History of Creativity Exam 1
Tilman Riemenschneider
Well known woodcarver - Germany Transition artist - bridged medieval and Renaissance styles
Cervantes
"Don Quixote de la Mancha" -Greatest literary work in Spanish -First novel (new genre of writing) ---A sustained work of prose fiction -------Character development, plot climaxes, moral dilemmas -------Often includes elements of fantasy ---Blurs distinction between author and protagonist Topics: -Aspirations versus accomplishments -Conformity and insanity -Changing to become as you are treated -Reality versus illusion The novel follows the adventures of Alonso Quijano, a hidalgo who reads so many chivalric novels, that he decides to set out to revive chivalry under the name of Don Quixote. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who frequently deals with Don Quixote's rhetorical orations on antiquated knighthood with a unique, earthy wit. He is met by the world as it is, initiating themes like intertextuality, realism, metatheatre and literary representation.
Artemesia Gentileschi
"Judith and Holofornes" o Follow stile of Caravaggio - own right for its ability to capture the artist's own personal emotion and portay it through her work to share with viewer o Important figure in spread of Baroque style - traveled a lot
Sandro Botticelli
"Primevera" - promoting love Pagan (Classical) Themes - Birth of Venus
Leonardo da Vinci
"Renaissance Man" - took the world apart to understand it -Coded Book - Read R L with a mirror -Scientist, Engineer,Artist, Developer of new techniques **Defender of painting as the highest art form -Technology and Art - used over 800 words to describe the ratios of the "perfect face" -Light and Perspective -"Madonna of the Rocks" - Geometrical Arrangement of figures - Chiaroscuro - Sfumato - foreshortening - background treatments - artists lived on comissions -• Outlines geometric/triangular figures • Foreshortening - looks like something is coming out of the painting at you. "Last Supper" -• Built into the room's end. Light from the room same as picture • During WWII a bomb hit the monastery but the wall with the fresco was not damaged "Mona Lisa" • Triangular arrangement • Emotion • Commission • Skin tone • Linear
Donatello
"Saint George" "David" "Mary Magdalene" • renaissance artist • very early - not as impressive as other sculpters- comes on the cusp of medieval sculpters • David - one of his more famous pieces. • Mary Magdalene
Carvaggio
"The Calling of Saint Matthew" "David with the Head of Goliath" -earliest Baroque painting master -o Used his immense talent as an artist to glorify God and the Catholic Church, his personal life was raucous and un-Christian. Always in trouble with the police and often offended friends and allies with explosive temper o Quarreled with an opponent in a tennis match and stabbed him to death
Baroque Music Innovations
-Invention of Opera -Homophony (as opposed to monophony and polyphony) -Development of purely instrumental music -----Origins in opera and dance music -New instruments -----Violin (especially) -Temperament
A Discussion of Free Will
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Hamlet
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REVIEW THE PRINCE
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Shakespeare's Comedies
A comedy involves lovers who cannot marry because of some impediment Impediments used are: family pressure, rules of society, racial differences, class differences, laws, confusion of identity, etc. Traditional forms of comedy (puns, slapstick, practical jokes, witty banter) are used In the end, the impediment is overcome and the lovers marry A comedy is about desire and fulfillment
Shakespeare's Tragedies
A tragedy follows the struggle of an honorable person against forces that are both external and internal (from a tragic personality flaw) We see the person suffer and grow as he struggles against the forces The person always has free will but often takes a poor path either through ignorance or the pressure of circumstances In the end the flaw and the forces overcome the person A tragedy is about decline and death
Hamlet
Creativity of Shakespeare (best play) College student Parent relationships Dating problems Problems with perceptions Reality versus perception -Ghost -Claudius and mousetrap play -His own self (philosophy major) -Understanding death Ophelia syndrome The Ophelia Syndrome manifests itself in the university. The Ophelia writes copious notes in every class and memorizes them for examinations...The Ophelia wants to be a parrot, because it feels safe.... But eventually every discipline enters into the unknown, the uncertain, the theoretical, the hypothetical, where teachers can no longer tell students with certainty what they should think...."
