HISTORY MIDTERM

Building on the philosophical assumption of the material state of nature, the so-called physiocrats argued that freedom and equality should be the standard economic principles and that the state should adopt a _________, or "hands-off", policy in that regard.

"laissez-faire"

The French section of Hispaniola produced nearly _________ the world's coffee and sugar at the time of the French Revolution.

1/2

Experiments in the _______ with movable metal typeface resulted in the innovation of the printing press.

1430s

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate by __________.

1492

Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in ________ with 95 theses addressed to his archbishop.

1517

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China.

1550-1750

The poetic form of haiku reached its golden age in the Tokugawa period, and the most renowned practitioner of the form, composed of ___-syllable couplets, was Matsuo Basho.

17

Some signs of economic stress were already present toward the end of Qianlong's reign, and chief among these was the problem of:

Absentee landlordism.

The position of the military aristocracy in Japan was:

Absolute and unquestioned, in all matters of life and death.

The rulers of Benin did all of the following except:

Actively resisted the encroachment of Portuguese cultural values.

In the Kongolese belief system, Portuguese Catholicism was:

Adapted to the indigenous African spiritual and cultural heritage.

James Oglethorpe's vision for the colony of Georgia included all of the following except:

An adoption of native Creek patterns of interaction with the natural environment.

Akbar had a sudden intense mystical experience in 1578, gradually developing a personal philosophy he called "sulh-i kull", meaning "_________".

At peace with all.

Dorgon crossed the Great Wall into China in 1642:

At the invitation of a Chinese general.

The _______ was a small and slender 60-foot-long ship with a stern rudder, square and lateen sails, and a magnetic compass (of Chinese origin)

Caravel

In his preface, Cervantes claimed he had written Don Quixote of La Mancha to "ridicule the absurdity" of notions of ___________.

Chivalry

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world

Diseases

"_______ learning" was especially prized in the Tokugawa period, with their representatives retaining yearly access to the shogunate and exerting influence on prominent Japanese intellectual.

Dutch

Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648.

Dutch

Denis Diderot's most important contribution to the Enlightenment was to assemble all the latest scientific and philosophical thinking into the _________.

Encyclopédie

__________ would have been destroyed in a Muslim holy war had it not been for the timely arrival of a Portuguese fleet with artillery and musketeers in 1541.

Ethiopia

The purpose of the Spanish Inquisition, as appointed by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1481, was to

Ferret out any people whose beliefs were contrary to Church teachings

The skills of Hindus and Jains were increasingly sought by the Mughal court, and Akbar made a Hindu his ___________ and employed Hindu court astrologers.

Finance minister

The memory of Humayun's __________ was galling to the Mughals.

Forced conversion to Shiism.

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices.

Gold

The demand for slave labor reached new heights in Brazil when:

Gold was discovered in Minas Gerais in 1690.

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators.

Had been born in the Americas.

An expedition sent out the Portuguese king ___________ the Navigator captured the city of Ceuta on the North African coast in 1415.

Henry

European manufacturers of porcelain:

Imitated Chinese designs in porcelain before they could make their own.

In contrast to Rousseau's traditional Christian ethics, _________ sought to build morality on transcendent reason and thus came to the conclusion that his morality had to be erected on the basis of the categorical imperative.

Immanuel Kant

The chief duties of the Mughals' zamindars were to:

Interpret Islamic law in accordance with Aurangzeb's directions.

Aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire, _________ had, by the fourteenth century, become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

Islam

An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury.

Janissaries

The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________

Lines of latitude

The Congress of Vienna restored the French Bourbon monarchy with the coronation of King _________, the brother of Louis XVI.

Louis XVIII

_________ writers, painters, and poets followed Humayun to India, where their talents enlivened the arts and helped develop Urdu verse forms.

Persian

The "Three Excellences" were:

Poetry, painting, and calligraphy.

After the reimposition of the jizya tax on non-Muslims, Hindus who had newly converted to Islam:

Preserved their caste and clan affiliations, especially in terms of profession.

With the traditional threats from the borders now quashed, the reign of the __________ emperor, from 1736 to 1795, marked both the high point and the beginning of the decline of the Qing dynasty

Qianlong

The eighteenth century proved to be a boon time for all involved in the ____________ trade, and the British in particular increasingly viewed it as a valuable part of their growing commercial power.

Rice

When he gathered his clan and declared himself an independent ruler in 1299, the Turkish warlord Osman was nominally subject to the:

Seljuks

Women could, and often did, exercise a greater degree of power and influence among the ___________ than among most other groups in India.

Sikhs

After supplying the American colonists with money, arms, and officers, in 1778-1779, in alliance with _________, France declared war on Great Britain.

Spain

As distasteful as it was for a _________ to curry favor from the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp, Humayun received his support and reclaimed his throne in 1555.

Sunni Muslim

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlán

The slaveowners' greatest fear was:

That a slave revolt would begin and spread.

Regarding the newly independent North American republic, which of the following statements is not accurate?

The Articles of Confederation did not grant enough self-governing power to the individual states

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to:

The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT:

The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany.

The popularity of rum promoted:

The expansion of sugar planting and slavery, to their peak after 1750.

At the battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur's army had the advantage of:

The new military technologies of matchlock muskets and field cannon.

The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the:

The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II.

Under Süleyman "the Magnificent" most of the Janissaries were stationed in barracks in and near the _____________.

Topkapi Palace

Mehmet II besieged and conquered Constantinople within ________ in 1453.

Two months

All of the following are true of Galileo Galilei, EXCEPT:

Using mathematics, he was able to prove that Archimedes was wrong in his theory of falling bodies.

After meeting Pizarro at the town square of Cajamarca in 1532, Atahualpa:

Was murdered, together with his unarmed retainers.

The indigo plant, which _____________, contributed to a booming economy in South Carolina starting in the 1740s.

Was processed into a dye

In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.

Western Hispaniola

Luther and Calvin disagreed on all of the following theological matters except

Whether violence should be used against those who rebel against Biblical authority.

The items representing the artistic and aesthetic tastes of the court and the samurai were:

Widely available to anyone who had the money and interest to afford them.

The Louisiana Purchase took place ___________ the Haitian Revolution.

during

In the peace negotiations concluding the American War of Independence, France incurred _________, an obligation which it ultimately was unable to meet, thus setting in motion one of the underlying causes for the outbreak of the French Revolution.

exorbitant war debt repayments

Although affirming the concept that the equality of all "men" was "self-evident," the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the _________ of all Americans who were Black slaves and the roughly half who were women, as well as Native Americans.

one-fifth

During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V?

war with England