968 Tet Offensive

During Tet,the Vietnamese new year, a campaign of surprise attacks that were launched against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam.North Vietnamese launched a surprise attack, shifted their attacks from the countryside to the previously secure urban areas of South Vietnam. In Saigon, the center of US power, they hit the airport, the presidential palace, and most dramatically, the US embassy. US and South Vietnamese forces repulsed the initial assaults, inflicted huge casualties, and retook lost ground. The shock of the attack shocked the public that had been promised that the war would end soon and that the US was making progress. There was a significant shift in American public opinion against the Vietnamese war as a result. **For the North Vietnamese, Tet was a military loss but a political success.** **political defeat for Viet Cong**

Project AJAX

Eisenhower designed a covert operation with Britain to replace Mossadeq with the youthful and presumably more pliable Shah Reza Pahlavi, who Mossadeq had just removed from power. In Project Ajax, CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt hired local agitators to destabilize an already fragile Iranian political system and tried to purchase the loyalty of key elements in the army. Although the project nearly backfired, the prime minister was replaced by the shah. The coup marked a major turning point in Iran's modern history, a retreat from at least a semblance of parliamentary government to what became a brutal dictatorship. When a revolution toppled the shah twenty-five years later, Iranian nationalists turned radical and virulently anti-American.Brought the return of royal dictatorship and intensification of US interference in Iran.

The Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East. -, Pledges US support if requested by any middle east state threatened internally by subversion or externally by aggression -, Eisenhower promises both economic and military aid to pro-Western governments in the Middle East region

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. The superiority of U.S. science was assumed to be the bedrock of the nation's security. It drew fears that the USSR had "outstripped" the US in science and technology. The resulting outcry in the United States, especially fears that the Soviets were ahead in both space exploration and military missiles, forced the Eisenhower administration to increase defense spending and accelerate America's space program. Eisenhower created NASA to promote space exploration and supported programs to advance U.S. education, especially in science, mathematics, engineering, and foreign languages ("strategic areas").

Detente

Following the missile crisis, Moscow and Washington took the first steps towards Detente, a lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Under JFK, an easing of tensions period roughly in the middle of the Cold War, signing of the limited test ban treaty, installation of direct hotline between Washington DC and Moscow, the so called red telephone, enabling both countries to quickly interact with each other in a time of urgency. This ended after the Soviet intervention of Afganistan. Under Johnson, he upgraded US diplomatic representation, expanded trade, developed cultural exchanges--goal was to end the Cold War. It stopped trying to block China's admission to the UN. Later, Nixon builds upon this policy to builds on prior efforts to encourage cooperation through negotiations but within a general environment of competition.Nixon formally recognizes China, improves trade relations with China. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser comes to power after leading the coup to overthrow the British puppet King Farouk. An admirer of Mossadeq, the army colonel was a compelling speaker and fierce nationalist. Pan Arabism: Entire Arabic speaking world should be united Arab Socialism: adapt key tenets of socialism to local context Radio US initially supported him by promising funding for the Aswan dam, to produce hydroelectric power, control flooding and promote Egyptian agriculture through irrigation. When Nasser threatens to recognize PRC and seek aid from Moscow, Dulles reneges on a domestically unpopular offer. Nasser uses the need for funding of the Aswan Dam to nationalize the British-run corporation that managed the Suez Canal. This sets off the Suez-Sinai War when Britain and France launch air and naval attacks. "Positive neutrality" in the Cold War Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi

In Project Ajax, the US replace Mossadeq with the youthful and presumably more pliable Shah Reza Pahlavi, who Mossadeq had just removed from power. The coup that brought the Shah to power marked a major turning point in Iran's modern history, a retreat from at least a semblance of parliamentary government to what became a brutal dictatorship. When a revolution toppled the shah twenty-five years later, Iranian nationalists turned radical and virulently anti-American. young and weak shah, power increasingly consolidated in the parliament -rising nationalism- opposition to Anglo Iranian Oil Co ("The Shah") Thought of as a western puppet. Helped in ousting Mossadeq by the US. Was himself ousted in 1979. -, Iran's anti-communist ally who was a staunch ally of the United States -, Friendly with US. Relied on Western help to block Soviet Influence. Nationalized oil supplies under government control.

