history exam 3
what was the carrington event? what caused the event and how long did it take some areas to recover?
i. Carrington Event: In 1859 the telegraph would face some setbacks. The Carrington Event was a Coronial Mass Ejection (CME)—aka solar storm. The even caused the sky to light up in the middle of the night—looking as bright as day in some areas. The Aurora Borealis could be seen much further south than usual. But most significantly, telegraph lines were several disrupted, some caught fire for the electric discharge from the storm. Several telegraph operators were shocked by the discharge. Some operators would disconnect their telegraphs from the power supply, but despite not being "plugged-in" the telegraphs still were able to send & receive messages from the electric discharge (temporarily). Eventually everything when down. Some of the telegraphs recovered in a matter of hours, others were completely fried & had to be replaced. It also disrupted trains. Some of the rails were electrified/magnified and were warped, and some of the ties caught fire. Complete recovery took months
what was the main problem with the articles of confederation?
following the weakness of the war of this system would immediately be a hinderance to the new nation. some of the only accomplishments of the system would have to do with settlement and land ordinances
who is joseph smith?
formed Mormonism when he claimed to have met an angel named Moroni in 1823 that had led him to unearth a box of golden plates with a lost gospel. He then, with financial help from a friend, published his account, The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi
what is pinckney's treaty?
gave the US access to the Mississippi River, trade of agricultural products with New Orleans & established the border between the US & Spanish held American territories at the 31 parallel, which settled the dispute over the Florida boundary. This ended the disagreements with Spain.
who were the federalists during the ratification of the constitution and what did they believe?
george washington and alexander hamilton 1. support economic programs 2. tied to britain 3. supported merchants, wealthy farmers, and lawyers 4. prefers social hierarchy 5. pro-national military 6. taxation with some deficit 7. reluctant westward expansion 8. strong central government 9. broad interpretation of the government
how does the capital come to be in Washington dc?
. Jefferson, however, turned to Hamilton's side when he was able to get the capital of the US moved to the Potomac River (DC). He was then able to sway Madison's support. The capital would move from NYC to Philadelphia & then in 10 years to Washington DC. This would entice more support from the South as they felt having the capital boosted their influence
what did the treaty of Greenville do?
. The 12 tribes that had been in the Ohio Valley ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. The treaty also established an annuity system that gave grant money to the Indians as long as they allowed the government strong influence over tribal life. Some, including Jefferson, hoped that Native Americans would further adopt the American culture and ways of life. Congress authorized President Washington to give agricultural tools and spinning wheels to Indians.
what did the 3/5ths clause do?
. The clause stated that slaves in the population count would be counted as 3/5ths a person. It still gave the southerners an advantage with a higher representation, but it did limit it more than had slaves counted as a full citizen. They would also have to pay taxes on them at a 3/5th rate. This would be a consent problem with the southern politicians dominating the political scene.
what changes/technologies were occurring in industry? who created some of these technologies?
1. Because of the increase of industrialization, cities began to grow. New neighborhoods sprung that reflected the changing culture & the new ethnicities of the inhabitants, as well as the changes in classes. The first urban slums would develop during this time. New York's Five Points neighborhood was amongst the most known. Five Points was a poor neighborhood of multiethnicities, that was known for its high crime level. 2. Cities in the West also became important centers of commerce. Cincinnati and St. Louis were two of the larger cities on the Western frontier. Cincinnati would be known as "Porkopolis" because of its numerous slaughterhouses were pork was processed and shipped to the eastern cities. Chicago would be a small little settlement in the early 1830s but by 1860 it would be the 4th largest city in the US because of the railroad and meat packing plants. 3. Industrialization: Technology and mass production increased dramatically in the early to mid-19th century. More mechanization brought about new goods and faster production of goods. Charles Goodyear patented a process for vulcanizing rubber, which was used in things like shoes, seals, and gaskets. In 1846 Elias Howe created the first sewing machine. Initially the sewing machine was for industrial use only, but Isaac Merritt Singer improved the design and in the later 19th century it would be sold for home use.
what changes/technologies were occurring in agriculture? who created some of these new technologies?