David Hume
Criticism of EVERYTHING -Scottish philosopher -Leader of empiricism movement -Grew to distrust all and question everything
Adam Smith -
Criticism of GOVERNMENT Scottish professor Wealth of Nations -Free enterprise system -The role of self-interest and laissez-faire -----Through an "invisible hand" self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product -----State and personal efforts to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces -Provides the intellectual rationale for free trade and capitalism
Baroque
Definition: A period of history (roughly 1600s) -A description of style after the Renaissance -Originally a derogatory term -A time of experimentation ----Social ----Science ----Art Causes and Origins -Counter reformation movement (impress the Protestants) -Rulers wanted a style that would impress their subjects and rivals -Artist's desire to impress patrons with virtuosity
Albrecht Durer
Him and his brother wished to become artists - Germany -one would learn while the other supported - then they would switch -brother's hands were crippled from work "The Apocalypse" -Perspective -Realism -Chiaroscuro "Knight, Death, and the Devil" "St. Jerome in his Cell" -strong perspective -see also the symbolism -study of hands
Characteristics of Baroque
How does Baroque compare with the Renaissance? -More emotion/religious fervor -More dynamic realism (movement/perspective) -Enhanced dramatic light and shade -Greater elaborateness and exaggeration (but in control) -Higher virtuosity -New forms (mostly in literature and music) -Similar artistic traits to the Renaissance but taken to the extreme - began in Rome • Classical period followed by period of exaggeration o Example - Michaelangelo's David may be able to kill Goliath but Berini's David is actually doing it. • Foreshortening was a newly developed technique that used a depp understanding of perspective to create a three dimensional effect that made parts of a painting look as if they are actually sticking out of the work toward the viewer.
James I
James I -First Stuart king of England -Divine right -Tried to copy Louis XIV Royal monopolies Compare to mercantilism in France
Article 6: John Calvin
Predestination
The Bible
Publication of Tyndale's Bible -Illegal in England -Published in Holland -English agent buys all the copies -Publisher gives Tyndale the money and Tyndale uses it to print more Bibles Words invented: -Jehovah -Passover -Atonement -Scapegoat • Work was very popular because of the beautiful language it contained • Phrases that are very expressive let there be light - the spirit is willing. I would be my brothers keeper • King James I - he objected all of the Bibles then available in English o Some were too Catholic some had footnotes that were too strongly Calvinist o Wanted a version that contained no footnotes and was doctrinally neutral - also beautiful language • KING JAMES VERSION was made - with the help of an assembled team of scholars o Also called the Authorized Version • Both - Church of England and the Calvinist Church of Scotland adopted it. • Along with Shakespeare helped to define and solidify modern English
Savonarola
Religious dictatorship Gangs of zealots Anything pagan Worldliness Jewelry Cosmetics Fancy clothes He accused the pope of corruption The pope became angry and excommunicated Savonarola The people of Florence revolted against Savonarola and burned him at the stake in the Piazza della Signoria and set up the Florentine Republic
Early Renaissance Art
What was different in Renaissance art: -Realism -Perspective -Classical (pagan) themes _______________PRE LEONARDO(above) -Geometrical arrangement of figures -Light and shadowing (chiaroscuro) -Softening of edges (sfumato) -Backgrounds -Artist able to live from commissions ______(DEVELOPED OR INVENTED BY LEONARDO)
Queen Elizabeth
became queen at age 25- very creative!! ACCEPTANCE PROBLEMS - ---was a female - remember Bloody Mary? ---Legitimacy claim for throne - geneology Acceptance Problems - Coronation Money Problems - -Visits around England -Stopped the wars - She withdrew from the war altogether and renounced English territories in France - To counteract potential loss of prestige she promoted English pride - especially in commerce and the arts -Promoted industry and trade -Privateers(Drake) Religious Problems - became Protestant to solve problem -Protestant versus Catholic division -Parliament undoes all of Mary's acts -Puritan zealousness balanced Gender helped her overcome certain problems - • Never married - used other men/rulers/kings for wealth and power HOW DID SHE DO IT? -Thought outside of the box -Used the advantages she had and did not let her disadvantages stop her -Unafraid of change -Did not worry if a problem was "out of her area" as a female, but tackled all problems Good Queen Bess • Creativity - involves both thinking(finding the right solution) and acting properly (carrying out the solution) • She understood the value of image and created one for herself that was overwhelmingly popular among English people • Height of the English arts was Drama