Henry Kissinger

German-born Harvard professor. As Nixon's national security advisor, he oversaw the establishment of detente and the normalization of relations with the People's republic of China. As a consultant for the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, he participated in several Vietnam peace initiatives. He met regularly with the Soviet ambassador to the US in the policy of detente, establishing a direct phone line between the White House and the Soviet embassy. He also developed a good relationship with Chinese prime minister, Zhou En lai by pledging that the US would not support independence for Taiwan. Nixon and Kissinger muddled through with America's major allies with the Third world. Overthrow of Allende in Chile Following the October War, Kissinger initated a Middle East negotiating process that brought some progress toward peace. Advisor to Presidents Nixon and Ford; he was architect of the Vietnam settlement, the diplomatic opening to China, and détente with the Soviet Union. -, German born American political scientist, diplomat and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Ricard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Controversial actions over the bombing of Cambodia and other American interventions. Oversaw the Christmas bombings. -

Vietnamization

He succeeded at home at least for the short term, Nixon's troop withdrawals took much of the steam out of anti-war protests. The South Vietnamese found the term very insulting--a US dollar and Vietnamese blood sharing plan. To improve the prospects for Vietnamization, he sent US and Vietnamese troops into the neutral Cambodia. It forced the North Vietnamese into the heartland of Cambodia, helping to spark a full-scale civil war that in time produced the Khumer Rouge genocide. A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization". -, A strategy by President Richard Nixon for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war. This involved a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. This was popular with the American protesters of the war. This went along with the Nixon Doctrine. -, (secret plan) want end war/win war. Nixon was both overt/covert. Overt--told americans that troops come home and support s. viet troops. covert--didn't tell americans ordered bombs dropped on cambodia/laos (two neutral nations). nixon committed crime. S. viet lost war, minh reunited vietnam. Within US were growing distrust of govt/president, reorganization of military, casualties for everyone, and continuing cold war struggles. media continue question/challenge imperial presidency. returning veterans not welcome coming back home. The vietnam syndrome showed americans and rest of world that US is not indestructible. this left many americans paranoid b/c they are vulnerable too.

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh would become famous for leading the North Vietnamese forces against the United States in the 1960s, despite his communist leanings, he was not at the outset anti-American. He had been disappointed by the lack of support given native peoples struggling for independence from colonial rule at the Versailles Conference that ended World War I. In the 1940s, he made repeated requests for American aid and campaigned for independence. -Challenges Japanese occupation during WWII-coordinates with Allies,establishes Democratic Republic of Vietnam, opposes French colonialism, 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable - his Viet Minh/Viet Cong allies fought French and American forces to a standstill in Vietnam, 1946-1973. Considered a nationalist by many, others viewed him as an agent of the Soviet Union and China.

1955 Bandung Conference

In 1955, at Bandung, Indonesia, delegates from twenty-nine nations gathered for the first worldwide meeting of peoples of color to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. This raised fears among U.S. diplomats of a "rip-tide of nationalism" among Africans and Asians. The leaders hoped to focus on the potential for collaboration among the nations of the third world, promoting efforts to reduce their reliance on Europe and North America. The Bandung Conference and its final resolution laid the foundation for the nonaligned movement during the Cold War. Leaders of developing countries banded together to avoid being forced to take sides in the Cold War contest. These goals included the promotion of economic and cultural cooperation, protection of human rights and the principle of self-determination, a call for an end to racial discrimination wherever it occurred, and a reiteration of the importance of peaceful coexistence.

Nikita Krushchev

In a speech before a party congress, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's "crimes" and "cult of personality". Designed to initiate a process of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union and the satellites, it offered to Eastern Europeans hopes of liberalization and spurred uprisings in Poland and Hungary. Painfully aware of the fragility of the Communist bloc, Krushchev more than ever saw the Cold War in zero-sum term, ending any plans he may have had for reform in Eastern Europe. emerges as premier and sec. gen of Communist party by 1958, institutes internal reforms, destalinization, emerging Sino-Soviet split, crackdown on Hungary, Increasing tensions over Berlin, Leader of the Soviet union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions. -, Emerged as the new soviet leader after Stalin's death in 1953. In 1956, he shocked top communist party members when he publicly denounced Stalin's abuse of power. He maintained the Communist party's political control, but he closed prison camps and eased censorship. -sent missles to Cuba to make a Cold war threat; started Space Race, reduced isolation, conflict on Chinese border; increased Muslim awareness with guerilla invasion of Afgh. 1980s; BUT no social discipline

Kim Il Song

Soviet-backed Communist leader who implemented a leftist regime in northern Korea, Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. Both Kim and Rhee were nationalists dedicated to the idea of reunification, although each ruled with a different ideological vision. Partially due to Acheson leaving South Korea out of the U.S. "defensive perimeter" in a highly publicized speech, and partly due to hints that Kim may turn to Mao for help, Stalin conditionally approved Kim's invasion across the 38th parallel into South Korea.

