history final review

What was one result of the racial and demographic shifts that took place during World War I? A) Race riots in two dozen northern cities B) Better treatment of those blacks who remained in the South C) Greater acceptance of blacks by whites throughout the nation D) Legislative action in the South to stop blacks from leaving

A

What was outlawed under the army's system of compulsory free labor in the South during and after the Civil War? A. Whipping B. Wage labor C. Social discrimination D. Verbal abuse

A

According to Ida B. Wells, lynching was a problem rooted in A) economics and the shifting social structure of the South. B) attacks on white women by black men in the South and the North. C) attacks on black women by white men who employed them as domestics. D) the concept of separate spheres, particularly in the South.

A

According to Theodore Roosevelt, the absolutely vital question facing the nation when he became president in 1901 was whether A) the government had the power to control the trusts. B) Congress had the moral wherewithal to remove corrupt members. C) the United States should have continued to speak softly but carry a big stick. D) the United States could avoid another severe economic downturn before the implementation of a national banking system.

A

Along with the horse car, which mode of transportation first allowed late-nineteenthcentury cities to expand into the suburbs? A) Electric streetcar B) Automobile C) Subway D) Bus

A

Although Johnson had left the Democratic party before becoming president, he seemed more a Democrat than a Republican as president because he A. advocated limitations on federal power. B. vetoed the Wade-Davis bill and supported federal subsidies. C. refused to support any aspect of Lincoln's reconstruction plan. D. attempted to empower the Freedmen's Bureau

A

Beginning in the 1870s, American men of all classes were united in their passion for A) baseball. B) dance halls. C) theater. D) church socials.

A

By the late nineteenth century, farmers were no longer the self-sufficient yeomen anchoring the republic as originally described by which of the following men? A) Thomas Jefferson B) George Washington C) Andrew Jackson D) James Madison

A

During his first term as president, Woodrow Wilson refused to support child labor laws, woman suffrage, and labor's demand for an end to injunctions because he A) opposed affording special privileges to any group. B) could not find support for those measures in Congress. C) didn't want to offend big-business interest groups. D) found little support for those measures in his own political party

A

Early in the struggle to win Kansas, proslavery supporters A. invaded Kansas to control the election through fraud and intimidation. B. initiated the first orderly implementation of popular sovereignty. C. saw that the cause was lost and retreated from the contest. D. got no support from the presidential administration of Millard Fillmore.

A

For what reason did William Jennings Bryan oppose foreign acquisitions for the United States? A) He believed expansionism only distracted the nation from problems at home. B) He predicted that acquisitions would lead to wars with England, Japan, and Germany. C) He feared that the United States would have to build democratic institutions in those nations. D) He believed the federal government lacked the strength to properly conquer foreign nations.

A

Henry Miller and Charles Lux fit into which of the following categories? A) Pioneers in the field of agribusiness B) Small ranchers threatened by the consolidation of the ranching business C) Enlightened benefactors of migrant laborers. D) Adherents to the old Republican ideal of the self-sufficient yeoman farmer

A

How did Congress respond to southern Republicans' pleas for federal protection from the racism and violence of the Ku Klux Klan? A. It passed the Ku Klux Klan Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1875. B. It failed to respond because lawmakers felt they lacked the power to do anything. C. It ignored the request for fear of alienating southern Democrats. D. It passed the Compromise of 1877 in an attempt to stop Klan violence.

A

How did President Wilson respond to the Germans' sinking of the Lusitania? A) He threatened a break in diplomatic relations with Germany. B) He reiterated William Jennings Bryan's call for peace. C) He declared war on Germany. D) He warned Americans about sailing on foreign ships that might carry arms.

A

How did President Wilson respond to the initial outbreak of war in Europe in 1914? A) He issued a proclamation of America's absolute neutrality. B) He sided with the Allies. C) He banned trade with any nation involved in the war. D) He immediately deployed U.S. troops to Europe.

A

How did Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette unite his supporters during the first years of the twentieth century? A) He emphasized reform over party loyalty. B) He appealed to Republicans' conservative economic views. C) He called for an end to progressive reform efforts. D) He emphasized party loyalty over reform.

A

How did live-in servants change households in the North by 1870? A) They enabled middle-class white women to explore opportunities outside the home. B) They made domestic service an honorable occupation for native-born American women to pursue. C) They had become a fixture of almost three-quarters of all urban households. D) They freed working women from the obligation of keeping house after working outside the home all day.

A

How did most new women immigrants come to the United States in the late-nineteenth century? A) As wives, mothers, or daughters B) As single, unskilled wage laborers C) As single, skilled workers D) As part of educated, well-off families

A

How did the Dred Scott decision increase sectional tension? A. It lent credence to the belief in the North that a slave power conspiracy existed. B. It indicated that the issue of slavery could be determined in any territory long before the moment of statehood. C. It strengthened the Democratic party by unifying its northern and southern branches. D. It precipitated the resignation of Supreme Court justices from the North.

A

By 1900, the population in New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia had each grown to exceed A) 100,000. B) 500,000. C) 1 million. D) 2 million

C

How did the Hoover administration respond to the World War I veterans who asked for the immediate payment of their pension or bonus? A) It ordered the U.S. army to forcibly evict them from their camp on the edge of Washington, D.C. B) It welcomed them to Washington, thanked them for their service, and sent them home with government checks. C) It organized a ceremony to reiterate the government's gratitude for their service and award medals. D) It provided a hearty meal on the White House lawn but refused to pay the bonuses early.

A

How effective was the Interstate Commerce Commission, the nation's first federal regulatory agency? A) It was so weak in its early years that it served as little more than a historical precedent. B) It had unprecedented power to clean up and regulate the railroads. C) It was authorized to set interest rates for small-business loans. D) It was so powerful initially that the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.

A

How influential were African American politicians during the period southern whites derisively called "Negro domination"? A. Only six percent of southerners in Congress during Reconstruction were black. B. Blacks held a majority in over half the state legislatures for a short time. C. African Americans held no elected office during Reconstruction. D. Only states with black majorities elected blacks to office.

A

How were Wilson's Fourteen Points honored in the Versailles treaty? A) The treaty included the establishment of the League of Nations. B) The treaty guaranteed freedom of the seas for all nations. C) Germany's colonies in Asia were granted self-determination. D) Germany was required pay war reparations to its former rivals.

A

In 1894, Jacob S. Coxey led thousands of unemployed people to Washington to propose a plan to A) put the jobless to work building roads. B) replace paper currency with gold and silver coins. C) nationalize railroads. D) create a new program for farm relief.

A

In addition to economic motivations, which factor contributed to U.S. expansion overseas in the 1890s? A) Christian missionaries' eagerness to spread the Gospel B) Americans' interest in new religions and cultures C) The federal government's commitment to promote cultural understanding D) The federal government's plan to provoke religious conflict in Asia

A

In its effort to create prosperity at home, the Harding administration supported A) high tariffs to protect American businesses. B) nationalization of American agriculture. C) tight government regulation of industry. D) a large public works program called Teapot Dome.

A

In the late nineteenth century, some established immigrant groups viewed more recent immigrants as A) not being a part of the white race. B) being more dependent on government aid. C) having an easy time assimilating to life in the United States. D) being too critical of the United States.

A

In the mid-1890s, the American press portrayed the Populist party as A) lunatics and idiots. B) revolutionary rabble-rousers. C) tramps and vagabonds. D) defenders of democracy.

A

In what manner did William Tecumseh Sherman successfully defeat the Comanchería? A) Using the scorched-earth policy he'd perfected during his March to the Sea B) Committing the largest mass execution in American history C) Creating the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs D) Herding the Comanche onto the reservation at Fort Sill

A

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that A. European nations' need for cotton would lead them to support the Confederacy. B. raising the price of cotton would force the North to negotiate a peaceful settlement. C. European nations would loan the South more money if it reduced the price of cotton. D. growing less cotton and freeing more slaves would convince England to recognize the Confederacy.

A

Lincoln justified the Emancipation Proclamation as A. a military necessity. B. a personal moral statement. C. a response to the lobbying of abolitionists. D. a way to appease the entire northern population.

A

Most northerners viewed secession as A. an attack on the rule of law. B. constitutionally viable but impractical. C. too expensive and therefore illegal. D. a concept they wished they had thought of first.

A

Once Congress declared war against Germany in April 1917, President Wilson stated the Americans' goal in the war was to A) vindicate the principles of peace and justice. B) destroy Germany and the other Axis powers. C) restructure Europe to exclude Germany. D) prevent Germany from conquering the United States.

A

Some Americans called for U.S. expansion in the 1890s to A) acquire new markets. B) oppose the lobbying of American business interests. C) counteract the nation's shrinking capacity for production. D) make up for the decrease in European imports.

A

Taken together, what did President Roosevelt's actions in the anthracite coal strike of 1902 and the dissolution of Northern Securities in 1904 demonstrate about the U.S. government? A) Roosevelt's administration would act independently of big business. B) Government officials were willing to make deals with big business to maintain economic stability. C) The federal government would continue to side with management in major labor disputes. D) The government was virtually powerless to withstand lobbyists and other powerful business interests.

A

The American party, or Know-Nothings, appeared in the mid-1850s as A. a reaction to large numbers of Roman Catholics coming to the United States. B. a political organization designed to include all Americans. C. part of the movement to unite Americans in support of slavery. D. an organization advocating equal rights for all immigrants.

A

The Boxer uprising in China in 1899 targeted A) missionaries. B) western businessmen. C) Japanese and British businesses. D) Chinese farmers.

A

The Farmers' Alliance movement of the 1880s aimed to help farmers A) by sponsoring cooperatives that would give them greater economic independence. B) through underwriting a large-scale campaign against sharecropping in the South. C) through lending money to small farmers so they could compete with agribusinesses. D) by facilitating their cooperation with urban workers in northern cities.

A

The National Woman's party supported which of the following? A) An Equal Rights Amendment B) Special legal protection for women C) Laws against black voting D) Laws allowing child labor

A

The Populists' plan to help western farmers in the 1890s included A) government ownership of railroads and telegraph lines. B) continuation of the gold standard to tighten the money supply and limit credit. C) a march on Washington to promote agricultural freedom and democracy. D) higher tariffs to support the inflation of farm prices.

A

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine A) set up the United States as the police power in the Western Hemisphere. B) relaxed the doctrine's restrictions on European nations. C) guaranteed that the United States never had to send troops to Latin American nations. D) reversed the policy of the Monroe Doctrine.

A

The economic theory of laissez-faire gained political clout in the late nineteenth century because A) the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to protect business. B) businessmen bribed congressmen to stay out of their affairs in exchange for stock trading tips. C) the Supreme Court increasingly was reinterpreting the Constitution to the detriment of big business. D) Republicans and Democrats in Congress could not agree on its tenets.

A

The progressives that influenced the United States between 1890 and 1916 were A) reformers with a broad agenda of concerns. B) poorly educated urbanites intent on Americanizing immigrants. C) reformers who advocated the full separation of church and state. D) women who sought to legislate morality.

A

The war provided a huge boost for the temperance movement and led to what outcome by late 1917? A) Congressional passage of the Eighteenth Amendment B) Prohibition victories in more than half the states C) Prohibitionists' determination to lead a new national Temperance Commission D) The establishment of a national drinking age of twenty-one to prevent the sale of liquor to minors

A

Union general Carl Schurz believed that to protect themselves from white oppression, newly freed blacks would need A. voting rights. B. access to an unbiased judicial system. C. employment contracts. D. social equality.

A

What accounted for the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States in 1915? A) The widespread belief that blacks, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews threatened traditional American values B) The notion that African Americans were gaining equality in the new world of giant corporations and needed to be kept in their place C) The belief that the government was conspiring to subvert the fundamental rights of U.S. citizens D) The belief that some apocalyptic event was about to occur and the Klan would bring salvation

A

What developed as a result of the opening of department stores in the late-nineteenthcentury United States? A) A new consumer culture B) A formal dress code for working women C) Changes in minimum-wage laws D) Stringent new notions of saving money

A

What did Mexican migrants to the American Southwest, immigrants from Europe, and black migrants from the South have in common? A) All dreamed of a better life but found a mix of opportunity and disappointment. B) All chose to relocate in urban centers with significant industrial development. C) All readily assimilated into a comfortable middle-class life. D) None faced significant discrimination in their new homes.

A

What did President Hoover do to offer a solution to the human problems of the depression in 1929? A) He instituted a voluntary recovery plan, protective tariffs, and some government intervention, including public works projects and small federal loans to states. B) He created a federal aid modeled after the dole in England that would provide basic food, clothing, and shelter to the unemployed. C) He provided federal loans to private citizens who could prove that they had not participated in speculation. D) He decided to let the depression run its course without significant government aid for either businesses or individuals.

A

What did President Johnson do after Mississippi's rejection of legislation that outlawed slavery and South Carolina's refusal to renounce secession? A. He refused to intervene. B. He denied the states' new constitutions. C. He refused to pardon planters and Confederate officials. D. He sent the military into Mississippi and South Carolina.

A

What did historian Frederick Jackson Turner argue about the importance of the western frontier in American history in 1893? A) It made the United States different from Europe. B) It provided a focus for American imperialism. C) It promoted conflict between the North and the South. D) It disproved Buffalo Bill's version of American history.

A

What did the Supreme Court rule in its 1857 Dred Scott decision? A. Dred Scott was not a citizen of the United States. B. The Missouri Compromise was constitutional. C. Slaves were free once they visited northern states. D. Congress had the power to prohibit slavery in the territories.

A

What did the presidential election of 1924, in which Calvin Coolidge defeated John W. Davis and Robert La Follette, reveal about American voters? A) Their lack of support for labor unions, the regulation of business, and the protection of civil liberties B) Their strong support for government regulation of industry and for other progressive principles C) Low turnout showed that their interest in consumer goods far outweighed their interest in politics. D) Their strong support for the candidate who was more physically attractive, despite his lack of political experience

A

What did the state and federal governments do to encourage railroad construction in the decades after the Civil War? A) They gave railroad companies 180 million acres of public land. B) They gave railroads rights-of-way across homesteaders' land. C) They sold land to railroad companies at bargain prices. D) They reclaimed acreage already settled by farmers and sold it to the railroads.