1. Cotton Gin: An important aspect to the economy was a new invention, the cotton gin. Harvesting cotton was a difficult & tedious job. After the cotton was picked the seeds had to be removed by hand. Slaves would spend hours removing seeds by hand. This caused the crop of cotton to remain limited in the US until 1792 when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The Cotton Gin was able to be 50Xs more efficient at removing seeds from the cotton, meaning that cotton production would become the most profitable cash crop in the US. Cotton was grown in the South and was the primary crop. There was also an increase in textile mills in Britain that were importing US cotton, making a ready market. The increased demand created what was known as "King Cotton"—meaning the main source of the income (cotton was king in the South). Cotton production would remain labor-intensive, as the cotton itself was still picked by hand. The demand for slaves in the North had dramatically decreased, but as the demand for cotton rose, the demand in the South dramatically increased. 2. There were numerous changes in agriculture that made it a market-based economy. Farming also improved in the Midwest with the creation of the iron plow by Jethro Wood in 1819. John Deere then further improved the design with the use of steel in 1837. The steel plow enabled farmers to cut throw the prairie grasses of the Midwest. In 1831 the McCormick Reaper invented by Cyrus Hall McCormick enabled farmers to harvest wheat at a much quicker pace. These inventions would expand commercial farming & the textile industries
what were the advantages america had as a new country?
1. it was a larger land mass than great britain, france, and spain combined 2. it had the potential to amass more land 3. it was isolated, which was good since europe remained war torn 4. it had a young population: many leaders were in their 20s 5. access to property had grown and middle-class people now had property and some poor were gaining property 6. literacy had grown
what did the alien and sedition acts do?
: The act enabled the president to violate civil liberties by limiting the freedom of the press, and by limiting the liberty of immigrants. A great deal of opposition to the Adam's administration had come from new immigrants and the press which often had working-class men as publishers. The most important elements of the act were: not be able to obtain citizenship after immigrating. b. The Alien Enemies Act: Empowered the president to deport dangerous immigrants. c. Sedition Act: Outlawed any writing, publishing, or speaking anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the government. It was set to expire in 1801, Adams hoped it was enough time to allow him to be re-elected without opposition. 18 individuals were charged under the seditions act and 10 of those were convicted
how were women involved in revivalism?
: Women were frequently very involved in the revivals. They saw the events as social outlets and opportunities. Jarena Lee, a free African-American was the 1st woman minister in the AME church. Middle class women were able to join churches in great numbers as their time was freed by hiring maids and servants. They were able to organize Sunday schools and work with the poor.
who was charles g. finney?
A preacher who led Second Great Awakening
What is federalism?
A sharing of power between states and national government
what is the judiciary act of 1801 and why was it done, what it meant?
Adam's & other Federalists hoped that this act would prevent Jefferson from taking control of the courts. Adams created several new positions in the circuit and district courts, along with new judges, clerks, & federal marshals. At the same time, he reduced the amount the justices on the Supreme Court from six to five. Meaning that Jefferson would not likely have the opportunity to appoint a justice to the court. The courts would firmly be in the hands of the Federalists while Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was President
how did we obtain the louisiana purchase and from whom did we purchase it?
After the US had negotiated Pinckney's Treaty with Spain, giving the US access to the Mississippi River & New Orleans, Spain ceded the area to France in 1800. Putting everything in the Louisiana Territory und the control of France. Napoleon Bonaparte decided to close the port of New Orleans. America was still in need to access of the port, so Jefferson sent a delegation to France to negotiate access, with the possibility of purchasing the city. When the delegation arrived in France, they were surprised to find out that Napoleon was willing to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the US. The US purchased the land in 1803 for $15 million, doubling the size of the US.
what happened in the battle of new orleans? who was involved? when did it take place?
Andrew Jackson was in New Orleans preparing for a British invasion. On January 8, 1815 the British with 8,000 troops began a frontal attack. Jackson, however, had time having arrived a month before the attack. He had built trenches and ramparts and created a strong defensive position. As a result, 2,100 British soldiers were wounded or killed. The US lost only 13. This was a decisive battle. It further supported the treaty.
what did Burr do that caused him to be tried for treason? what was the outcome of the trial?
Burr decided his next move (after the duel) was insurrection. He wanted to create his own empire in the West. He had conspired with Gen James Wilkinson to try to take a part of the Louisiana Purchase over and to use New Orleans as its capital. Wilkinson, however, decided to alert Jefferson of Burr's plan. Militiamen captured Burr in 1807 & took him to Virginia where he was to be tried for treason. He would be acquitted when there was only one witness, the law required two witnesses for the charge of treason. Burr was still facing other charges, but escaped to England, then France.
what was the communications revolution and what technologies made it possible?