Zbigniew Brzezinski

Polish American who served as United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. He helped with the normalization of relations with the People's Republic of China and was a figure in the transition of Iran from an important U.S. client state to an anti-Western Islamic Republic, He also is known for encouraging dissidents in Eastern Europe and emphasizing certain human rights in order to undermine the influence of the Soviet Union. he added the last sentence of the Doctrine to make sure the Soviets would stay out of the Gulf, and that any interference would be an assault on American interests killing detene with soviets. - brokered the Camp David accords in 1978; constantly backed the Shah in Iran; he was extremely against the Soviet Union and started the campaign to back the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. Signed SALT 2. -

Dean Rusk

Rusk had been an outcast in the Kennedy Administration. American Secretary of State from 1961-1969. Rusk was very militant, advocating military force in combating communism. -involved in Cuban Missile crisis discussions -, As secretary of state in the Johnson administration, he argued for US escalation in Vietnam, claiming that abandoning the South Vietnamese would cause "diaster to peace" -, JFK, LBJ (1961-69) Strong believer in Domino Theory; gave speech on the dangers of appeasement at Oxford -, 1949 under Secr of STate for Truman, supported Chiang's Natl Chinese govt on Taiwan, moved US focus to Japan for Pacific ally; 1960 "unassertive" Secr of State for Kennedy and later "inexperienced" LBJ

Donald Rumsfeld

Secretary of Defense under G.W.Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq. -The second persian gulf war -persuade and compel states to stop supporting terrorism, attack state sponsors of terrorism -, American Secretary of Defense who sells weapons to both Iraq and Iran during the Iran-Iraq War; resigned from office 2 days after 2006 elections

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. -, 1964-1982; introduced decentralizing reforms; factory managers would assume more responsibility, market style reforms, exchange of information, still no criticism of government; 1968 Czech-proved market style reform would lead to criticism of communism - He was determined to maintain a strong hold on the Soviet's Eastern European satellite states, uninterested in reforms, and insisted on the right of the Soviet Union to intervene anywhere that communism was threatened (the Brezhnev Doctrine).

Fidel Castro

Son of a wealthy planter, well-educated, the young rebel was also a fiery nationalist and admirer od Jose Marti, who had insisted that a genuine revolution must be against the US. Jailed for 2 years after failed insurrections against Batista, meets Che Guevara and begins rebellion and 2 years of guerrilla warfare which results in the overthrow of Batista. Castro was determined to free Cuba of US domination and saw the Soviet Union as a means to that end. After he comes to power, he legalizes the Communist Party and drives off moderates and begins public executions of Batista supporters. Put in place drastic policies of land reform and expropriating foreign owned business and resources. As in Guatemala, US mounted a propaganda campaign to incite rebellion in Cuba. While seeking to improve relations with other Latin American nations, the US set out to eliminate Castro.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis played out during two weeks in 1962. Kruschev attempted to move sixty medium to intermediate range missiles into Cuba undetected. The missiles had the capability of striking targets across the eastern and Southern US. U2 spy planes detected missiles being assembled, and Kennedy formed an Executive Committee (Excomm) of top advisers to debate what action could be take-- air strikes or a blockade or quarantine of Cuba. Eventually, US agrees to withdraw missiles from Turkey and Krushchev agreed to remove missiles from Cuba. We got involved, not only because of the obvious security threat, but because of the Monroe Doctrine, the Roosevelt Corollary, and the Truman Doctrine. This was the the closest the Cold war powers came to nuclear war.

The Nixon Doctrine

honored its existing defense commitment, but that in the future its allies would have to fight their own wars without large numbers of American troops -, It advocates U.S. military and economic assistance to nations around the world struggling against Communism, but no more Vietnam-style ground wars involving American troops. The emphasis is thus placed on local military self-sufficiency, backed by U.S. air power and technical assistance to assure security. -the nixon doctrine reflected the president's understanding of the war weariness of both the electorate and the US troops in vietnam -President Nixon promised that the United States would keep all of its treaty commitments and provide support, such as arms, if a nuclear power threatens allied nations, and insisted that allied nations should have a responsibility for themselves. Working concurrently with the concept of Vietnamization, this led to the de-escalation of Vietnam, as well as providing Iran to buy wewapons from the U.S., leading to subsequent involvement in the Middle East in the coming years.