A

What earned Herbert Hoover the nickname "the Great Humanitarian"? A) His managing efforts to feed civilian victims of the fighting during World War I B) His service as secretary of commerce under the Coolidge administration C) His reform agenda as president and his response to the Great Depression D) His commitment to individual self-reliance, industrial self-management, and limited government

A

What factor diluted the influence of women in politics in the 1920s? A) A lack of unity around the issues B) A major crime wave, which kept women from venturing to the polls C) Required literacy tests for all new women voters D) Laws prohibiting women from joining the major political parties

A

What happened after the governor of Pennsylvania ordered 8,000 National Guard troops into Homestead? A) Frick reopened the mill using strikebreakers for labor. B) Carnegie gave in to the workers' demands. C) The workers organized a mass attack against the troops. D) A labor leader murdered Henry Clay Frick.

A

What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre in November 1864? A) Colonel John M. Chivington butchered 270 Indians. B) Black Kettle defeated Chivington's American forces. C) The Americans executed five Indians who refused to surrender. D) Chivington scalped and mutilated Indian men but spared women and children.

A

What happened to most fugitive slaves once they were captured after the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted? A. They were peacefully returned to their masters. B. Abolitionists broke them out of jail. C. Commissioners granted them freedom. D. Masters declined to obtain them.

A

What happened to the World's Columbian Exposition site after it closed its doors in October 1894? A) Chicago's unemployed and homeless took over its buildings. B) Chicago made it an official landmark. C) Real estate developers transformed it into a luxury housing complex. D) Chicago ordered the buildings burned to the ground.

A

What issues formed the basis of farmers' dissatisfaction in the late nineteenth century? A) Banking, railroading, and speculation B) Weather and mechanization C) Family farming, homesteading, and agribusiness D) Sharecropping and tenant farming

A

What led to the demise of the Know-Nothing party in the mid-1850s? A. It endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, alienating northerners. B. It ended its opposition to immigration from Ireland and Germany. C. It called for the enfranchisement of women. D. It had consistently failed to win offices at the state level.

A

What made America's foreign policy paradoxical in 1900? A) The country wanted to keep the Western Hemisphere closed to outside influences yet also desired access to Asia. B) Isolationists wanted the United States to stay out of all foreign affairs except those of Africa. C) The military wanted to both restrict its growth and to acquire foreign colonies. D) The State Department contained both isolationists and expansionists.

A

What resulted from the patriotic fervor that grew in the United States during World War I? A) The German language disappeared from public school curricula. B) German speech was banned in public settings. C) All German citizens living in the United States were detained. D) German immigrants were refused naturalization.

A

What triggered the outbreak of World War I in 1914? A) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb terrorist B) German pillaging in Belgium that preceded its attack on and invasion of France C) The monarch's objection to the national election of a socialist prime minister in Poland in 1914 D) The accidental sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania by German U-boats

A

What was Detroit's second largest industry during the 1920s? A) Illegal alcohol sales B) Automobile manufacturing C) Steel production D) Railroad construction

A

What was an important consequence of the civil service reform of the 1880s? A) Business became even more influential in politics than before. B) Big business lost its political power on the national level. C) Party bosses gained tremendous influence in national politics. D) Government was run more efficiently and honestly.

A

What was evident in the call for a New South in the decades after Reconstruction? A) The desire among some southerners to shift to an industrial economy B) A resurgence of the Republican party in the region C) The idea that the South could rebuild its war-torn economy through agriculture alone D) The end of efforts in the region to forge political alliances across the color line

A

What was the American Red scare of 1919 and 1920? A) A fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution that resulted in suppression of dissent B) A frightening series of strikes led by Communist radicals in the United States C) An epidemic of Spanish influenza that claimed the lives of some 700,000 Americans D) A protest by socialist reformers who circulated posters and pamphlets and marched on Washington

A

What was the Ghost Dance? A) A religious ritual that was supposed to lead to the destruction of whites and the return of the buffalo. B) A ritual performed by the Paiutes in an effort to contact their great spirit leaders for guidance. C) A signal that Native Americans of the Great Plains had resigned themselves to white domination. D) A ritual that the Sioux men performed as they were preparing for battle against white Americans.

A

What was the Knights of Labor? A) The first mass organization for American workers B) A group focused exclusively on native-born skilled workers C) The only union to exclude blacks and women D) A staunch ally of the American Federation of Labor

A

What was the fundamental difference between the philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois during the progressive period? A) Washington focused on education and economic progress, while Du Bois emphasized civil rights and black leadership. B) Washington focused on civil rights and black leadership, while Du Bois emphasized education and economic progress. C) Du Bois lobbied for militant protest while Washington argued for nonviolent protest. D) Du Bois believed that African Americans would be better off living in the South while Washington wanted African Americans to leave the South.

A

What was the goal of the Wade-Davis bill? A. To guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law B. To confiscate the property of ex-Confederates C. To force three-fourths of voters in a former rebel state to take a loyalty oath D. To grant forty acres and a mule to every male ex-slave

A

What was the impact of the 1896 election on the Populist party? A) The Populist party was the biggest loser. B) The Populist party was stronger than ever. C) Populist ideas were dropped from the national political agenda. D) Southern Populists shifted their allegiance to the Republican party.

A

What was the impact of the labor shortage that resulted from the mobilization of U.S. troops in 1917? A) Expanded employment opportunities for women B) A decrease in the nation's agricultural output C) Weakened labor unions by depriving them of members D) Expanded U.S. immigration quotas to grow the workforce

A

What was the irony of the 369th Regiment of the 92nd Division winning more medals than any other American combat unit? A) This black regiment had to serve with the French in order to be deployed in active combat versus a labor unit detail. B) It spent barely a month in battle. C) It lost most of its battles during the war. D) It consisted primarily of German immigrants.

A

What was the main lesson learned by workers from the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? A) They lacked power individually but might gain it through a union. B) Workers would never be able to fight large corporations. C) Strikes were not an effective way to gain the attention of authorities. D) Higher wages could be obtained through persistent and concerted action.

A

What was the main purpose of crude oil in the United States before the advent of the automobile? A) Lubrication and lighting in the form of kerosene B) Use as an additive to make paint adhere better to plaster surfaces C) Use as a cleaning fluid for printing and typesetting equipment D) Use as a food additive to retard spoilage

A

What was the outcome of the transformation of agriculture to big business in the South and West during the post-Civil War era? A) An increasing number of laborers worked land they would never own B) Agricultural yields fell dramatically overall C) The widespread use of machinery halved the size of the agricultural labor force D) The total number of farms fell by more than half

A

What was the uprising of twenty thousand in 1909? A) A strike by women garment workers in New York City who were protesting low wages, dangerous working conditions, and management's refusal to recognize their union B) A strike by steelworkers in Pennsylvania who were protesting low wages and inhumane working conditions C) A walkout of public-school students in Boston who were protesting the physical conditions of the schools D) A nationwide walkout of workers in the meatpacking industry who were protesting unsanitary working conditions and low wages

A

When Herbert Hoover took office in 1929, he brought to the presidency A) modern ideas about how businesses should operate. B) decades of experience in elected office. C) few credentials to lead a prosperous nation. D) strong opposition to progressive ideals.

A

When Warren G. Harding declared a need for "normalcy" in America, he called for which of the following? A) A regular steady order of things, without excess B) An America of yesteryear, when life was simpler C) Rugged individualism and self-help, without the government interference D) A repeal of the constitutional amendment allowing women to vote

A

Where did married black women typically work to supplement their family income in the late nineteenth century United States? A) Outside the home as domestics B) Outside the home as typists C) At home as pieceworkers D) At home by taking in boarders

A

Which event led to the end of the Pullman strike of 1893? A) The courts issued an injunction leading to the imprisonment of Eugene Debs. B) Eugene Debs decided to demonstrate his power by capitulating to management. C) The army immediately forced the strikers to abandon their demands. D) George Pullman announced his willingness to negotiate with the American Railway Union.

A

Which fleeing Indian tribe was hunted down by the U.S. army just 50 miles from Canada in 1877? A) Nez Percé B) Shoshoni C) Apache D) Crow

A

Which group enthusiastically supported the tariff in the nineteenth century? A) Industrialists B) Southern farmers C) Midwestern farmers D) Advocates of free trade

A

Which issue in the debate of 1849-50 led to the Compromise of 1850? A. The balance of power between the North and the South in Congress B. Whether or not the nation should engage in a civil war C. Stricter interstate commerce regulations D. Whether or not Congress should raise taxes on imports

A

Which of the following beliefs formed the basis for Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy? A) The United States should use a combination of military strength and diplomacy to deal with European powers. B) The United States should rely solely on its military strength in dealing with the great European nations. C) The United States should allow European influence in the Western Hemisphere only when the nations there agreed to it. D) The United States had no business intervening in the affairs of other nations.

A

Which of the following characterized the U.S. economy when Hoover moved into the White House in 1929? A) There was a huge disparity in wealth between rich and poor. B) The country had low tariffs and a strong balance of trade with foreign nations. C) The gap between rich and poor was narrowing. D) Consumers were reluctant to rely on credit to fund purchases

A

Which of the following describes African American cowboys in the West in the late nineteenth century? A) They had a substantial presence in the region but not in the fiction of the time. B) They were prominently featured in the dime novels of the post-Civil War era. C) They were an insignificant presence, particularly in Texas and California. D) They were celebrated in popular fiction despite their small numbers in the region

A

Which of the following describes President Taft's "dollar diplomacy" in the Caribbean? A) It set commercial rather than strategic goals. B) It attempted to increase U.S. influence in the region by hiring nationals and paying them U.S. dollars. C) It differed little from President Roosevelt's policies in the region. D) It offered Caribbean nations a favorable rate of exchange with the United States.

A

Which of the following describes the economic survival of the nineteenth-century American working-class family? A) It depended on the employment of every family member. B) It was assured as long as the male head of household was able to find a job. C) It was assured as long as both parents worked outside the home. D) It required the assistance of local social service agencies.

A

Which of the following describes the impact of the wealth produced in the Nevada mining industry? A) It enriched speculators in San Francisco. B) It remained in the state's rapidly expanding mining towns. C) It funded local education and construction projects. D) It discouraged immigrants from migrating to the region.

A

Which of the following describes the majority of immigrants' lifestyles in the United States after 1900? A) They lived in cities because jobs were available there and because they did not have the money to buy land. B) The majority had left overcrowded conditions in their homeland to settle in America's farmlands. C) They had come to America to escape harsh economic conditions in Germany and Ireland. D) They lived in temporary housing in the United States and soon returned to their homes.

A

Which of the following developments changed the U.S. garment industry in the 1850s? A) Independent tailors were replaced by sweatshop workers. B) The supply of cheap labor dried up. C) Women became the dominant force in its labor unions. D) Foreign countries began to manufacture most of the world's clothing

A

Which of the following developments was a key factor in the rise of the Gilded Age? A) The growth of industrialism in the United States B) Urban political reform C) The separation of business and politics D) Massive government programs to help the poor

A

Which of the following factors boosted nineteenth-century railroad construction in America significantly? A) Monetary aid and land grants from federal and state governments B) Federal restrictions of rates and railroad company competition C) The transportation demands of homesteaders D) The deterioration of the National Road

A

Which of the following is true of labor unions in the western mining industry? A) They formed early and held considerable bargaining power. B) They did little to help workers in the event of an accident or sickness. C) They held little appeal for workers. D) They had no success organizing in the West.

A

Which of the following statements describes the primary difference between preservationists and conservationists in the early twentieth century? A) Preservationists sought to protect the wilderness from all commercial exploitation, while conservationists advocated its efficient use. B) Conservationists sought to protect the wilderness from all commercial exploitation, while preservationists advocated its efficient use. C) Preservationists openly supported Roosevelt's environmental policies, while conservationists did not. D) Preservationists secured Roosevelt's support, while conservationists did not.

A

Which precedent guided President Wilson's policies toward Latin America? A) The Monroe Doctrine B) Expansionism C) Isolationism D) Dollar diplomacy

A

Which statement describes African Americans' experiences in the Union army? A. The Union placed blacks in segregated units. B. A few African Americans became commissioned officers. C. Black soldiers earned the same pay as white soldiers. D. Harsh treatment kept most blacks from enlisting in the military.

A

Which statement describes late-nineteenth-century American libraries? A) They made up the most extensive free public-library system in the world. B) They were popular with laborers who took advantage of their free literacy programs. C) They were found only in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City. D) They were privately funded and open only to members who could afford to pay

A

Which statement describes the Haymarket affair of 1886? A) It began as a rally of laborers organized by radicals. B) It took place in Boston on the Fourth of July. C) It involved railroad workers who wanted higher wages. D) It made the Knights of Labor more powerful than ever.

A

Who eventually replaced Chinese workers, especially in agriculture, after the Chinese Exclusion Act? A) Japanese workers B) White southerners C) Black southerners D) Mexican workers

A

Who supported the Wilmot Proviso? A. Northerners who wanted to reserve new lands for white settlers B. Southerners who had concluded that slavery could not flourish in the West C. Northerners and southerners who were morally opposed to slavery D. Southerners who could not afford to relocate their plantations to the West

A

Why did some states in the Upper South opt for secession from the Union? A. They felt betrayed, believing that Lincoln had promised to achieve a peaceful reunion. B. Senators from the Lower South convinced them to. C. Minor slave revolts threatened the region's institution of slavery. D. The new Confederate government offered them tax advantages if they seceded.

A

Why did the "twenty-Negro law" enrage many white southerners during the Civil War? A. It exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves. B. It paid slaveholders scarce government funds for every twenty slaves they owned or supervised. C. It forced every slaveholder with at least forty slaves to turn over twenty of them for use by the government. D. It targeted for military service every slaveholder with at least twenty slaves.

A

Why did the United States fail to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations? A) President Wilson would not compromise on the terms of the treaty. B) Americans overwhelmingly opposed the League of Nations. C) The House of Representatives voted against the treaty's ratification. D) President Wilson's health limited his ability to lobby the members of Congress for their support.

A

Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 extraordinary? A. It made discrimination in state laws illegal. B. It declared martial law in the South. C. It expanded the states' authority to write their own civil rights laws. D. It prolonged the life of the Freedmen's Bureau.