Communications Revolution: Communications were very slow during the 18th century. It often took days to weeks to send news or mail from one place to another. Newspapers had increased during & just following the Revolutionary War. They would increase again during the early 19th century. In 1801 there were 200 newspapers, by 1835 there would be 1,200. Magazines also increased along with other printed materials. One such magazine was Godey's Lady's Book, a women's magazine that many middle-class women readers turned to the magazine for ideas about fashion, literature, & family matters. Books also once again increase in publication. Technology in printing improved with the development of the steam powered printing press. This created cheaper presses known as the "penny press." a. Telegraph: One of the most important advancements in communication was the telegraph. The telegraph was invented by Samuel F. B. Morse. The telegraph worked by using electricity to send coded messages. The first message was sent in 1844. Morse sent the phrase "What hath God Wrought?"—a verse from the Bible, Numbers 23:23.
what are checks and balances?
Each power can check the other. The Congress enacts laws, but the President can veto those laws, however a 2/3rds majority can override the veto. Federal judges are nominated by the President, approved by the Senate, and serve for life. They can find laws unconstitutional. There is also a measure for impeachment if seen as necessary.
what is the definition for market revolution?
During the 1700s most individuals were working as farmers. Many of these were subsistence farmers. As the 19th century opened more of these farmers engaged in commercial agriculture—selling extra goods for cash. This style of agriculture is known as the market-based economy. A market-based economy has boom-and-bust cycles. They also became very dependent on slaves in the South.
what was the second great awakening and how it helped change society?
During the First Great Awakening the Anglican Church began to fade. The Anglicans in Virginia renamed their church Episcopalians. They at first did not have great gains after the name change. New church denominations began popping up. The Baptists and Methodists grew by great amounts. About 20% of these two denominations were African-American. The Methodist church started in 1784 after separating from the Episcopalian church, being founded by John Wesley. They sought the conversion of all people regardless of gender or race. They also believed in activism to improve society. In about 1790 church attendance started to decline. It declined to the point that only about 10% of white Americans were attending church
what are the differences between federalists and democratic- republican's?
Federalists: a. Supported George Washington and Alexander Hamilton b. Supported economic programs to reinvigorate the country and alleviate debt c. Preferred to be tied to Britain rather than France d. Supported by Merchants, lawyers, manufacturers and wealthy farmers e. More Northern, New England, and Middle States support f. Preferred a political and social hierarchy with elite leadership g. Supported Broad interpretation of the Constitution h. Preferred a strong central government i. Pro-national military j. Supported taxation and some deficit in the budget k. Reluctant to Westward Expansion 2. Democratic-Republicans: a. Supported by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison b. Believed in strict adherence to the constitution and viewed BUS as being unconstitutional c. Preferred France rather than Britain d. Supported agriculture, planters, small farmers, and wage laborers e. More Southern support f. Supported increased democracy and political involvement of the common man g. Supported Strict Construction of the Constitution h. Preferred States rights i. Pro-state militia j. Supported less taxation and balanced budget k. Supported Westward Expansion
what happened in the chesapeake incident (also called the chesapeake vs. leopard)
France & Great Britain had been at war with each other on & off for generations. The British Navy was suffering & the Brits hoped to help their situation by stopping US merchant ships & impress the sailors into the British Navy. At least 6,000 sailors were impressed by the British who claimed that they sailors were really British citizens who had deserted. Congress responded by creating the Non-importation Act, which stopped the importation of British goods. This did little to stop impressment, however. 2. Then in 1807 the HMS Leopard demanded to board the Chesapeake to search of "deserters"—a code for wanting to impress US merchant sailors. The Chesapeake refused to be boarded. The Leopard then fired upon the Chesapeake. Jefferson in response banned the British ships from US waters and mobilized the militia. 3. The Embargo Act: The Embargo Act stopped all exports of US goods from going to foreign ports in order to protect US ships. Most farmers & merchants hated the embargo. The economy was hurt severely by it, and smuggling became commonplace. To enforce the act Jefferson used US warships to blockade our own ports. 4. Jefferson in 1809, in the last 16 days of his presidency, would sign the Non-Intercourse Act which replaced the Embargo Act and banned trade only with France and Britain in hopes of freeing up trade with other countries
how were african americans involved in revivalism?
Free African-American also experienced revival. Revivals and camp meetings in North were open to all people regardless of gender or race. Most of the evangelists were antislavery abolitionists. African-American preachers also joined the circuit and seen growth in predominately African-American denominations. Richard Allen developed the African Methodists Episcopal Church (AME) in 1816, which was the first predominately black denomination in America. A large number of abolitionist movements would come from the revivals and were supported by both black and white converts.
who was immigrating and why were they immigrating?