The Carter Doctrine

presented in Carter's State of the Union address, January 23, 1980. Stated that the U.S. would use military force to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf, if necessary. Response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, intending to deter U.S.S.R. from establishing hegemonic rule in the Gulf. Reagan later extended it to Saudi Arabia, which was threatened due to the Iran-Iraq war. -The Carter Doctrine translated into an American commitment to prevent any further Soviet advance into the Persian Gulf are and south-west Asia -human rights policy later critiqued by Reagan -brokers the 1978 Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel -any attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian gulf will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the US, will be repelled by military force

The New Look

The New Look Strategy sustained the principles of containment while altering the methods used. Superior military forces would be maintained to deter aggression. To permit substantial budeget cuts without weakening the nation's defense posture, the New Look relied on nuclear weapons--"more bang for the buck,". Dulles publically outlined a concept of massive retaliation by which the U.S would respond to aggression at times and places and with weapons of its choosing, leaving open the use of nuclear weapons against the Soviet Union. Conventional forces would be cut dramatically. The US would also build on regional alliances and NATO, new alliances would be formed to deter and contain Communist expanision and provide manpower for regional or global conflicts. -emphasis on nuclear weapons and nuclear war -regional alliances, build on NATO -Europe as a third power, covert operations, developments of intercontinental and submarine based missiles

Ron Kovic

Wrote about the lack of support Americans had for veterans in book "Born on the Fourth of July" -Fought in Vietnam where he was paralyzed from his chest down. Came back from the war and started to protest the war

General Vo Nguyen

along with Ho Chi Minh mounted campaign of guerilla warfare in order to oust French who brutally and shortly resecured their power on Vietnam. later defeated French -, Ho Chi Minh's right hand man. He set up an excellent defense and earned a victory for the Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu. - DRV (Democratic Republic of Vietnam-communists) defense minister?

James Baker

an American attorney, politician and political advisor; served as Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration during the fall of the Berlin wall -the formation of a coalition for the Persian Gulf War. -, was Secretary of State under George H.W. Bush during the fall of the Soviet Union. Worked to keep the Soviet's nuclear arsenal secure so that terrorists couldn't get it while the nation collapsed. -, served for Reagan and GHW Bush, Sec. of Treasury, Sec. of State

Gen. William Westmoreland

US military commander in Vietnam during the Johnson administration, urgently requested large increments of US combat forces. Johnson authorized the troops, making what amounted to an open-ended commitment to save South Vietnam. Westmoreland launched aggressive "search and destroy" operations against North Vietnamese and NLF regulars. -number of US military advisors increased to 23, 300 -fed into American illusions Pre-tet: we are winning , troop increase, more bombings, expand ground war into Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam Commander of all US troops in Vietnam during Johnson administration, consistently argued for larger numbers of grounded troops as a means of winning the war -, the commander of U.S. forces that claimed the Tet Offensive as a Vietcong defeat -, Indochina, judged that South Vietnamese army was too rotten to redeem and recommended "Americanizing" the war. His successor Abrams belatedly encouraged company-sized patrols while concentrating on orthodox population control and implemented "Vietnamization", a face-saving attempt to revitalize the South Vietnamese army. -, American commander in Vietnam. Claimed we were winning the war. Lots of civilian casualties under Westmoreland from the bombings.

Le Duan

Vietnamese communist politician. He continued Hồ Chí Minh's policy of ruling through collective leadership. A top decision-maker in Vietnam. -, an original founder of the Indochina Communist Party (with Ho Chi Minh); successor to Ho Chi Minh after his death, Vietnam's effective leader until his death in 1986 -, General secretary of central committee of CPV. In office from 1960 to 1986. he was unlike Ho, because he didn't want a peaceful resolution. Became more radical as his term went on. -emerges as key decision maker as Ho Chi Minh was increasingly sidelined after Geneva accords

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

When North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly attacked US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, he retaliated by bombing military installations across the seventeenth parallel. He claimed that an unprovoked attack on US ships in international waters, an assertion later proven to be false, he rushed through a compliant Congress with near unanimous consent a Tonkin Gulf Resolution authorizing him to use "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the US and to prevent further aggression". The Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave him authority to expand the war. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.