A

Why were Irish Catholic voters offended by James G. Blaine's campaign? A) He neglected to respond to a slur on Catholic voters. B) He denied his Irish heritage in order to gain votes. C) His campaign office refused to hire Irish workers. D) He often drank on the campaign trail, bringing truth to the phrase "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion."

A

According to American businessmen who subscribed to the economic theory of laissezfaire, what was the role of the government in the economy? A) It should always intervene in the nation's economic affairs. B) It should not interfere in economic affairs except to protect private property. C) It had the responsibility to foster competition in industry. D) Only state governments should intervene in the nation's social and economic affairs.

B

According to President Wilson, American neutrality entailed A) the right to offer nonmilitary aid to the Allies. B) free trade with all nations at war and a guarantee of safety on the open seas. C) an embargo on all private passenger ships traveling between the British Isles, Europe, and the United States. D) a mediator role in the peace process.

B

According to the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, what did a state have to do before gaining readmission to Congress? A. Allow men and women to vote on a new constitution B. Write a new constitution that guaranteed black suffrage C. Elect a Republican governor D. Guarantee permanent employment for African Americans

B

After Frances Willard assumed the presidency of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879, the organization's focus gradually changed to include A) alcoholism as a sin and poverty as the result of drink. B) social action, labor conditions, and women's voting rights. C) the use of education and persuasion in an effort to ban the sale of alcohol. D) prayer and missionary work to draw women back into church membership.

B

As middle- and upper-class urbanites moved to new areas of their cities in the late nineteenth century, poor city dwellers A) also moved to the outskirts of the industrial cities. B) became socially segregated from the wealthy. C) gained increasing economic and political power. D) saw the quality of their daily lives improve dramatically.

B

Beginning in the 1890s, progressive southerners sought to reform the electoral system in the South by A) establishing new political parties. B) disfranchising black voters. C) preventing woman suffrage. D) voting for Republican social reforms.

B

By 1892, the Farmers' Alliance had become A) a party of farmers, lawyers, and professors. B) the People's party. C) a branch of the Democratic party. D) an advocate of the gold standard.

B

By 1900, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) could claim credit for A) the emergence of an organized movement for woman suffrage. B) providing a generation of women with experience in political action. C) securing the right to vote for all women. D) securing a constitutional amendment banning the sale and consumption of alcohol

B

Carnegie Steel achieved the tremendous productivity that Andrew Carnegie insisted on A) through the adoption of personnel policies that included profit-sharing and paid vacations. B) by forcing employees to work long hours under extremely dangerous conditions for low pay. C) by scheduling shifts at night, when it was cooler, which helped workers endure the high temperatures in the plant. D) by operating the plant for only part of the year, which made the equipment last longer.

B

Democrats dubbed the Republican-dominated Fifty-first Congress the "Billion Dollar Congress" because it spent the nation's surplus on A) large subsidies for farmers. B) lawmakers' own constituents. C) compensation for the revenue foreign nations lost because of the tariff. D) programs to promote big business.

B

During the 1920s, most American women who worked had A) manufacturing jobs in factories. B) office and sales jobs. C) jobs in domestic and food service. D) medical, legal, and financial jobs.

B

Employers sought to limit the control of skilled workers on the shop floor in the late nineteenth century A) through the use of violence and intimidation. B) by replacing people with machines. C) by forbidding shop-floor workers from talking during the workday. D) through hiring factory foremen to supervise every aspect of production.

B

Federal authorities sent Al Capone to prison on what charge? A) Murder B) Income tax evasion C) Bootlegging alcohol D) Armed robbery

B

For what reason did hundreds of thousands of Americans migrate to the West in the three decades after 1870? A) To find work in the steel industry B) To own their own land C) To secure territorial appointments in government D) To earn wages in the expanding agribusinesses

B

For what reason were African American troops, known as Buffalo soldiers, serving in the West during the Indian Wars? A) The first black regiment to come west originated in Buffalo, New York. B) Native Americans thought their hair resembled that of the bison. C) They were as scarce as the buffalo on the Great Plains of the late 1800s. D) They were the soldiers primarily responsible for the extinction of buffalo herds

B

Having stated that "the paramount issue this year is moral rather than political," supporters of Grover Cleveland in 1884 were chagrined to learn that Cleveland had A) become rich through a slush fund while he was governor of New York. B) fathered a child out of wedlock. C) taken kickbacks from builders in New York and New Jersey. D) lied about his academic and professional background.

B

How did African Americans seek to escape the South's cotton fields and kitchens between 1915 and 1920? A) They moved in large numbers to California, Oregon, and Washington state. B) They left the South for northern industrial cities such as Detroit and Cleveland. C) They founded new communities in Kansas and Oklahoma. D) They participated in the war effort at home and abroad and won recognition for their diverse talents

B

How did President Roosevelt influence land conservation during his administration? A) He reduced the amount of conserved land by nearly half. B) He more than quadrupled the acreage of government reserves. C) He was unable to increase the amount of acreage saved owing to Congress's inaction. D) He expanded the acreage of government reserves nearly tenfold.

B

How did William Jennings Bryan react to President Wilson's threat to break diplomatic relations with Germany? A) Bryan resigned, feeling the president was too cautious in a time of war. B) Bryan resigned because he felt the president had placed the U.S. on a collision course with Germany. C) Bryan offered public support for the president's decision to break diplomatic relations with Germany. D) Bryan switched his allegiance to the Republican party because more Republicans than Democrats opposed going to war.

B

How did rural Americans perceive cities during the 1920s? A) As the places where the truest American values of freedom and democracy were expressed B) As the sources of vice, religious threats, and other assaults on traditional values C) As potential suppliers of well-trained but cheap agricultural laborers D) As idyllic places where they might go to enjoy restaurants, theater, and museums

B

How did the Mexican-American War affect American politics? A. It allowed Congress to avoid the slavery issue for another decade. B. It divided the nation based on the issue of slavery in the territories. C. It gave rise to a new political party, the Know-Nothings. D. It ended the era of military heroes as presidential candidates.

B

How did the Utah legislature counter the criticism of polygamy in 1870? A) It outlawed the practice. B) It gave women the right to vote. C) It ignored its critics. D) It successfully petitioned for statehood.

B

How did the federal government respond when American sugar interests requested that the United States annex Hawai'i in 1893? A) President Benjamin Harrison opposed the plan because he did not believe the United States could annex geographically distant territory. B) President Grover Cleveland withdrew the annexation request from Congress when he learned that Hawaiians opposed it. C) Congress lowered the tariff on sugar in order to avoid the complications associated with annexation. D) The Senate tabled the request in order to respect the president's wishes.

B

How was it possible that Jay Gould was described as both the world's richest man and the most hated man in America when he died in 1892? A) Most Americans were envious of his wealth and his accomplishments. B) He was a symbol of all the most troubling aspects of big business in America. C) His wealth had been accumulated through criminal activity. D) The distribution of wealth in the United States had actually become more equitable during the 1890s.

B

In 1854, Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because A. he had never supported the Missouri Compromise in the first place. B. he needed southern support to pass his legislation. C. he pocketed bribes from southern legislators in return for supporting their causes. D. he did not think the plan would cause controversy

B

In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president because he had A. a majority of the popular vote. B. strong support in the more populous free states. C. enough popularity to carry two crucial slave states. D. three opponents who split the southern vote.

B

In 1927, Charles Lindbergh became the first person to A) swim the English Channel alone. B) fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean. C) drive an automobile across the United States in less than a week. D) fly around the world.

B

In the post-Civil War United States, a "city boss" was A) an especially effective mayor who oversaw a large city as it industrialized. B) a professional politician who provided public works and social services for new residents. C) a corrupt politician who served primarily to benefit himself and his family. D) a city councilor who had served at least three consecutive terms.

B

Lawyers used a mass of sociological evidence in the 1908 Muller v. Oregon case to demonstrate A) the ill effects on workers of prolonged exposure to toxic fumes. B) the ill effects of working long hours on the health and safety of women. C) that women are stronger than men in some situations and should be paid more. D) that railroads should hire at least as many women as men in all operational areas.

B

Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association urged black Americans in the 1920s to A) revolt against the U.S. government and their white oppressors. B) rediscover their African heritage and take pride in their culture and achievements. C) adopt the accommodationist stance advocated by Booker T. Washington to increase their status. D) lobby the federal government for reparations for the time they and their ancestors spent in slavery.

B

One of Cleveland mayor Thomas Lofton Johnson's primary goals was to A) close municipal buildings one hour before sundown to conserve electricity. B) reduce Cleveland's streetcar system's fare from five cents to three cents. C) use a fare increase on the city's streetcars to retire the city's skyrocketing debt. D) privatize the city's gasworks in order to make central heating available to the Cleveland's working-class population.

B

President James A. Garfield unwittingly helped the cause of civil service reform when he A) mistakenly signed a legislative act enabling that reform. B) was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. C) made a series of speeches that appeared to endorse government reforms. D) refused to speak out on standardizing the requirements for federal jobs.

B

President Roosevelt inherited the Open Door Policy, which was designed to A) institute free trade with all capitalist nations of the world. B) ensure American commercial entry into China. C) lift all U.S. restrictions on immigration. D) facilitate the entry of Asian immigrants to the United States.

B

Prominent business leader of the late nineteenth century J. P. Morgan believed that A) he was making American business more democratic and competitive. B) consolidation and central control were preferable to competition. C) he should make a huge amount of money and then give it all away before he died. D) his Christian faith led to his fabulous success in business and that he deserved that wealth.

B

Suffragists suffered a bitter defeat in 1896 when a referendum on woman suffrage failed in which state? A) Colorado B) California C) Utah D) Massachusetts

B

Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely promoted the Republican Radicals' agenda for civil rights. A. expanded the power of the federal government. B. undermined Reconstruction. C. expanded voting rights

B

The 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the war with Spain ceded which islands to the United States? A) Cuba, Haiti, and the Samoan Islands B) Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines C) The Virgin Islands and Guantanamo D) San Salvador and the Aleutian Islands

B

The Platt Amendment in the 1898 Cuban constitution A) gave Cuba total independence. B) gave the United States the power to oversee Cuban debt. C) made it Cuba's responsibility to establish a democracy. D) established a two-party system in Cuba.

B

The Selective Service Act of 1917 authorized the armed forces to conscript A) more than five million men and women. B) all young men. C) African Americans and veterans of the Spanish-American War. D) only those who were already serving in the country's reserve units.

B

The immediate cause of President Wilson's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in 1917 was A) the discovery of the German's true hostility toward the U.S. through the Zimmermann telegram. B) German submarine attacks on five American vessels off the coast of Great Britain. C) pressure from Theodore Roosevelt and other powerful and influential interventionists. D) the discovery of German submarines poised to attack American cities on the Atlantic coast.

B

The new southern state constitutions mandated by the Reconstruction Acts introduced which of the following reforms? A. Mandatory education B. Universal male suffrage C. Wholesale disfranchisement of ex-rebels D. The redistribution of property

B

The platform of the People's party in the 1890s A) called for less government intervention in the United States. B) presented an alternative vision of economic democracy. C) was fundamentally a traditionalist response to hard times. D) called for the reorganization of the U.S. government along Communist principles.

B

The presidential election of 1856 revealed the A. weakness of the Democratic party in the South. B. strength of the new Republican party. C. indifference of southern voters. D. fundamental flaws in the electoral college system.

B

The racism directed at ethnic immigrant groups in America in the late nineteenth century A) diminished as each new group of immigrants reached the country and diversified the population. B) was the product of the perception that ethnic and religious differences were racial characteristics. C) was directed only at those ethnic groups that had dark skin. D) divided the immigrant workforce between skilled laborers from Southern and Eastern Europe and unskilled laborers from Northern and Western Europe.

B

To obtain the Panamanian isthmus for construction of a canal in 1903, the United States A) negotiated a treaty and paid a fair price for the property. B) backed an uprising in Panama arranged by New York investors. C) declared war with Colombia, which controlled the isthmus at the time. D) submitted its cause to international arbitration.

B

To what did the term solid South refer in the decades after Reconstruction? A) The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Republican in every election for the next seventy years B) The states of the old Confederacy, which voted Democratic in every election for the next seventy years C) Four southern states that voted as a bloc over the next decade D) The states of the old Confederacy, which continued to lobby for the reinstitution of slavery

B

What characterized the period Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover described as a New Era in 1920? A) The dramatic growth of the Socialist party B) A freewheeling economy C) The implementation of progressive reforms in a peacetime economy D) A narrowing of the gap between rich and poor

B

What decision made by Henry Clay Frick led to the deaths and injuries that took place at the Homestead mill in 1892? A) The call for the Pennsylvania National Guard to defend the plant B) The hiring of Pinkertons to enter the plant via the river C) The call for strikebreakers to fire on the striking workers D) The plan to shut the plant's doors and arm nonunion workers

B

What development led to the emergence of the modern skyscraper in the 1890s? A) The invention of the elevator B) The advent of structural steel C) The decline of corporate power D) The advent of cast iron

B

What development resulted from the U.S. labor situation in 1919? A) Workers' hours were cut to accommodate cutbacks in production. B) Four million workers organized more than 3,600 strikes. C) The country's industrial centers experienced unprecedented growth of labor unions. D) The American middle-class population grew exponentially

B

What did Douglas argue in what became known as the Freeport Doctrine? A. The Dred Scott decision would very likely be reversed in the near future. B. Settlers could ban slavery by not passing the laws necessary to protect slave property. C. The Supreme Court could not supersede the implementation of popular sovereignty. D. Halting slavery would cause dire financial consequences for the United States.