Immigration started changing in the early to mid-19th century. Immigration increased even more following 1837, when an economic panic hit worldwide. Newly built factories hired many immigrants, which became a cheap source of labor. American was enticing to immigrants because of the following: a. There were more job opportunities, largely due to the demand for labor for factories b. Wages were higher c. Taxes were lower d. Land was cheap and fertile e. America was a democratic republic without an aristocratic element f. Freedom of religion g. Voting rights available to many h. To avoid warfare in their home countries i. To escape poverty 2. Irish Immigrants: The Irish had been immigrating to America from colonial times. However, starting in 1845 Irish immigrants began increasing dramatically. It was at that time that a fungus, known as the potato blight, hit the entire crop of potatoes in Ireland. The Irish were dependent on the potato for their main crop and main source of food. In particular the Irish peasant was dependent on potatoes. More than a million-people died during the Irish Potato Famine. 1-2 million more people left Ireland as immigrants. Most of these individuals settled into urban areas. Irish would face tremendous prejudice. The stereotype was that they were dirty, drunkards, and bad-tempered. There was also a strong Anti-Catholic prejudice, and many of the immigrants were Catholic. Irish people did, however, find their way into positions of honor. Many became police officers, others became store owners, some became involved in politics (mostly local). Unfortunately, many were unskilled and poor and would remain a part of the urban slums. 3. German Immigrants: German immigrants also were hit by the potato blight, as well as political upheaval caused by warfare in Germany in 1848. Germans would also immigrate in large numbers. Most of the German immigrants were skilled craftsmen or were well-educated. Most were Protestant & settled in either western cities (like St. Louis) or in rural areas. Germans, for the most-part, were better accepted than the Irish. 4. Scandinavian Immigrants: They were also hit by crop failures and potato blight. They, like, Germany were also dealing with revolutions and political upheavals in the 1840-50s and religious persecution as well. This would inspire many Scandinavians to come to the US, with many settling on farms in the Old Northwest, particularly in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
what happened at the battle of fallen timbers?
In 1791 Little Turtle the leader of the Miami Confederacy defeated some American forces. In 1794 Anthony Wayne led 3,000 men against the Indians. Little Turtle had approximately 1,400 men, being vastly outnumbered Little Turtle was defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. In the battle Wayne lost 33 men and had approximately 100 wounded. The casualties were about doubled for the Native Americans
what was Gabriel's rebellion and what did it cause to happen?
In 1800 a slave rebellion would occur in Virginia. Gabriel, a slave & blacksmith, along with his brother Solomon, also a blacksmith, and Martin a preacher, made contact with other slaves throughout Virginia. The formulated a plan to seize the state's arsenal. They would then use the weapons & ammunition to arm the slaves in the state. The rebellion would not get far before they were discovered. Following the rebellion slave laws were once again tightened. It became illegal to congregate on Sundays without supervision. b. Restrictions were put on owners who wanted to free their slaves. c. Slaves freed after 1806 were required to leave Virginia or they could be sold back into slavery.
what happened in shay's rebellion and why were they revolting?
In Western Massachusetts farmers were struggling to pay the taxes and did not have access to paper money. They were also upset because the new Massachusetts constitution required men to own a larger tract of land to meet the voting requirement. Which meant that smaller farmers were being disqualified from voting. Three rural counties banded together in a revolt in 1786. The farmers, known as the regulators, surrounded the courthouse in Northampton, forcing judges and sheriffs to stop seizure of property and livestock of farmers that couldn't pay their taxes. Daniel Shays led the group. They would close several other courthouses, but in the end the rebellion was a failure. They would march to the federal arsenal at Springfield in the winter of 1787. They would not take it over, however. The state militia had met them and fired a cannon on them killing 4 and wounding several. The rebellion ended with Shay fleeing to Vermont, over 1,000 were arrested, and two were hung.
what internal improvements were being made and how did they change transportation(transportation revolution)?