B

What did J. P. Morgan receive in return for his actions in the Panic of 1907? A) A firm rebuke from President Roosevelt for interfering in government affairs B) The tacit approval of President Roosevelt for U.S. Steel's acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron C) The promise of antitrust proceedings if he went forward with the purchase of Tennessee Coal and Iron D) The chairmanship of the Federal Reserve Board for the remainder of Roosevelt's administration

B

What did President Calvin Coolidge's economic policy include? A) Advocacy for government regulation of corporate America B) Reductions in government regulation of business C) Support for higher taxes for American businesses D) Pressure on the courts to prosecute companies that violated antitrust laws

B

What did President Wilson call for in his Fourteen Points? A) A return to the prewar status quo B) The right of Europeans to self-determination C) Strict punishment of the German nation D) The United Nations to begin meeting immediately

B

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 promise to potential migrants to the West? A) one hundred sixty acres to any southerner who promised to defect from the Confederacy and move West B) one hundred sixty acres free to any citizen or prospective citizen who settled on land west of the Mississippi River for five years C) Free agricultural implements and enough money to live for one year to all citizens willing to cultivate land west of the Mississippi River D) one hundred sixty acres to any citizen or prospective citizen at a guaranteed price of $2 an acre

B

What did the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act have in common? A) Both testified to big business's concern about government abuses in chartering and licensing corporations. B) Both testified to the nation's growing willingness to use federal measures to intervene in big business on behalf of the public interest. C) Both had an immediate and significant impact on the conduct of business in the United States. D) Both were compromises supported by big business to distract the public from corporate abuses.

B

What did the Whigs do in an attempt to reunite their party during the presidential campaign of 1848? A. Denounce abolitionists B. Remain silent on the issue of slavery C. Nominate a wealthy southerner who opposed slavery D. Nominate a northerner who advocated popular sovereignty

B

What did the social gospel movement of the late nineteenth century advocate? A) It urged the distribution of free Bibles in cities. B) It called for the reform of both individuals and society. C) It argued that charity begins at home. D) It called for corporate funds to build churches throughout the nation.

B

What disadvantage did the South face when it came to supplying the Confederate armies? A. It failed to mobilize enough troops. B. It lacked the resources available to the North. C. It found it more difficult to build intricate weapons. D. The Confederate Ordinance Bureau folded a month after it began.

B

What factor posed a major obstacle to the alignment of the Populists and Democrats in the election of 1896? A) William McKinley's running mate, Garret Hobart B) William Jennings Bryan's running mate, Arthur Sewall C) The campaign's focus on woman suffrage D) Western Populists' hatred of Democrats

B

What happened in the loyal border states of Missouri and Kentucky during the Civil War? A. State leaders emancipated their slaves. B. A violent pro-southern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause. C. Most soldiers refused to fight against the Confederates. D. The citizens threatened to split off and create their own separate nation.

B

What happened to the Sioux after their victory at the Battle of the Little Big Horn? A) They continued to pose a military threat to American invaders. B) They were hunted down by the American army. C) Sitting Bull led the united Sioux in establishing an independent settlement. D) They begrudgingly accepted the loss of the Black Hills

B

What happened when Democrats met to choose a presidential candidate in Charleston, South Carolina? A. They agreed unanimously on Stephen A. Douglas. B. They divided into southern and northern factions. C. They selected Jefferson Davis as their candidate. D. Their delegates agreed to reject popular sovereignty

B

What impact did the discovery of precious metals on the Comstock have for Native Americans? A) Tremendous economic prosperity B) Destruction of their land C) The obliteration of their culture D) Almost no effect on their daily lives

B

What issue triggered the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894? A) The Western Federation of Miners' demanded that workers should own the gold mines. B) Owners attempted to lengthen the workday from eight to ten hours. C) Miners were displeased with the outcome of Colorado's gubernatorial election in 1892. D) Miners organized to demand higher wages.

B

What made Abraham Lincoln an attractive candidate for the Republican nomination? A. He supported high tariffs. B. He represented the crucial state of Illinois. C. His extreme racial views appealed to antislavery southerners. D. He was good friends with powerful Democrats.

B

What made presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan's 1896 campaign particularly notable? A) He reversed his opinion mid-campaign to support retention of the gold standard. B) He set a new style for presidential campaigning by traveling and speaking widely. C) His campaign strategies led him to win the popular vote but lose the Electoral College vote. D) He pioneered dramatic campaign tactics by traveling the country carrying a large gold cross.

B

What occurred under the "outing system" of the 1880s? A) Young children from rural areas were sent to live with families in cities. B) Indian children were forced to live with white families over summer vacation. C) Indian children who did not succeed at school were returned to their tribes. D) White men who had taken Indian wives were asked to leave the reservation.

B

What position did President Cleveland take in the 1895 border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana that tested the Monroe Doctrine? A) Britain should give in to Venezuela. B) America had the right to step in and mediate. C) Venezuela should give in to Britain. D) Venezuela should solve its own problems with the advice of the U.S. State Department

B

What prompted an Irish-led riot that took the lives of at least 105 people in New York City in the summer of 1863? A. The prejudices immigrant workers faced B. The newly enacted draft law C. Inadequate living conditions and high rents D. Dangerous working conditions

B

What provoked America's entrance into the Spanish-American War in 1898? A) Spain's attack on the coast of Florida B) The sinking of the Maine C) Spain's border dispute with Venezuela and Colombia D) The nation's desire to colonize Cuba

B

What sparked the Homestead lockout and the ensuing strike in 1892? A) Workers demanded higher wages, shorter days, sick pay, and safer working conditions. B) The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers tried to renew its contract. C) Henry Clay Frick fired several workers for refusing to adopt the company's new tenhour workday. D) Andrew Carnegie left for Scotland after refusing to shorten workers' shifts.

B

What was the Comstock Lode? A) A vein of gold discovered by prospector Henry Comstock B) The richest vein of silver ore found on the North American continent C) A complicated piece of machinery designed to extract silver from mines D) The largest mining company ever formed in the American West

B

What was the White City, which was constructed in 1893, five miles down the shore from Chicago? A) A shelter for Chicago's homeless and unemployed B) The home of the World's Columbian Exposition C) An art exhibit about the dangers of rapid technological advancements D) The site of newly constructed tenements for Chicago's slaughterhouse workers

B

What was the central issue addressed by the highly publicized Scopes trial of 1925? A) The Ku Klux Klan's right of the to be involved in politics at the state level B) The legality of the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution in Tennessee C) The 1920s-era conflict between fundamentalist Protestants and Catholics in America D) The biblical evidence for human evolution from lesser primates

B

What was the fundamental cause of the Great Depression in the United States? A) The stock market crash in the fall of 1929 B) Problems in the American and international economies C) Herbert Hoover's election to the U.S. presidency D) Massive fraud in the New York and Chicago stock exchanges

B

What was the impact of Great Britain's blockade of Germany in 1914? A) The United States immediately cut off trade with Great Britain. B) Trade between the United States and Great Britain increased. C) Trade between the United States and Germany was not affected. D) President Wilson immediately declared war against Germany.

B

What was the impact of World War I on partisan politics in the 1918 elections in the United States? A) The national commitment created political unity and silenced partisan politics. B) Republicans used the war to achieve narrow majorities in the House and Senate. C) The American victory in the war widened the Democratic majority in the House and Senate. D) Widespread anti-German sentiment threatened the unity of the Republican party and its continued role in American politics.

B

What was the outcome of the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887? A) Expansion of the area covered by the reservation system to include all Native Americans B) Division of reservations and allotment of individual plots of land to Native Americans C) Prohibition of white settlement in Oklahoma D) Restoration of much of the land in the Southwest to Native Americans

B

What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882? A) To respond to Chinese laborers' demands for higher wages and better working conditions B) To decrease the Chinese population of the American West C) To limit the number of Chinese immigrants to America for a period of three years D) To reduce anti-Asian prejudice in California and other areas of the West

B

What was the purpose of the Dawes Plan, instituted in 1924? A) It authorized the mobilization of U.S. military forces to ensure that Germany would pay reparations. B) It cut Germany's annual reparations payments in half and initiated fresh American loans to Germany. C) It called for the United States to join the League of Nations in order to enforce the Kellogg-Briand pact. D) It made provisions for the United States to assume Germany's war debts in exchange for their commitment to peace.

B

What was the purpose of the immigration laws of the 1920s, including the Johnson-Reed Act? A) To open the nation's borders to an unprecedented influx of new immigrants B) To place strict limits on immigration C) To close off immigration to the United States from other areas of the Western Hemisphere D) To overturn the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

B

What was the result of Preston Brooks's caning of Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner in 1856? A. It settled a longstanding personal grievance between the men. B. It further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery. C. It ended Sumner's long career in the Senate. D. It resulted in Brooks becoming an outcast in his home state of South Carolina.

B

What was the result of Republican campaigns for public education in the South during the Reconstruction period? A. Very few blacks had the opportunity to attend school. B. Literacy rates rose sharply across the South. C. Southern schools had the same funding as northern schools. D. The South desegregated its public schools.

B

What was the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction? A. The pardons permitted the rebels to return home with limited currency. B. The pardons restored property (except slaves) to rebel soldiers. C. The pardons kept ex-Confederate leaders from returning to political power. D. The pardons forgave debts incurred during the war.

B

What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh? A. The Confederate victory gave the South control of the Mississippi River. B. The Union victory ruined the Confederacy's chances to take control of the West. C. The Confederate victory ensured that the Union would not take New Orleans. D. The Union's easy victory convinced General Grant that victory was near.

B

What was the significance of the first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861? A. It disheartened northerners to the extent that men stopped volunteering for the Union army. B. The Union's defeat encouraged Lincoln to authorize the enlistment of one million more men for three years. C. It was a bloodbath in which over ten thousand men died. D. Confederate soldiers questioned whether they had the mettle to compete with Union troops.

B

Where had electricity been put to use in the United States by the late nineteenth century? A) Mostly in rural areas B) Mostly in urban areas C) Only in factories D) Only in government offices

B

Which group of American senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles? A) Democratic interventionists B) Republican isolationists C) Democratic party loyalists D) Roosevelt progressives

B

Which group or groups decimated the buffalo herds on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century? A) Native Americans who regularly slaughtered the animals as part of their rituals B) Railroads and irresponsible hide hunters C) The U.S. army, which killed them to feed the troops D) Chinese and Irish work gangs who were desperate for food

B

Which group sponsored a team of lawyers to defend the nine young black men in Scottsboro, Alabama, who were arrested on trumped-up rape charges in 1931? A) The Republican party B) The Communist party C) The NAACP D) The League of Women Voters

B

Which issue sparked conflict in the Democratic and Republican parties as the election of 1896 approached and the depression worsened? A) Increasing crop prices B) The unlimited coinage of silver C) The parties' positions on labor reforms D) The question of whether or not to control trusts

B

How did the People's party fare in the presidential election of 1892? A) It won fewer than one million votes. B) It failed to win a spot on the ballot in twenty-five states. C) It captured more than a million votes. D) It won very few votes owing to black disfranchisement in the South

C

Which of the following describes Wilson's experience in the presidential election of 1916? A) He faced two opponents: Theodore Roosevelt and Charles Evans Hughes. B) He won the election but only by a very small margin. C) Divisions in the Democratic party compelled him to run on the Reform ticket. D) He promised that he would continue to keep the United States out of the war in Europe.

B

Which of the following describes a significant difference between William Howard Taft's presidency and that of Theodore Roosevelt? A) Unlike Roosevelt, Taft refused to compromise with business leaders. B) Taft believed it was up to the courts, not the president, to arbitrate social issues. C) Unlike Roosevelt, Taft wanted to strengthen the powers of the executive branch. D) Taft completely ignored the tariff issue, which was the hallmark of the Roosevelt administration.

B

Which of the following describes the Gilded Age? A) The peak of the social reform era in the nineteenth century B) An era marked by personal greed and a corrupt partnership between business and politics C) The period when the success of mining operations significantly lowered the price of gold D) The time in which poverty was nonexistent and wealth was shared by all

B

Which of the following describes the relationship between the Southern Farmers' Alliance and the Colored Farmers' Alliance? A) They had total disregard for each other's interests. B) They attempted to make common cause. C) They were in total agreement and worked together harmoniously. D) They had no contact with each other.

B

Which of the following explains why the U.S. army gunned down unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in 1890? A) It was rumored that the Indians were waiting to ambush the troops. B) American soldiers feared an uprising provoked by a militant interpretation of the Ghost Dance religion. C) The Sioux had refused to sign a new treaty that relinquished land surrounding the Creek. D) Troops had been ordered to wipe out all Native Americans in the area.

B

Which of the following factors contributed significantly to the astonishing growth in America's urban population between 1870 and 1900? A) The annexation of the rural areas surrounding America's major cities B) The migration of people from the rural areas of Europe and the United States C) The dramatic increase in the American birthrate D) The combination of a rising birthrate and urban annexation

B

Which of the following statements describes Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom? A) It incorporated his belief in federal planning and the regulation of big business. B) It incorporated his belief in limited government, states' rights, and open markets. C) It was based on the notion that centralized government was the most effective means of broadening democracy. D) It was very similar to Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism

B

Which of the following was true of Standard Oil in the 1890s? A) It was not as strong as it had been in the 1880s. B) It controlled more than 90 percent of the oil business. C) It had cut its workforce to 50,000 people. D) It was broken up into a number of smaller companies by the federal government

B

Which statement describes life on the Indian reservations? A) The government allowed Indians to maintain their cultural practices. B) Poverty and starvation stalked Indian reservations. C) The government assaulted Indian culture but did give Indians sufficient rations. D) Indians were able to establish their own independent governments.

B

Which statement describes the oil industry before John D. Rockefeller's rise to power? A) A few large refineries controlled most of the oil business. B) Low entry costs allowed riotous competition. C) Small refineries worked together to minimize competition. D) Competition was limited owing to government regulations.

B

Who led the Great Sioux Uprising in 1862? A) Sitting Bull B) Little Crow C) Red Cloud D) Crazy Horse

B

Who was disappointed in the voting rights provisions in the Fourteenth Amendment? A. Northern members of the Republican party B. Advocates of female suffrage C. Frederick Douglass and other abolitionists D. Ex-slaves in the South

B

Who wrote the social Darwinist book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other? A) Charles Darwin B) William Graham Sumner C) Herbert Spencer D) Andrew Carnegie

B

Why did Germany decide to resume unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917? A) It did not believe the United States had any intention of entering the war. B) It felt it could win the war before the United States could bring its army to Europe. C) Its army in France was nearly defeated and it had nothing to lose. D) It had received intelligence reports that America was mobilizing for war.