Internal Improvements: With the increase of agriculture products leaving the farm and going to market there was a growing need for improved roads & transportation. John C. Calhoun suggested in 1817 that we could bind the country together using canals and roads. a. Roads: Roads became important to farmers trying to transport goods, and also to migrants trying to move into newly opened lands. Daniel Boone had built the Wilderness Road in 1795. This road allowed settlers to travel through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky & onward to Illinois. However, in 1811 the first federally funded road would be developed. The National Road, (also called the Cumberland Road) stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, West Virginia and by 1837-38 reached Vandalia, Illinois. By the 1840s the Wilderness Road was abandoned in favor of the National Road. Other roads that developed were the Lancaster Turnpike which extended from Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. By 1821 there was approximately 4,000 miles of turnpikes & roads. Stagecoaches also were able to increase their speed through continual relays—changing horses every 40 miles. These improvements made the journey from NYC to Boston took 4 days in 1800—by the 1820s it would be reduced to 2 days. b. Waterways: Other advancements in transportation were steamboats, flatboats, and canals. Flatboats were barges that would travel down river. Once they arrived at their destination they were taken apart and the lumber sold. This was because they could not travel back upstream. This problem was solved when Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston created the steamboat in 1807. Steamboats enabled the cost of shipping to decrease dramatically and the time to transport also decreased. The boats were far from safe. There were fires, explosions, ships were crowded, and lacked sanitation. However, they revolutionized travel. Canals also helped speed up travel. Rivers and lakes did not allow for access to every area. Canals were channels dug between waterways and from various waterways to city destinations. Canals were typically narrow, and flatboats were pulled by mules that walked alongside the canals. c. The Erie Canal: The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes with the Hudson River, which then went to the Atlantic Ocean. This created a transcontinental trade route, which would then allow for a global trade route once it reached the ocean. New York governor DeWitt Clinton promoted the canal. It was an engineering marvel of its day. It would be over 300 miles long, and would cost $7 million, which was approved by the New York legislature in the form of bonds. Tens of thousands of laborers worked on the canal using hand tools and sheer human strength. Many of the laborers were Irish immigrants. It took eight years to build and opened in 1825. (Note: The author of the book discusses the fact that many other states would try to do what New York had done and borrowed money to build canals. Those states did not have success but went bankrupt during economic upheaval in 1837. This may be so, however, he does not mention that the Erie Canal was a great success. The canal paid for itself in seven years and reduced the cost of shipping a ton of goods from $100 to $5.) d. Railroads: In the same year that Erie Canal opened (1825) the first railroad began operating in England. Railroads soon came to the US. In 1830 there was 23 miles of track in the US, by 1850 there was 30,000 miles of track. Trains became a central part of life. It also created a demand for iron, wooden rails ties, & locomotives. Railroads created jobs throughout the country for building & maintaining the railroad. They eventually became the largest employer in the nation. e. Ocean Transport: Ocean travel also became more efficient with the development of the clipper ship in 1845. They were twice as fast as the older heavier ships of the 18th century and made global travel faster.
what did the great compromise do?
It created a bicameral system based on proportionate representation in one house and state-by-state voting in the other
what did the land ordinance of 1785 do?
It established that land would be surveyed by the government and divided into 6-mile townships laid out along a grid of lines running from east to west and north to south. Each township was then divided into 36 sections of one square mile (640 acres). The land would then be sold at a $1 per acre. The proceeds of the initial sales would benefit the national treasury.
what did Jay's treaty do? what didnt it do?
Jay was able to get the British to agree to leave the 6 forts located in the Northwest Territory, to reimburse American merchants for seized ships & their cargo & granted US merchants the right to trade with the West Indies (Caribbean). He was not, however, able to get the British to stop impressment of US sailors. Jay in return agreed to not sell products to France to build warships.
who was involved in the lewis and clark and the Corp of Discovery?
Jefferson chose two army officers to explore the new land, Meriwether Lewis and Captain William Clark, along with a corps of volunteers
what are the 3 branches of government
Legislative, Executive, Judicial
what was the Hartford convention about?
Many of the Federalists in New England were unhappy with the war & would convene in Hartford, Connecticut in December of 1814. They were protesting the war & briefly discussed possible seceding from the US. The Convention denounced states' rights, proposed some amendments that would have strengthen New England's position in the union, and sought to require a 2/3rds majority to any commercial regulation, declaration of war or admission of new states. The conventions proposals were published at the same time the news of the Treaty of Ghent was published. The treaty had elevated a sense of pride & patriotism in the country, so the conventions proposals were out of step with the rest of the country. This would "irreparably damage" the Federalists, which would soon no longer be able to remain as a "viable" political party.
what was romanticism?