B

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) influence northerners' attitudes toward slavery? A. It included scientific evidence of the effects of slavery on those enslaved. B. It put forth a stirring moral indictment of slavery. C. Stowe argued that the North was not responsible for the institution of slavery. D. It suggested that northerners should pay for slaves to be sent to Africa.

B

Why did King Cotton diplomacy fail? A. The Union destroyed too many southern plantations. B. European nations turned to Egypt and India for cotton. C. The Union refused to trade with Great Britain. D. Southern slaves refused to work during the war.

B

Why did Margaret Sanger promote birth control in the 1910s? A) She believed that the United States was perilously close to being overpopulated. B) She believed it would usefully alter social and political power relationships. C) She owned shares in several drug companies and hoped to make more profits. D) She believed it was an issue she could use to win a seat in Congress.

B

Why did President Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers? A. His lenient terms for reconstruction belied his earlier states' rights stance. B. He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy. C. His harsh terms for reconstruction belied his earlier promises of leniency. D. He failed to follow through on his promise to grant the freedmen voting rights.

B

Why did President Lincoln choose not to make the Civil War a struggle over slavery? A. He believed slavery to be a relatively insignificant issue. B. He doubted his power to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state. C. He doubted that destroying slavery was the best thing for African Americans. D. He believed that eradicating slavery would destroy the economy of the South.

B

Why did President Wilson champion the Keating-Owen child labor law, an eight-hour workday for railroad workers, and other social reforms in 1916? A) He had come to understand the need for reform in America. B) He wanted to win support and votes in the West and Midwest. C) He had accepted bribes and concessions from reformers. D) He wanted to gain favor with Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis.

B

Why did President Woodrow Wilson choose William Jennings Bryan to serve as his secretary of state in 1912? A) The Senate supported Bryan. B) Bryan was an avowed pacifist. C) Bryan had extensive military experience. D) Bryan had served successfully under William Howard Taft.

B

Why did progressives launch the social purity movement? A) To regulate the food industry B) To attack prostitution and other vices C) To advocate the use of birth control among immigrants D) To clean up corrupt urban politics

B

Why did the Democrats remain a national organization after 1854? A. They made inroads into the North. B. Gains in the South offset losses in the North. C. They abandoned popular sovereignty in favor of a free-soil platform. D. They welcomed former Whigs into their ranks.

B

Why were the Germans outraged by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? A) They did not believe they had lost the war. B) They had agreed to an armistice based on Wilson's Fourteen Points. C) They had expected that France would take sole blame for causing the war. D) Their Asian colonies were assigned to Japan.

B

Working as a skilled craftsman in America in the late nineteenth century A) meant guaranteed wages and year-round work. B) did not ensure financial security. C) was not much different from being a common laborer. D) required a secondary education.

B

. In Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, what did a Confederate state need to do to qualify for readmission into the Union? A. The state legislature had to guarantee the right to vote to all former slaves. B. Fifty percent of the voting population needed to pledge allegiance to the United States before forming a new government. C. Ten percent of the voting population needed to take an oath of allegiance before forming a new government. D. High-ranking Confederate officials had to renounce their allegiance to the government in Richmond.

C

. Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor, A) envisioned a union that would include skilled and unskilled workers. B) worked primarily to elect politicians who were sympathetic to labor. C) fought for higher pay and better working conditions for skilled labor. D) absolutely opposed strikes as a strategy for change.

C

2. The Fifteenth Amendment A. prohibited the states from infringing on the rights of citizens. B. defined U.S. citizenship. C. extended black male suffrage to the entire nation. D. outlawed slavery.

C

After his six-month jail sentence for his part in the Pullman strike, union leader Eugene Debs believed that A) unions must work within the existing government structure. B) unions were absolutely necessary to protect workers' interests. C) workers must take control and establish a socialist state. D) the Republican party offered the best solutions for American workers' problems.

C

Andrew Johnson was impeached on what charge? A. That he attempted to block Republican Reconstruction plans B. That he undermined the Freedmen's Bureau C. That he violated the Tenure of Office Act D. That he replaced Union generals with conservative officials in the South

C

Between 1870 and 1900, the population of rural America shrank from 80 percent to 66 percent while the agricultural sector of the economy experienced what change? A) It benefitted from the steady growth of the diversified family farm. B) It suffered from the removal of government subsidies for small farms. C) It grew through mechanization, commercialization, and expanding urban markets. D) It became the primary source of income for laborers in the Northeast.

C

By the early 1930s, unemployed workers were responding to the Great Depression by A) becoming increasingly passive and despondent, assuming that they were not worthy of jobs. B) seeking to improve their job qualifications by enrolling in vocational training programs. C) becoming increasingly outraged and turning toward militant forms of protest. D) turning on one another with violence as the competition for scarce jobs became even steeper.

C

By the turn of the twentieth century, most big-city governments were run A) exclusively by city bosses and their cronies. B) by a powerful mayor who controlled the city council. C) by compromise and the accommodation of various powerful political forces. D) by boards and commissions of experts who were appointed by the mayor.

C

Chinese immigrants made up what proportion of the workforce that built America's first transcontinental railroad? A) 20 percent B) 50 percent C) 90 percent D) 100 percent

C

Compared to the Homestead lockout, labor's success at Cripple Creek demonstrated A) the power of united, dedicated, and politicized workers. B) the benevolence of western mine owners. C) the importance of state support in the outcome of labor disputes. D) the weakness of Colorado's Populist governor Davis H. Waite.

C

During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor advocated for A) overtime pay, paid sick days, and paid vacations. B) social revolution and workers' ownership of the means of production. C) public ownership of the railroads, an income tax, and equal pay for women. D) shorter hours for children and women who worked outside of their homes.

C

Elevating productivity and efficiency but alienating the working class, Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered the practice of A) supply-side economics. B) mechanized labor. C) systematized shop management. D) laissez-faire.

C

For what reason was it difficult for the United States to win control of the Philippines after 1898? A) U.S. business interests saw no reason to develop markets in that part of the world. B) Congress did not adequately support the war effort. C) Filipino revolutionaries fought against the United States for seven years. D) A majority of people in the United States at the time opposed imperialism

C

For which group of Americans did authors Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, and Sinclair Lewis speak? A) Corporate America and the nation's consumer society B) Their co-participants in the Harlem Renaissance C) Critics of American anti-intellectualism and materialism D) Republicans and supporters of prohibition

C

How did Alexander Graham Bell's telephone revolutionize both communications and business in America? A) He had an instant monopoly on the communications market when he combined telephone and telegraph services in AT&T. B) He installed telephones in every office building in New York to facilitate communications between business and the stock exchange. C) He used a complicated organizational structure in his new company that allowed both local and cross-country communication. D) He sold the rights to his invention to John D. Rockefeller, who put it into national use.

C

How did American women respond to the denial of their right to vote in the late nineteenth century? A) They turned inward and refused to engage in the political process. B) They conceded that politics was a man's game and confined themselves to domestic concerns. C) They participated in the political process though the antilynching, suffrage, and temperance movements. D) They decided to take up a major role in the behind-the-scenes work of presidential politics.

C

How did Americans respond to Alfred E. Smith's candidacy for president in 1928? A) Positively, which is why he came so close to defeating Hoover in the election B) As a symbol of the traditional values of the heartland—Americanism, family, the Bible, chastity, and temperance C) As a symbol of all they feared—Catholicism, immigration, cities, and liberal attitudes D) With concern that he did not have the experience for the White House

C

How did Germany react to the 1914 blockade? A) By sending submarines to America's East Coast B) By declaring war on the United States C) By beginning a submarine blockade of Great Britain D) By attacking American ships

C

How did President Wilson demonstrate his progressive credentials when the United States entered the war in 1917? A) He appointed Theodore Roosevelt commander of the American Expeditionary Force. B) He nationalized the country's railroads and heavy industries for the duration of the war. C) He created new federal agencies to deal with the specific needs of the troops and the home front. D) He made a concerted effort to keep the war effort from influencing his domestic policies.

C

How did business expansion and consolidation affect the social structure in the latenineteenth-century United States? A) Class differences in U.S. society largely disappeared. B) Racial differences in the U.S. workforce largely disappeared. C) A new class of white male salaried managers emerged. D) Women were able to earn higher wages and become managers.

C

How did northerners view the Civil War once it began? A. It was a chance to punish the South after decades of political rivalry. B. It provided an opportunity to integrate all slaves into American society. C. It was a struggle to preserve the Union. D. It was an ideal time to emancipate slaves in the Union-loyal border states.

C

How did the American progressive movement begin and evolve? A) It originated at the federal level of government and worked its way down to rank-and-file Americans. B) It began at the federal level of government and essentially stayed there. C) It began at the grassroots level and percolated up to the national level of government. D) It started at the local level and had very little effect on state and national governments.

C

How did the Great Depression affect the American family in the 1930s? A) It caused an increase in the number of marriages among young adults whose parents could no longer support them. B) It sparked an increase in the birthrate among middle- and upper-class whites. C) It created resentment among men, who lost their jobs more often than women did. D) It led to the stabilization of the birthrate, which had been increasing since the turn of the century.

C

How did the Populists propose to help American farmers in the 1890s? A) They recommended that farmers join forces with industrial workers in American cities. B) They suggested that farmers increase both the production and the price of crops. C) They recommended creating a government-sponsored subtreasury. D) They advocated decentralizing the railroads to make them fairer to small businesses.

C

How did the Republican party attempt to foster unity for the election of 1880? A) It forced voters to choose among its factions. B) It convinced the popular Rutherford B. Hayes to run for reelection. C) It nominated a Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, for vice president. D) It nominated former Union general Winfield Scott Hancock for president.

C

How did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919)? A) It struck down federal restrictions on free speech that had been imposed during the war. B) It overturned Charles Schenck's conviction for urging resistance to the wartime draft. C) It ruled that Charles Schenck's actions posed a clear and present danger to the nation in a time of war. D) It upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for threatening to assassinate the president and vice president.

C

How did the invention of barbed wire revolutionize the cattle industry? A) It helped ranchers separate their herds from one another. B) It expanded safe grazing areas. C) It allowed ranchers to fence in their cattle. D) It prevented disputes over ownership of cattle.

C

How did the percentage of children under age fifteen working in the paid labor force in the United States change during the years leading up to World War I? A) It gradually decreased until it fell below 5 percent of the population. B) It dropped to virtually nothing owing to strict enforcement of child labor laws. C) It increased decade by decade. D) It remained much the same as it had been in 1870

C

In his capacity as a reform governor of California from 1911 to 1917, Hiram Johnson A) introduced the direct primary but failed to strengthen the state's railroad commission. B) published his book, The Octopus, that criticized the Southern Pacific Railroad. C) supported conservation, the initiative, referendum, and recall. D) vetoed both the direct primary and recall.

C

In his inaugural address, President Lincoln revealed that he hoped to avoid disunion by A. sending the Union army to South Carolina because it was the first state to secede. B. dispatching special emissaries to the slave states believed most likely to secede. C. taking measures to stop the spread of secession. D. threatening to abolish slavery in all seceding states.

C

In the 1920s, Harold "Red" Grange was associated with A) Madison Avenue advertising firms. B) Calvin Coolidge's administration. C) football. D) boxing.

C

Morgan acquired the core of what would be the largest corporation in the world when he purchased A) oil interests formerly controlled by John D. Rockefeller. B) railroads formerly controlled by Collis P. Huntington. C) steel interests formerly controlled by Andrew Carnegie. D) meatpacking interests formerly controlled by the Armour and Swift companies.

C

Most native-born white women who worked at the end of the nineteenth century held A) factory production jobs. B) jobs doing piecework in their homes. C) clerical jobs in offices. D) clerk jobs in department stores.

C

New York City's Central Park was planned to provide A) a series of playing fields for professional athletes. B) a delivery route for businesses on the streets lining the park. C) a natural oasis away from the busyness of the city. D) a concentration of plant matter to ensure sufficient oxygen production.

C

On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and A) Serbia. B) Austria-Hungary. C) France. D) Great Britain.

C

One result of the loosening of the traditional bonds of community, religion, and family in the United States in the 1920s was A) more crime and an increase in the number of school dropouts. B) a rapidly increasing divorce rate in urban areas. C) the emergence of youth as a distinct social class with their own culture. D) a significant increase in cohabitation among young, unmarried couples.

C

Per the Compromise of 1850, which state entered the union as a free state? A. New Mexico B. Utah C. California D. Arizona

C

President Harding's administration was characterized by A) ongoing government control of industry. B) financial wrongdoing on the part of the president. C) scandals that touched many members of his administration. D) an aggressive foreign policy

C

President Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in A) the Spanish-American War. B) the revolution in the Philippines. C) the Russo-Japanese War. D) the Panamanian uprising against Colombia.

C

President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to A) silence the antiwar film industry. B) ban novels written by German authors. C) stir up patriotism with posters, pamphlets, cartoons, and press releases. D) protect war critics like Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch.

C

President Wilson justified which decision by declaring that he would not support a "government of butchers"? A) Dispatching troops to Latin America after the outbreak of World War I B) Pulling American troops out of the Dominican Republic C) Intervening in Mexico's affairs after the Mexican Revolution D) Supporting the establishment of a dictatorship in Haiti

C

To compensate for the revenue that would be lost as a result of the new Underwood tariff, in 1913 the House of Representatives passed A) an act permitting Wilson to request money from J. P. Morgan. B) federal taxes on liquor and cigarettes. C) the federal income tax. D) the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.

C

Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the doctrine of popular sovereignty, a measure that would allow A. the Supreme Court to decide whether or not territories might sanction slavery. B. a national referendum on the issue of slavery expansion. C. people who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery. D. a special congressional commission to decide slavery's fate in the territories.

C

Southern blacks migrated to northern cities in the 1890s A) to avoid conflict with migrant Mexican farmworkers. B) to join the Socialist Democratic party. C) for economic opportunities and safety. D) for religious reasons.

C

Southerners felt so much hostility toward the Republican party during the presidential election of 1860 that A. they burned Lincoln in effigy in most major areas of the South. B. they boycotted the polls in numerous states. C. ten states refused to allow Lincoln's name to appear on the ballot. D. states passed laws allowing women to vote in order to defeat the Republicans.

C

The 1909 strike at New York City's Triangle Shirtwaist Company demonstrated that A) middle-class women would abandon working-class women when economic conditions deteriorated. B) women could not organize successfully on a large scale. C) women workers could create solidarity across social and ethnic lines. D) class divisions among workers could help them organize more effectively.

C

The Hepburn Act (1906) marked the first time that A) the federal government attempted to curb the power of the railroads. B) the Republicans were able to pass a major piece of regulatory legislation. C) a government commission was authorized to examine the records of a private business and to set prices. D) the railroads admitted that they had engaged in unfair and discriminatory business practices.

C

The Progressive Era's Jim Crow laws in the South were designed to A) offer economic incentives to black businesses. B) strengthen earlier civil rights legislation. C) legalize and expand racial segregation in public facilities. D) ensure black sharecroppers adequate compensation for their labor.

C

The U.S. government passed the Espionage Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, and the Sedition Act during World War I to A) promote patriotism among groups who might be loyal to Germany. B) quiet conscientious objectors and other critics of the war. C) punish anything it considered disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive. D) warn German citizens that dissent would be punished by deportation.

C

The U.S. role in the 1895 border crisis in Venezuela signaled to the world that A) revolution in South America was inevitable without U.S. intervention. B) the Monroe Doctrine was all but useless without American military might. C) the United States had achieved hegemony in Latin America and the Caribbean. D) the United States would go to great lengths to avoid military conflict with Great Britain.

C

The image of the new woman in American society in the 1920s A) reinforced the traditional concept of separate spheres. B) created a double standard for the sexual conduct of men and women. C) was felt by all women, even those who believed in traditional gender roles. D) reduced acceptance of and access to birth control for most women.

C

The tariff posed a threat to America's prosperity in the 1880s because A) it was too low to be effective. B) a number of foreign nations refused to export their goods to the United States. C) it created a surplus that was not used to produce goods and services. D) it exempted manufactured goods such as textiles.

C

The temperance reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stigmatized A) middle-class white women. B) the Protestant clergy. C) the Irish, Italians, and Germans. D) those who refused to drink alcohol

C

The term muckrakers refers to Progressive Era journalists who were known for A) failing to criticize corporate and political malfeasance. B) refusing to expose social injustice. C) writing stories about corporate and political wrongdoing. D) working to prevent needed political and legislative reforms.

C

The turn of the twentieth century saw individual entrepreneurship in the United States yield to A) industrial capitalism. B) joint stock investment. C) finance capitalism. D) limited partnerships.

C

Throughout much of the nineteenth century, middle-class American women were confined by a cultural ideology that dictated that they A) work outside the home to make ends meet. B) integrate workplace and home as much as possible. C) exist within the private sphere of the household. D) extend their sphere of influence to include charity work.

C

To ensure the loyalty of an immigrant nation to the cause of war, President Wilson A) demanded that public schools add recent world events to their curricula. B) enforced meatless and wheatless weekends so that Americans would understand how Europeans were suffering. C) launched a government-sponsored propaganda campaign to foster patriotism among ethnic groups. D) made it illegal for Americans to identify publicly with their ethnic origins.

C

What did "Sherman land" and the establishment of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands demonstrate to southerners about Reconstruction? A. That whites would soon regain their control over black laborers B. That freedmen would have to work for their land C. That ex-slaves would become independent landowners D. That Congress was committed to punish former slaveholders

C

What did Abraham Lincoln personally believe about slavery? A. It would be acceptable with a few humane modifications. B. It should be abolished immediately. C. It was morally wrong. D. It was dangerously misunderstood by most northerners.

C

What did Jacob Riis achieve with his best-selling How the Other Half Lives (1890)? A) He produced the first internationally recognized American novel. B) He empowered the occupants of New York City's Lower East Side tenements. C) He forced middle-class Americans to acknowledge the degraded reality of the poor. D) He convinced established immigrant groups that new immigrants deserved respect.

C

What did President Roosevelt believe was the best way to deal with trusts in the first decade of the twentieth century? A) Break up as many as possible B) Break them up and then allow them to reorganize along federal guidelines C) Allow them to continue but with federal government regulation D) Allow them to continue and to operate as they chose

C

What did former slaves hope to gain from the Reconstruction labor transformation? A. Better wages B. Fair contracts C. Land ownership D. Jobs for women

C

What did settlers passing through the western portion of Kansas and Nebraska and the eastern portion of Colorado in the years after 1870 call the area? A) The Comstock Lode B) Homestead Act Lands C) The Great American Desert D) The Near West Plains

C

What did the United States hope to secure through the Spanish-American War? A) Naval bases in Cuba and the Philippines B) A part of Florida claimed by both Spain and the United States C) Cuban independence from Spain D) The area in which the United States hoped to build the Panama Canal

C

What did the authors of Middletown conclude from their study of life in a small midwestern town in the 1920s? A) Modern America was by and large producing remarkably well-adjusted citizens. B) America's basic moral and spiritual framework had been virtually untouched by rapid modernization. C) The United States had developed a culture in which everything hinged on money. D) The United States' technological revolution did not lead to significant social dislocation.

C

What effect did John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry have on the South? A. It reassured southerners about the safety of slavery. B. It convinced the southern states that secession was necessary. C. It indicated that abolitionists would use violence to overthrow slavery. D. It demonstrated the shortcomings of popular sovereignty

C

What event finally spurred the granting of suffrage to all American women in 1920? A) Southern states gave the vote to women. B) The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny women the right to vote. C) Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, which was subsequently ratified by twothirds of the states. D) Woodrow Wilson granted woman suffrage by executive order.

C

What happened to most sharecroppers once they borrowed goods on a crop lien? A. They made enough money to buy their own land. B. They paid back their debt within a year. C. They ended up in a cycle of debt. D. They began growing food rather than cotton

C

What happened to progressive reform after Democrats swept the congressional elections of 1910? A) Reform came to a standstill. B) Progressives focused on expanding the role of the federal government. C) It continued in areas such as mine and railroad safety and workday limitations. D) Its visibility continued only in relation to the area of conservation.

C

What idea was promoted by the theory of social Darwinism in the late nineteenth century? A) Certain inequities should be ameliorated by government intervention. B) Charles Darwin actually was writing about people when he authored On the Origin of Species. C) Progress is the result of competition where the strong survived and the weak died out. D) Competition led rich Americans to have an unfair advantage over the poor.

C

What irony emerges when considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis? A. Neither man was committed to the efforts he embarked on. B. While Lincoln was confident, Davis privately believed that the South never had a chance. C. The inexperienced Lincoln proved to be a more adept leader than the seasoned Davis. D. Davis and Lincoln agreed more than they disagreed on political policy

C

What late-nineteenth-century development did New York City's Brooklyn Bridge symbolize? A) A developing labor shortage B) The rapid decline of immigration to the United States C) The ascendancy of urban America D) America's frontier spirit

C

What motivated the rebellion of Mexican farmers led by Pancho Villa in 1916-17? A) The rebels wanted to restore the government of General Victoriano Huerta. B) The rebels wanted government subsidies as compensation for crops lost in a major drought. C) The rebels believed that the new American-backed government had betrayed the revolution's promise to help the common people. D) The rebelling farmers sought American aid to help them restore their fields after they were damaged during the civil war under General Victoriano Huerta.

C

What problem plagued the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South? A. Lack of support from poor blacks B. Indifference toward racial discrimination C. Corruption D. Lack of ambition

C

Which group or groups took part in the February 1892 St. Louis gathering, which evolved into the People's party? A) Loyal Republicans and Democrats B) Factory managers, bankers, and civil engineers C) Farmers, labor unionists, and women's leaders D) Third-party dissidents with ties to anarchists

C

What reform or reforms did the National War Labor Policies Board enact successfully during World War I? A) Health insurance, increased wages, and a pension plan for government employees B) Death and disability insurance for workers in industries involved in war production C) The eight-hour workday, a living minimum wage, and collective bargaining rights in some industries D) Compensated sick days for all American workers no matter how long they had been in their jobs

C

What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? A) A revolutionary plot by the radical Workingman's party B) The result of a coalition of labor unions C) A spontaneous and unorganized event D) A plan by socialists to overthrow the government

C

What was the outcome of the four-and-a-half-month-long strike at the Homestead mill? A) The strikers were forced to find new jobs. B) The plant shut down forever to avoid another tragedy. C) The strikers returned to work minus their union leaders. D) Labor had won a decisive victory that improved life for all workers.

C

What was the outcome of the second Treaty of Fort Laramie? A) The Sioux and Cheyenne agreed to the completion of the Bozeman Trail. B) The treaty convinced Sioux chiefs, including Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, to accept reservation lands. C) The treaty was violated by the U.S. government after gold was discovered in the Black Hills. D) The treaty led to the extinction of the Sioux Indians

C

What was the purpose of the 1907 "Gentlemen's Agreement" between the United States and Japan? A) To allow greater Japanese immigration into the United States B) To forge an alliance between the United States and Japan in case war broke out with China C) To allow the Japanese to save face by voluntarily restricting immigration to the United States D) To condemn Russia for supporting Chinese goals

C

What was the purpose of the President Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation, created in 1932? A) Assisting the millions of Americans who had lost their jobs B) Aiding rural black southerners who had been in an agricultural depression for years C) Lending money to endangered American banks, insurance companies, and railroads D) Shoring up faltering West Coast shippers plying the Pacific trade

C

What was the result of President Johnson's plan to unite white opponents against the Fourteenth Amendment for the election of 1866? A. The Democratic party made unlikely gains. B. The National Union party won all northern states. C. The Republicans won a resounding victory. D. Northern whites turned against Reconstruction.

C

What was the result of the Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863? A. A Confederate victory forced Union commanders to question whether they could win the war. B. Weeks of battle and horrendous casualties produced only a stalemate. C. The Union army's victory opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River. D. The Confederates forced the Union army out of the deep South.

C

What was the result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? A. The Democrats shunned Douglas. B. Douglas scored a landslide victory against Lincoln. C. Lincoln became nationally known. D. Lincoln defeated Douglas and became a U.S. senator

C

What was the result of the impeachment trial of President Johnson? A. The Court found him guilty of violating the Tenure of Office Act. B. He was found guilty of the misuse and abuse of constitutional powers. C. He no longer interfered in Reconstruction. D. A not guilty verdict made him more powerful than ever.

C

What was the significance of the conflict between the Virginia and the Monitor? A. It ended the Union blockade. B. It almost prompted the British to enter the war. C. It marked the birth of the ironclad warship. D. It showed the South's superior industrial resources.

C

What were the chief priorities of American diplomacy at the end of the nineteenth century? A) Maintaining peaceful international relations in order to maintain a primary focus on the American West B) Building democracy and protecting human rights in the Western Hemisphere, Asia, and the Pacific C) The protection of the Monroe Doctrine and Open Door Policy from German and Japanese expansion into the Pacific and Asia D) The acquisition of new colonies for the settlement of its burgeoning population

C

When advocates of bimetallism referred to the crime of '73, they were talking about A) the financial panic that hit the United States in 1873. B) Ulysses S. Grant's return to the Oval Office for a second term. C) the decision by Congress in 1873 to stop buying and minting silver. D) the decision by Congress in 1873 to stop buying and minting gold.

C

When the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was confident that A. the transition to a peaceful nation would be relatively simple. B. he would hold the office of president as long as he wanted it. C. his postwar burdens would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime. D. Democrats would support Republican peace policies.

C

Where did the South's iron and steel industry develop? A) Durham, North Carolina B) Atlanta, Georgia C) Birmingham, Alabama D) Memphis, Tennessee

C

Which candidate made an eloquent plea for free silver—"Do not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"— in 1896? A) Grover Cleveland B) Arthur M. Sewall C) William Jennings Bryan D) Tom Watson

C

Which divisions did European countries establish before the outbreak of World War I? A) Western Europe and Eastern Europe B) The Axis powers and the Allied nations C) The Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance D) The British and the German empires

C

Which element of the American economy during the 1920s lay at the heart of its fundamental lack of stability? A) Production B) Increasing wages C) Consumption D) Employment

C

Which group constituted the backbone of the American labor force throughout the nineteenth century? A) Skilled laborers B) Factory laborers C) Common laborers D) Sweatshop laborers

C

Which group or groups composed the population of the area from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean during the last decades of the nineteenth century? A) Native-born whites B) African Americans fleeing the oppression of the South C) People from various parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas D) Waves of Mexican refugees

C

Which of the following big businesses came to dominate American life in the second half of the nineteenth century? A) Steel manufacturing B) Oil refining C) Railroading D) Meatpacking

C

Which of the following characterizes life for women on the western frontier in the late nineteenth century? A) They usually had servants to help them with their household work. B) They worked only within the physical confines of their homes. C) They were forced to work hard to accomplish even the simplest tasks. D) They tended to live quite well while expending little physical effort.

C

Which of the following describes how life in the agrarian West compared to life in the mining West? A) Slow paced B) Free of hardship C) Equally exploitative D) Free of economic competition

C

Which of the following describes the Zimmermann telegram that made headlines in 1917? A) It revealed German plans to destroy the Panama Canal. B) It encouraged Mexico to recruit men for service in the German army. C) It promised Mexico its lost provinces in the United States if it would declare war on its northern neighbor. D) It conveyed the Germans' belief that the United States would adhere to its neutral position.

C

Which of the following describes the changes experienced by the Californios between 1850 and 1880? A) Their numbers increased from 19 percent to 82 percent of the state's total population. B) They solidified their claim to historic land. C) Their percentage of the state's population fell by more than 60 percent. D) They began their steady assimilation into American life

C

Which of the following describes the world economy at the turn of the twentieth century? A) An intense rivalry between the rapidly growing American industrial machine and the newly revived Western European manufacturing complex B) Three interlocking but intensely competitive geographic regions made up of the United States and Latin America, Europe and Africa, and Asia C) An industrial core, an agricultural domain, and a third world tied to the industrial core by economic colonialism D) Stagnant, as the nations hovered on the brink of a world war

C

Which of the following factors explains the high voter turnout in national elections during the last three decades of the nineteenth century? A) Presidential candidates were incredibly charismatic. B) Most Americans were very knowledgeable about the issues of the day. C) Voting was an important way to get a government job. D) Voters believed that failure to participate in politics had greatly contributed to the Civil War.