Romanticism was a cultural shift that moved away from logic of enlightenment to movement in thought, literature, arts, and the stirrings over the heart. They preferred nonconformity over tradition
what was Hamilton's plan for the economy
She allegedly become Jefferson's concubine. In recent years DNA has proven that a male in Jefferson's line (either he or his brother) fathered at least one child with Hemings. Even during the period this caused upheaval as political opponents called Jefferson out for having a slave concubine.
what happened in the fries's rebellion?
Started in 1799 in a rural community in southeastern Pennsylvania by farmers that wanted to prevent tax assessments being done on land & houses. Pennsylvania was being required to pay a minimum of $237,000 of the $2 million tax. They were led by John Fries, a local militia leader and auctioneer. They mostly harassed the assessors and warned them to stop the activities of assessing taxes. In response to this the federal government issued warrants for the arrest of anyone interfering with taxation and assessments. The US Marshall began to make arrests in the region. The rebels then marched to the jails and were able to free several of the arrested men without firing a shot. In response to this, 30 men were arrested, Fries and one other were convicted of treason and scheduled to be hung. Adams, however, pardoned both men saying they were ignorant of the law.
what happened in the new madrid earthquake?
Starting on December 15th, 1811 a series of earthquakes rocked the Midwest. It devastated multiple communities. Several small towns disappeared into the Mississippi River. It is uncertain how many died in the quakes but the population in the region was still quite small. Most of the deaths happened as a result of drowning. The quakes are still considered to be the worst to ever hit the US.
what did the embargo act do?
The Embargo Act: The Embargo Act stopped all exports of US goods from going to foreign ports in order to protect US ships. Most farmers & merchants hated the embargo. The economy was hurt severely by it, and smuggling became commonplace. To enforce the act Jefferson used US warships to blockade our own ports
what happened in the XYZ affair?
The French were angry with the US over Jay's treaty with Britain. The French were capturing US ships now (much like the British) & would plunder the goods off of over 300 ships that were bound for Britain. They also recalled all their diplomates from the US. Seeing war on the horizon Adams wanted to calm the situation. He sent three diplomates to negotiate a settlement with France. The 3 diplomates for America would be Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, & Elbridge Gerry. The three would meet with three officials from France that were only known as X, Y, and Z (as labeled by Adams in his official report to Congress). XY&Z demanded a bribe for the diplomates of $250, 000 and also wanted a loan of $10-12 million dollars. The US refused the demands. Instead Congress voted to triple the size of the US army & formed the Department of the Navy, which began construction of warships.
why was the battle of lake champlain important?
The US finally got a boost in the war after defeating the British at Lake Champlain which ended the Northern campaign. Following this battle & the fact that the British had failed to fully invade Baltimore, the British decided to negotiate terms for a treaty.
what were the virginia and kentucky resolutions and who authored them?
The Virginia Resolution was written by Madison and called for the federal courts to uphold the Constitution and free speech in cases heard. Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution and in the original version declared that a state could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution. Making it possible that the law would not be upheld in the state. The legislature however struck down the passage about state's rights. The freedom of speech would remain, but cases of sedition would be heard long past 1801. The outrage over Adam's attempt to hinder speech would lead to Jefferson's election in 1800. These would become the basis for the arguments over states' rights in the future as well
why was lewis and clark's expedition important?
The group crossed almost 4,000 miles. Jefferson had a deep interest in Native Americans. He wanted to promote Western culture among the Native Americans, & therefore wanted good trade agreements. He had encouraged the explorers to keep the peace & treat the Indians with kindness. This was mostly the case, although the group would have some trouble with the Blackfeet tribe. The white settlers to follow in Lewis & Clark's footsteps would not always be kind, nor generous.
what are frontier revivals?
The other area and region were in the West and the backcountry like Tennessee, Kentucky, and across the rural regions. In the rural area there were religious meetings. There were traveling evangelists, sometimes called itinerates or circuit riders, would go from place to place preaching in what came to be known as camp meetings. People would travel for miles to attend camp meeting and would camp on site. The revivals were very popular and led to great growth. One circuit rider was Peter Cartwright, who would run for Congress against Abraham Lincoln.
what happened in the burr and hamilton duel? what happened to burr afterwards?
The two men met across the river from NYC, in Weehawken, NJ. There Burr shot and killed Hamilton. Burr would flee & be a fugitive (all still while being Vice President). The charges would eventually be dropped, despite dueling being illegal & the fact that he had indeed murdered Hamilton.
how did jefferson get support in the election of 1800?