C

Which of the following problems was a drawback of living in the town of Pullman, Illinois? A) The abundance of saloons B) The rapidly rising crime rate C) The high rents D) The substandard housing

C

Which of the following statements describes the Federal Reserve Act of 1913? A) It had little effect on the U.S. economy. B) It was passed by the House and Senate over President Wilson's veto. C) It was the most significant piece of domestic legislation in Wilson's presidency. D) It was designed to curb the economic power of the federal government.

C

Which of the following terms best characterizes Virginia City, Nevada, and other mining centers in the late nineteenth century? A) Lawless outposts B) Homogeneous small towns C) Sprawling industrialized communities D) Short-lived settlements

C

Which of the following was an outcome of the Haymarket affair? A) The eight-hour workday became law across the nation. B) Americans became sympathetic toward anarchists and labor unions. C) Skilled workers turned toward the American Federation of Labor. D) Business owners resolved to improve their relationship with labor.

C

Which relatively new building material both improved railroading in the late nineteenth century and depended on it? A) Iron extracted from steel B) Aluminum produced by a process pioneered in France C) Steel produced through the Bessemer process D) Salt-treated railroad ties, which provided a substantial base for train tracks.

C

Which statement describes the U.S. government's Indian policy during the middle of the nineteenth century? A) The government was more willing than ever to grant Indians the rights enjoyed by whites. B) The government cleared Indian land for white settlement but lived up to most of the promises it made to the Indians. C) The government pushed Indians off their lands and into reservations. D) The government attempted to prevent white settlers from taking more Indian land

C

Which was the first state to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election? A. Virginia B. Mississippi C. South Carolina D. Texas

C

Who argued in the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor that the Indians had been treated unfairly? A) Merrill Gates B) Thomas Goodwood C) Helen Hunt Jackson D) Henry Dawes

C

Who became the president of the new Confederate States of America? A. Howell Cobb B. John Smith Preston C. Jefferson Davis D. Alexander Stephens

C

Who opposed President Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan? A. Democratic legislators B. Southern newspaper editors C. Republican legislators D. Southern planters

C

Who was responsible for the creation of "welfare capitalism" in the 1920s, and why did they use it? A) The government created welfare capitalism to address the needs of the less fortunate. B) Traditional labor unions established welfare capitalism to assist workers. C) Businesses created welfare capitalism to encourage workers' loyalty to the company. D) Socialists designed welfare capitalism to bring apolitical workers into the radical fold.

C

Who went on to found the Red Cross after serving as a nurse in Union battlefield units during the Civil War? A. Dorothea Dix B. Clement Vallandigham C. Clara Barton D. Justin Morrill

C

Who, according to Lincoln, had the responsibility to stop the spread of slavery? A. Southern planters B. The Democratic party C. Congress D. State governments

C

Why did Congress approve a literacy test for immigrants in 1896? A) To help schools develop curriculums for immigrant students B) To determine new immigrants' needs for social services C) As a means of limiting the influx of uneducated people into the country D) As part of a program to help new immigrants learn English

C

Why did Rockefeller ultimately reorganize Standard Oil as a holding company in the late nineteenth century? A) To control competition by purchasing the production facilities of competitors and shutting them down B) To purchase and hold the assets of competitors so that those competitors had no capital or collateral to use for expansion C) To legally combine competing companies under a central administration D) To minimize competition by investing heavily in both the production and the distribution of products

C

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the Treaty of Versailles? A) He believed that Great Britain should be allowed to retain its empire. B) He feared it would allow Wilson to win the presidency again in 1920. C) He feared the League of Nations would interfere with American autonomy in foreign policy matters. D) He thought Germany should be forced to pay higher reparations than those specified in the agreement.

C

Why did the American temperance movement attract women in the late nineteenth century? A) It gave them a higher social standing. B) It promoted churchgoing for women and men. C) Drunkenness adversely affected women in many ways. D) It wanted to keep the issue of alcohol consumption out of national politics.

C

Why did the United States negotiate the Gadsden Purchase in 1853? A. To secure mining rights in the Southwest B. To remove troublesome Native Americans from the area ceded by Mexico C. To support the dream of a southern route for the transcontinental railroad D. To establish James Gadsden as a territorial governor

C

Why did white southerners from all classes enlist to fight Yankees? A. They believed the federal government was conspiring to raise their taxes. B. They believed that serving in the war would boost their economic status. C. They wanted to ensure that blacks remained subordinate to whites. D. Poor whites hoped the war would topple the planter regime.

C

Woodrow Wilson selected General John Pershing to command the American Expeditionary Force in Europe because A) Pershing's romantic patriotism reminded the president of Theodore Roosevelt. B) Pershing had a longstanding affiliation with West Point. C) Pershing was known for the kind of level-headed efficiency many progressives believed was needed in modern warfare. D) the president believed that Pershing's lack of battle experience would actually be an asset in the war.

C

Working-class courtship rituals in urban, industrial America in the late nineteenth century A) remained remarkably similar to those of preindustrial America. B) changed in that women met prospective husbands only through their families. C) consisted of informal meetings at dance halls and other commercial settings. D) favored working-class women who no longer had to rely on men to pay for their entertainment.

C

Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans shared an emphasis on A. full amnesty to all former rebel soldiers. B. limited voting rights for blacks. C. the confiscation of rebel property. D. ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

D

After 1880, most new immigrants to America originated from A) Northern and Western Europe. B) Western Europe almost exclusively. C) Southern Europe almost exclusively. D) Eastern and Southern Europe.

D

Along with the Homestead Act of 1862, which factor helped stimulate the land rush in the trans-Mississippi West? A) The transition from large commercial farming to smaller family farms B) Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" C) The availability of essential resources such as water and firewood on the plains D) The opening of the transcontinental railroad

D

America's return to a peacetime economy in 1920 and 1921 was marked by A) steady prices and economic well-being for most Americans. B) a narrowing of the gap between rich and poor. C) a 3.5 percent national unemployment rate, the lowest to date. D) a 20 percent unemployment rate, the highest to date.

D

Among the first signs of economic distress in the United States in the mid-1920s was A) a reluctance to buy stocks on margin. B) the tremendous increase in the number of labor strikes. C) a decrease in the rate of unemployment. D) a slowdown in new construction and in automobile sales.

D

At the St. Louis People's party convention in 1896, the Populist delegates decided to A) denounce the Cleveland administration as tyrannical. B) call for the preservation of the gold standard. C) give up on winning support from urban workers. D) nominate Tom Watson for vice president.

D

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War A. made it obvious that the rebellion was nearly over. B. had been a great success for the Confederates. C. had seen one Union victory after another. D. had reached a stalemate.

D

By 1872, many Republican leaders had come to believe that which group offered the best hope for honesty, order, and prosperity in the South? A. Educated African Americans B. Upcountry yeoman farmers C. Urban union leaders D. Traditional white leadership

D

By the 1870s, homesteaders discovered that most of the prime land in the West was A) already set aside for protection by the federal government. B) held by Native Americans, who refused to relinquish it. C) already ruined by industrial enterprises seeking mineral wealth. D) already in the hands of speculators.

D

How did American politics change in the aftermath of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act? A. The Democratic party ceased to exist. B. The Whigs gained new strength and vitality. C. Democrats came to dominate northern politics. D. The Whig party disintegrated.

D

How did Morgan achieve his stunning reorganization and consolidation of businesses in the late nineteenth century? A) He sometimes formed holding companies to run his operations. B) He used rebates to put his competition out of business. C) He refused to get involved in the steel industry, which he considered too speculative. D) He sometimes formed a community of interest comprised of a handful of directors.

D

How did President Lincoln attempt to stifle opposition to the Civil War? A. He instituted martial law in all northern cities. B. He disfranchised political opponents. C. He imprisoned of a vast number of northern Democrats. D. He suppressed free speech.

D

How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865? A. Moderates championed black equality, while Radicals wanted to limit the rights of black Americans. B. Moderates supported states' rights and limited federal involvement in the economy, while Radicals wanted to expand federal powers. C. Moderates supported Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan, while Radicals wanted to write their own. D. Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while Radicals did.

D

How did the landscape of the trans-Mississippi West change between 1870 and 1900? A) The region proved to be a haven for family farming. B) It was populated predominantly by former slaves. C) Mining made it the country's largest industrial region. D) Family farms gave way to commercial farming.

D

In her History of the Standard Oil Company published in McClure's Magazine, Ida M. Tarbell characterized John D. Rockefeller as A) a benevolent businessman whose company had provided cheap kerosene to millions. B) an inept businessman whose success rested on a host of overworked and underpaid managers. C) a success and a model for others hoping to prosper in business. D) a man who had used illegal methods to take over the oil industry.

D

In the United States, the flapper of the 1920s represented A) the determination of women to become writers and artists. B) the hopelessness that was pervasive among American youth. C) a youth culture that sought radical cultural and political reform. D) a challenge to women's traditional gender roles.

D

Of the 2.5 million farms established between 1860 and 1900, homesteading accounted for what proportion? A) Three-quarters B) Two-thirds C) One-half D) One-fifth

D

One of the root causes of the major strike at the Pullman plant in 1893 was A) George Pullman's raising rents in his town. B) the inability of labor and management to negotiate a new contract. C) Eugene Debs's participation in the negotiation process. D) the company's attempts to control the work process.

D

President Grover Cleveland hoped to increase the nation's flagging gold reserves during the economic depression in the winter of 1894-95 A) by sending an increasing number of miners to the West in an effort to find new gold mines. B) by asking Americans to contribute whatever gold they had to an important national cause. C) by sending the army to Mexico to capture gold mines that the Mexicans could not exploit because of their lack of technology. D) through making a deal with a private group of bankers who would buy government bonds with gold.

D

President Roosevelt placed the nation's conservation policy in the hands of scientifically trained experts like his chief forester, A) John Muir. B) Joseph Cannon. C) Robert La Follette. D) Gifford Pinchot.

D

Secretary of State John Hay initiated the Open Door Policy in 1900 A) to ensure trade between the United States and Africa. B) for the protection of trade between the United States and Latin America. C) in order to allow Asian immigrants to enter the United States. D) to guarantee access to trade in China for all colonial powers.

D

The Greenback Labor party believed that the government should issue paper currency based on A) the gold supply. B) gold and silver. C) gold, silver, and Civil War bonds. D) the country's total wealth.

D

The Ku Klux Klan developed into a paramilitary organization, but it began as A. a group of yeoman farmers who were angry about Radical Reconstruction. B. a fraternity in Tennessee that wanted to intimidate blacks. C. an elitist order that wanted to destroy the Republican party by lynching blacks. D. a social club for Confederate veterans who wanted to restore white supremacy.

D

The Pendleton Act of 1883 established the Civil Service Commission and A) made an examination a requirement for holding any federal job. B) placed fifty thousand federal jobs under a merit system that required continuing education and yearly examinations. C) legalized the removal of jobholders with a change of presidential administration. D) made it impossible to remove people in civil service jobs for political reasons.

D

The Supreme Court's decision in Wabash v. Illinois (1886), which reversed its ruling in Munn v. Illinois (1877), A) increased states' regulation of the railroads. B) created a new alliance between the court and members of the Grange. C) led to an outpouring of criticism of the court by the railroad industry. D) led to passage of the first federal law regulating the railroad industry

D

The advent of the adding machine, typewriter, and cash register had the greatest impact on A) literate white men. B) literate white women. C) immigrants who gained skills on the shop floor. D) illiterate women who wanted to learn new skills.

D

The bloodiest day of the Civil War occurred September 17, 1862, at A. Fort Henry, Tennessee. B. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. C. Fredericksburg, Virginia. D. Antietam Creek, Maryland.

D

The direction of corporate goals and policies in the late nineteenth century was increasingly shaped by A) market forces. B) workers' demands. C) stockholders and financiers. D) managers and executives.

D

The efforts of Alice Paul were instrumental in A) immigration restriction. B) Prohibition. C) the eugenics movement. D) woman suffrage.

D

The industries that grew up around the revolutionary inventions of Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison demonstrated that A) technological know-how was vital for controlling large corporations. B) the federal government had a tight rein on industrial development at the time. C) large corporations were particularly committed to helping people in their everyday lives. D) the age of the inventor was becoming the age of the corporation.

D

The presidents who served in the last part of the nineteenth century—Rutherford B. Hayes through William McKinley— A) were all largely incompetent and elected because of their personal charisma. B) lacked influence owing to the control of powerful state governors. C) were talented leaders but misunderstood by those who wrote about them. D) were overshadowed by party politics at state and local levels

D

The purpose of the black codes passed in 1865 was to A. provide blacks with economic opportunities. B. extend civil rights, although limited, to freedmen. C. extend to blacks the same rights that whites enjoyed. D. subordinate blacks to whites

D

What assumption lay at the foundation of the American progressive agenda in the early twentieth century? A) Humans should leave progress to the dictates of natural selection. B) Social engineering is a dangerous and unethical practice. C) The American president must lead the way for social reform. D) Experts have the skills and knowledge to use scientific methods to improve society.

D

What circumstances enabled U.S. industrialists to hire cheap labor from around the world in the 1870s? A) Only immigrants were willing to work as hard as the industrialists demanded. B) Native-born Americans refused to work for the low wages industrialists offered. C) There were no political barriers to hiring immigrants from northern Europe. D) Railroad expansion and low steamship fares brought many immigrants to America.

D

What common thread wove together northern men to form the Republican party in 1854? A. The conviction that the federal government should increase social reform efforts B. The belief that Congress should move quickly to abolish slavery where it existed C. The belief that citizenship was too easily achieved by ill-prepared foreigners D. The opposition to the extension of slavery into any territory of the United States

D

What did American women of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries conclude about the settlement house movement? A) It did not allow them to act in unorthodox ways and required traditional feminine decorum. B) It excluded Catholics, Jews, and other non-Protestants. C) It was dominated by white males who had little confidence in women's abilities. D) It gave women opportunities to use their talents to help society.

D

What did Coney Island symbolize in the late 1800s? A) The power of the church to control mass entertainment B) The Statue of Liberty's attraction for tourists C) The importance of nature as a retreat from urban life D) The rise of mass entertainment in America

D

What did Eugene V. Debs advocate as an alternative to the progressive programs of the Republicans and Democrats? A) Communism as the only way to save America B) The creation of one big union of unskilled workers to create social change C) A government takeover of private enterprise in order to spread the wealth D) That men and women liberate themselves from the barbarism of private ownership and wage slavery

D

What did Jane Addams quickly learn was necessary to alleviate social problems in Chicago? A) Paying bribes to corrupt city officials B) Access to the vote C) Great independent wealth D) Involvement in political action

D

What did Lincoln consider the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union? A. The difficulty of finding a suitable place to send the freed slaves B. Public concern about the constitutionality of emancipation C. Public reaction to seizing southern property D. White fears that freed slaves would disrupt northern society

D

What did President Wilson hope to accomplish by supporting the Clayton Act of 1914? A) The Supreme Court's willingness to end the abuses of big business B) Legislation that would make it more difficult for workers to organize labor unions C) The promotion of legislation that would redistribute national income D) Legislation outlawing "unfair competition" practices such as price discrimination

D

What did popular culture and consumer goods have in common in the 1920s? A) Both condemned by the Catholic Church as sinful. B) Both had become so inexpensive that most Americans could afford them. C) Neither had penetrated the rural areas of the United States. D) Both were mass-produced and mass-consumed.

D

What did the Allies hope to gain in negotiating the 1919 peace treaty in Paris? A) Leniency in dealing with the German people B) An end to secret treaties and alliances C) Free trade among all European nations D) Disarmament and punishment for Germany

D

What did the Wilmot Proviso of 1846 propose? A. Slavery would be allowed to expand only into the area below the southern boundary of Missouri. B. Any slaves taken in the area ceded by Mexico would be freed at age twenty-eight. C. People living in the area ceded by Mexico could choose for themselves whether or not to permit slavery. D. Slavery would be prohibited throughout the entire area ceded by Mexico.

D

What did the outcome of the Sacco and Vanzetti trial suggest about the United States in the 1920s? A) The American judicial system was a model of impartiality. B) Americans generally loathed thieves and murderers. C) The legal appeals process often brought a fairer verdict than the original trial. D) Antiforeign hysteria was rampant in many areas of American life.

D

What did the public school system in late-nineteenth-century American cities provide? A) After-school programs B) Year-round programs for all children, including babies and toddlers C) Year-round programs and free tuition for children under age twelve D) Free tuition and open access to all school-aged children

D

What event marked the official beginning of armed hostilities between the North and South in April 1861? A. Confederates firing on the frigate Star of the West B. An assault on Washington, D.C. C. The assault on federal troops passing through Baltimore D. Confederates firing on Fort Sumter

D

What factor explained Woodrow Wilson's victory in the 1912 presidential election? A) The progressive platform put forward by the Democratic party led to his victory. B) His incredible popularity as a man of the people engaged more voters in the political process. C) His laissez-faire attitude toward big business netted him huge campaign contributions from corporate America. D) Theodore Roosevelt entered the race as a third party candidate and split the Republican vote.

D

What happened to John Brown after his raid on Harper's Ferry? A. He escaped to Massachusetts. B. He was deported to Canada. C. He was pardoned by the Republican governor. D. He was executed.

D

What idea formed the core of reform Darwinist theory in progressive-era America? A) People are powerless in the face of the law of natural selection. B) Laissez-faire is the most effective means of solving society's problems. C) Reform should always be a slow and thoughtful process. D) The state should play a more active role in solving social problems.

D

What message did Andrew Carnegie promote in his gospel of wealth? A) Poverty is more than likely caused by moral weakness. B) Successful businessmen should be respected by the society at large. C) His own success was more due to luck than hard work. D) Millionaires should be trustees and agents for the poor.

D

What occurred after Geronimo surrendered to General Miles in 1886? A) The U.S. government resettled the Apaches in Mexico. B) The Apache warriors were tried as war criminals and executed. C) The Apaches were allowed to remain on their ancestral land in the Southwest. D) The government sent nearly five hundred Apaches to prisons in the South.

D

What was General William T. Sherman's strategy for defeating the Confederates in Georgia in 1864? A. He planned to recruit former plantation slaves for the Union army. B. He planned to have his men confiscate Georgians' cotton and sell it to England. C. He intended to infect Confederate camps with typhoid fever. D. He orchestrated a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

D

What was a requirement of the Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850? A. Any runaway slave who reached the North would be considered free. B. Slave commissioners received $10 for setting a slave free and $5 for returning a slave to his or her master. C. Slave owners needed three witnesses in order to claim a runaway. D. All citizens were expected to assist officials in apprehending runaway slaves.

D

What was one outcome of the depression of 1893 in the United States? A) Americans criticized government spending. B) The federal government offered generous aid to the unemployed. C) Most elected officials rejected laissez-faire politics. D) It put nearly half of the labor force out of work.

D

What was the "Chicago school" of the late nineteenth century? A) A coalition of mob bosses and thugs who ruled the city's politics after the Great Fire B) A group of painters who embraced the fin de siècle impressionists in Europe C) An assembly of scholars and reformers who sought to address the city's urban decay D) A skilled group of architects who made commercial architecture a new art form

D

What was the capital city of the Confederacy in 1863? A. Montgomery, Alabama B. Atlanta, Georgia C. Charleston, South Carolina D. Richmond, Virginia

D

What was the easiest way to get rich in the American silver mining industry? A) Working regularly in a variety of different mines B) Laboring in a large mining company for a period of years C) Sifting through brackish sand in search of precious metals D) Selling claims to land or forming mining companies and selling stock

D

What was the goal of the Washington Disarmament Conference? A) To negotiate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary B) To convince Congress to authorize $25 million to compensate Mexico for the loss of its territory in the 1840s C) To persuade England and France to forgive the reparations they wanted Germany to pay after World War I D) To establish a balance of naval power among Britain, France, Japan, and Italy

D

What was the outcome of the notion that black men were a threat to white women in the South in the late nineteenth century? A) The desertion of southern whites from the Democratic party B) The decreased participation of white women in politics C) The solidification of cross-racial political alliances D) An increasing number of lynchings across the South

D

What was the outcome of the return to free enterprise in the United States after World War I? A) Unprecedented levels of employment and workers' well-being B) Steady prices and continued gains for the workers class C) Greater cooperation between government, business, and labor unions D) A rise in unemployment and new conflicts between business and labor

D

What was the outcome of the shift toward repetitive assembly-line work and specialized management divisions in the 1920s? A) Lower enrollment in college and university managerial training programs B) A worsening of safety and sanitary conditions in American factories C) Massive layoffs of American workers in all heavy industries D) A tremendous increase in business productivity and overall efficiency

D

What was the outcome of the strike by 147,000 anthracite coal miners in Pennsylvania in 1902? A) The collapse of the mining industry B) Formal recognition of the United Mine Workers C) Federal government control of the coal industry D) A reduction in hours worked and an increase in wages

D

What was the purpose of the 1862 Homestead Act? A. It granted every former slave a homestead with forty acres and a mule. B. It offered Western land to settlers who would live and labor on it. C. It instituted America's first public education system. D. It ended speculation on western land purchases.

D

What was the purpose of vertical integration, which was pioneered by Andrew Carnegie in the late nineteenth century? A) It restructured the administrative hierarchy and, in the process, revolutionized managerial productivity. B) It focused on the systemic promotion of immigrants and African Americans who were working for Carnegie Steel. C) It concentrated on one aspect of production to the exclusion of all others. D) It placed all aspects of the business, from mining raw materials to marketing and transporting finished products, under the control of the chief operating officer.

D

What was the response to Margaret Sanger's first efforts to launch a movement for birth control in 1915? A) Theodore Roosevelt publicly endorsed her efforts. B) Boston and Chicago lobbied her to open clinics in those cities. C) Medical associations openly declared their support for her tactics and goals. D) She was faced with the prospect of arrest for distributing obscene information.

D

What were the "chips" that served as the most prevalent form of fuel used for cooking and heating in the plains in the latter half of the nineteenth century? A) Coal that had spilled from railroad cars B) Charred wood leftover from Indian bonfires C) Twigs, old corncobs, and sunflower stalks D) Chunks of dried cattle and buffalo dung

D

Which event led the German republic to seek an armistice in 1918? A) Battle of the Somme B) Battle at Château-Thierry C) Siege of Paris D) The offensive along the Meuse River

D

Which group of Republicans fiercely supported the patronage system? A) Northern reformers B) Half breeds C) Mugwumps D) Stalwarts

D

Which groups were hardest hit by the Great Depression? A) East and West coast bankers and other businesspeople B) Union members and other industrial workers in the Northeast C) Western miners and cattle ranchers D) The unemployed, tenant farmers, and sharecroppers

D

Which industry formed the keystone of the American economy in the 1920s? A) The housing industry B) The steel industry C) The banking industry D) The automobile industry

D

Which nation suffered the most casualties in World War I? A) The United States B) Great Britain C) France D) Germany

D

Which of the following describes the Ku Klux Klan of the mid-1920s? A) It dominated politics in California, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. B) It had embraced the changes that came with modernity. C) It had stopped its attacks on foreigners and Jews and was concentrating on cleansing the nation of Negroes. D) It had a strong influence on politics in California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Texas.

D

Which of the following describes the National Woman Suffrage Association, which Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed in 1869? A) It was the first women's group in America. B) It was the most conservative group of women in America. C) It focused on both voting rights and wage equalization. D) It demanded the vote for women.

D

Which of the following describes the amenities of American city life in the 1890s? A) They came at great cost to immigrants and the poor. B) They enriched political bosses more than urban communities. C) They were equally available to people of all races and social classes. D) They were not easily accessible to the poor residents of cities.

D

Which of the following describes women in Virginia City by 1870? A) They were still outnumbered by men at a ratio of ten to one. B) They complained about the city's filth, lawlessness, and disorder. C) They worked primarily in dancehalls, saloons, and brothels. D) They worked primarily as housekeepers.

D

Which of the following statements describes professional baseball in the 1920s? A) It was dominated by college rivalries. B) Games were played on weekdays, when workers could not attend. C) It was fully integrated, both on the field and in the seats. D) It attracted players and spectators from the working class.

D

Which of the following statements describes the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, which gave federal assistance to states seeking to reduce high infant mortality rates? A) It was the first of a long string of women's political successes in the 1920s. B) It demonstrated the political powerlessness of women. C) It was a minor achievement for women in politics. D) It was women's only significant national legislative success in the 1920s

D

Which one of the United States allowed women to vote in 1890? A) Massachusetts B) South Carolina C) Florida D) Wyoming

D

Which relatively new industry in the 1920s linked the possession of material goods to the fulfillment of spiritual and emotional needs? A) The automobile industry B) Public relations C) Chemical manufacturing D) Advertising

D

Which statement describes African Americans' participation in the war? A) Most refused to fight on behalf of a discriminatory country. B) They received the same treatment as white soldiers. C) Most saw actual combat action, not just labor service. D) They accounted for 370,000 of American forces.

D

Which statement describes the fighting between Generals Grant and Lee in Virginia in May and June of 1864? A. The Confederate and Union forces lost similar numbers of soldiers, and the fighting ended in stalemate. B. Grant's men suffered fewer casualties than Lee's at Spotsylvania Court House, but not at Cold Harbor. C. Lee's Confederate forces lost more soldiers than Grant's Union forces. D. More Union soldiers died, but because Grant had twice as many troops as Lee, his losses were equivalent.

D

Which statement describes the immigrant experience in late-nineteenth-century American cities? A) Irish and Swedish immigrants were prohibited from obtaining secondary school educations. B) Jews were involuntarily confined to ghettos. C) Polish and German workers were excluded from the burgeoning labor union movement. D) Asian immigrants on the West Coast were made economic scapegoats.

D

Which was the largest ethnic group in the western mining district of the United States in the late nineteenth century? A) The Chinese B) The Swiss C) Hungarians D) The Irish

D

Who became the most famous man in America after the Spanish-American War? A) General William Shafter B) Jim Dead Shot Simpson C) William Howard Taft D) Theodore Roosevelt

D

Who funded the rapid growth of radio in the United States between 1922 and 1929? A) Record companies B) The federal government C) Sports teams D) Advertisers

D

Who was Geronimo? A) A Sioux warrior and chieftain who regularly defeated the U.S. army on the Great Plains B) The Nez Percé leader who said "I will fight no more forever." C) A Cheyenne warrior and chieftain who led pitched battles against both Mexican and U.S. armies D) An Apache warrior and chieftain who led raiding parties and burned ranches on both sides of the Mexican border

D

Who was disappointed in the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867? A. Radical Republicans who supported black suffrage B. Those who believed the law should not provide blacks with their own land C. Black men who did not own enough property to meet voting requirements D. Those who advocated the redistribution of southern plantations to ex-slaves

D

Who wrote In His Steps, the popular 1898 book that called on men and women to Christianize capitalism? A) Jane Addams B) Lillian Wald C) Mary Kenney O'Sullivan D) Charles M. Sheldon

D

Who wrote the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, an example of Harlem Renaissance literature? A) Langston Hughes B) Countee Cullen C) Claude McKay D) Zora Neale Hurston

D

Why did African Americans prefer sharecropping to wage labor? A. Sharecropping placed blacks on equal footing with whites. B. Most black sharecroppers became very wealthy. C. White landlords provided black sharecroppers with housing for life. D. Sharecropping freed blacks from the day-to-day supervision of whites.

D

Why did John D. Rockefeller first organize Standard Oil as a trust? A) To offer legal protections to oil refineries B) To divide the oil market among the top five competitors in the business C) To purchase shares of stock in competing companies D) To control the key elements of production and corner the market for oil

D

Why did President Wilson allow billions of dollars in loans that kept American goods flowing to Britain and France in 1916? A) He had publicly abandoned the idea of neutrality. B) He hoped to bait the Germans into declaring war on the United States. C) He did not believe that the loans were inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality. D) He did not want to jeopardize America's wartime prosperity

D

Why did the Plains Indians sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which ceded some of their land to allow the passage of wagon trains? A) They depended on trade with white settlers. B) They wanted to protect their favored status with the U.S. government. C) They believed it would help them to displace weaker tribes. D) They hoped to preserve their culture in the face of white onslaught

D