The vote was only divided by a margin of 8 and the electoral college vote was a tie between Jefferson & Burr. The final decision for the election would be decided by the House of Representatives. The House at this time was dominated by the Federalists and did not come to a decision in the first vote. Jefferson turned to Alexander Hamilton to garner his support. Hamilton had been at odds with Burr & decided that Jefferson was the better choice, although he did not really like Jefferson either. He was able to sway the Federalists in the House
What was transcendentalism? and some of the people involved
Transcendentalism: It was mostly found in New England and emphasized thoughts and behaviors that transcended the limits of logic. They rejected religion and promoted naturalism and self-realization. They valued the individual and sought the removal of restraint on self-directed personal development. Privacy became an important aspect of society. Many also believed in a utopian society and "free love" open sexuality. The most known figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
what happened in the battle of tippecanoe? who were tecumseh and tenskwatawa?
Two Native Americans, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, were living in a village known as Prophetstown in Northern Indiana, began to call for unification of Indians in a revitalization of the pan-Indian movement. They began to call for all Indians to work together to push white Americans out of their lands. In response William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, gathered 1,000 troops & encamped just outside of Prophetstown. Indians within the village became fearful of the troops presence and demanded that their leaders do something. While Tecumseh was away his brother Tenskwatawa suggested that a small group of warriors sneak into the encampment and murder Harrison in his tent to prevent an attack. He then cast a spell that he said would protect the warriors from harm, preventing the bullets of the white man from penetrating. The warriors went to the encampment but instead of a stealthy attack they went to battle, some blamed the Winnebago warriors with the group for instigating the battle. Harrison's troops were able to fight off the warriors and push the Indians' out of Prophetstown, which he then burned to the ground including their winter food supplies. Tenskwatawa then fell out of favor of the Indians. They had large losses, although the exact number is unknown Harrison estimated at least 40 warriors were killed.
what was the cult of domesticity (aka cult of true womanhood?)
Women also began changing in the mid-nineteenth century. Women typically did not work outside of the home. It was stressed that women were to be the managers of the home and that any education or training should benefit that. Catherine Beecher wrote Treatise on Domestic Economy, a handbook that promoted the idea called the Cult of Domesticity also known as Cult of True Womanhood. It in particular called for middle class women to manage the household and the children, leaving the men to the work outside of the home. She did encourage education for women—but most of what she recommended was for the purpose of being able to assist in the management and education of children.
what was the american system of manufacturers?
a. Industrialization in Urban Settings: In urban areas the manufacturing was more diverse, making everything from clothing to furniture and many other products. This would decrease the cost of many goods and more people were able to purchase items that once were only bought by wealthy individuals. NYC would become a leading manufacturer of clothing. This created more & more jobs, but the distribution of wealth was becoming less equal. With the reduction in earnings for the lower class, we also see a change in health among individuals. The working-class becomes unhealthier. The average height dropped by 1-inch from 1800 to 1860, an indicator of diet & health. The concept of time became different as well. Farmers were dependent on daylight and the season. Artisans had times of intense work, followed by leisure which could vary day to day. With more individuals working in manufacturing they began to work on a standard work schedule. Clocks would become more common in homes as well. b. The 1st factory would be established in 1790 by Samuel Slater in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, a spinning factory to produce yarn. This factory system used the outwork system. The yarn was produced in the factory but then taken to skilled artisans that would weave the cloth on looms in their homes. As the industrial movement went on more and more of the work would be done directly in the factory. c. Textile Manufacturing: The factory system was a side effect of the increase of mass production and the industrialization. Previously master craftsmen would produce items from beginning to end. They were responsible for knowing all the steps of the craft. With the advent of the factory system steps to production were broke down to single elements. There was an individual that only knew one step of the production & that was their sole responsibility. These workers did not have to be skilled. Textile mills were one area of industrialization that took off following the War of 1812. Mills were developed throughout New England.
what were the three fronts of the war of 1812?
a. the Atlantic Coast along the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, & Virginia (including Washington DC); b. the South including Alabama, c. Mississippi; and lastly Canada, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, & the Great Lake Region.
what were the disadvantages that america had as a new country?
a. the economy was shaky and there was tremendous debt b. the majority of the population lived on the atlantic coast and they did not have control of the land owned by the US c. the british had retained several posts in american territory d. the spanish were threatening to close the port at new orleans and restrict commerce on the mississippi e. communication and transportation were severely lacking f. patriotism for the country did not yet exist, due to large diversity. people were more devoted to their local communities, counties. the people were not yet connected as a unified as a population
What is impressment? and who was involved?
british ships could take over american ones and claim them as britihs citizens and make them work for them
how the lowell system worked?
i. Lowell System: The 1st factory in the Lowell system was in Waltham, Massachusetts in 1814. Francis Cabot Lowell started the factory. This was the first textile factory that would bring together all the phases of production to the actual factory. The system mostly hired young, unmarried women. The women had the opportunity to earn wages. The women came mostly from New England farms. Men during this time were increasingly going West, meaning that there were fewer men of marrying age available for young women. The factory was an opportunity for the unmarried women. At first the factories created towns (Lowell, Massachusetts) for the women with libraries, evening lectures, prepared meals, and good moral conditions (in order to reassure parents). As time went on conditions declined. The hours were long (13-hour days-6 days per week), and jobs were dangerous. Mill owners also began to cut wages when the market was over saturated, and profits were declining. The Lowell women attempted to strike in response to the declining conditions & wage cuts. Over time the factory owners began owners began to replace the women with Irish immigrants, who were willing to work for lower wages in the poor conditions.
what did the northwest ordinance of 1787 do?
i. The new territories would eventually become 3-5 states. This would be what Thomas Jefferson called the empire of liberty, meaning that the US would not act as a colonizer but bring the people migrating into new land into the country as equal members. It created territorial expansion. ii. It would also ban slavery north of the Ohio River, the area called the Old Northwest. Slaves already existed in the region would be "grand fathered" in and remain slaves. There would be other exceptions made in some of the Northern Territories and States, but for the most part it begins to establish the Northern States as free states. iii. The ordinance also further established how a territory would go about becoming a state. The Congress would initially appoint a territorial governor, then when the population reached 5,000 adult males the territory could elect its own legislation. When the territory's population reached 60,000 "free inhabitants" including women it could draft a state constitution and apply for statehood.
what happened in the whiskey rebellion?
in July of 1794 the protests turned violent. Angry groups of farmers, militiamen, & laborers in Pennsylvania & Kentucky attacked the federal tax collectors & marshals. They burned the home of tax collector John Neville. Two of the protestors would be killed in the attack. The mob then threatened to attack Pittsburg. Pennsylvania was declared to be in a state of rebellion. Nearly 13,000 militiamen (who were not a part of the protest) marched to Pennsylvania by President George Washington to stop the rebellion. Most of the rebellion dispersed when they hear of the approaching militia. 150 men were arrested & held, 2 would be tried for treason, but George Washington pardoned the men.
what was the burned-over district and where was it located?
refers to the western and central regions of new york state in the early 19th century where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the second great awakening took place to such extent that spiritual fervor seemed to set the area on fire
what did the non-importation act do?
stops all trade
what was the most important aspect of the Marbury vs Madison case?
the Supreme Court declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. This meant that Marbury had lost, Jefferson & Madison kept the court as they had hoped, but they also seen that the court had just established the right to judiciary review, meaning the court could review any law & find it unconstitutional. The case was the first instance where a law was found to be unconstitutional.
what was the adams ontis treaty (also called: transcontinental treaty) and what we got for it and from whom?
the florida purchase treaty. was a treaty between the US and spain in 1819 that ceced florida to the US and defined the boundary between the US and new spain. it settled a standing border dispute between the two countries
what was manifest destiny and how did perfectionism effect western expansion?
the idea that people could become more perfect by committing themselves to reforming themselves and society. Westward expansion was seen as an extension of Manifest Destiny. It was seen as a mission that would create an ideal, perfect society. It was thought a divine right to expand and occupy all of North America. The term had originally been coined by a New York journalist, John L. O'Sullivan.
what is the bank of the united states (BUS) and how does it operate? private or public?
the nation's main financial agent but would still be a private corporation rather than a government owned institution. It would allow private citizens to establish accounts, it issued bank notes to serve as currency, it made loans to the government, and it had private stockholders that benefited from the success of the bank
what were the main two plans of the drafting of the constitution?
the virginia plan and the new jersey plan
who were the anti federalists during the ratification of the constitution and what did they believe?
thomas jefferson and james madison 1. strict interpretation of the constitution 2. tied to france 3. support agricultural 4. small farmers and wage laborers 5. southern support 6. states rights 7. pro-state militia 8. less taxation and balanced budget 9. support westward expansion
who is brigham young?
would take over as the head of the church. Persecution remained strong, so Young determined that he would move the church. They would move to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in 1847. Young continued the practice of polygamy within the church