George Frederick Handel
born in Germany in 1685 o Age 12 was working as assistant choir master at the local church o Sound of a poorly tuned instrument would send Handel into rage o Messiah - "was not written to entertain, but to change lives" Personal Life ---Traveled extensively ---Left his position in Hanover Watermusic click me Operas -Company in London -Crisis when operas fell out of favor Oratorios -Religious text with chorus and orchestra -No costumes or staging Messiah -Glory to God (Recitative) -Hallelujah Chorus (Aria and/or Chorus)
Pieter Brughel
first of the great Dutch Painters o Captured elements of common man in Holland o Great attention to detail Hunters in the Snow Religious Painting - Non catholic traditions - The Triumph of Death
Netherlands - govt
model for limited government -Dutch Republic - (United Provinces of the Netherlands) -Economic power of the Dutch ----Manufacturing ----Trade ----Rise of merchant class Restraints on absolutism (abstracted): 1. The States were free to assemble, regardless of summoning by the ruler. 2. No new taxes without consent of the States. 3. All acts of war must be approved by the States. 4. No part of the realm could enter a treaty with foreigners. 5. Gifts to the ruler were prohibited. 6. Justice to be administered only by regular judiciary. 7. Old customs and laws are to remain unbreakable, even for the ruler.
Hapsburgs versus Bourbons
read in book
MICHELANGELO Buonarroti
13 years younger than Leonardo -sculpter -"David" - sculpted with great detail - veins on hands - hair -rival of Leonardo - both hired to pain in town hall of Florence - Leonardo cracked and left -very disturbed - early love for the Medicis -Pieta - Only signed piece of art by Michelangelo - Mary holding Jesus child -Sistine Chapel - o Many art critics call it the most beautiful room in the world o The last Judgement -St. Peter's
Raphael
18 years younger than Michelangelo -"School of Athens" • Proof that the Catholic Church had embraced Renasaaince ideas by the end of the era -"Madonna of the Meadow" - similar to Leonardo's "Madonna of the Rocks" - came at the end of Renaissance period - borrowed and blended previous concepts and adapted works of others -
Jonathan Swift
Irish essayist & cleric Hated injustice Politically active Satirist ---"Gulliver's Travels" ---"A Modest Proposal..."
Counter Reformation
Jesuits - o Jesuits - society of dedicated priests - strengthened the church by being both intellectual and moral warriors against those who would harm the church -Council of Trent - The Council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies at the time of the Reformation and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints. -Baroque Art -Inquisition - ensured that members in Catholic religions would not adopt Protestant beliefs. - controlled what people read, believed, and how they acted.
Michelangelo - The Moses
Keren= light or beam Karnaim = horns - mistranslation his favorite statue he did
Versaiiles: Seat of government
Louis XIV forced the bureaucracy to move to Versailles -Versailles is about 20 miles from Paris and that is too far to commute - if people wanted to see him they had to stay there -This move solidified Louis' position as the head of state since it broke up old patterns and networks -Versailles was identified with Louis personally and he wanted the palace to be grand and luxurious - Embraced the -Baroque style -Daily Routine - having nobles help him eat, dress, brush teeth
Medici Family
Medicis were willing to take risks to gain power ---They backed a pirate to become pope and succeeded ---The pope made the Medici bank the principal papal bank The Medici became like a Mafia family The Medici looked for a grand project to demonstrate their power ---Like Pericles building the acropolis in Athens I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT TO DO FOR THE MEDICIS THERE IS TONS OF INFO ON THEM
Temperament
Temperament: tuning that resulted in pleasant scales and that kept exactly the 2:1 ratio of octaves ----The Well Tempered Clavier by Bach -Preludes and fugues written in all major and minor keys -Some keys still had slightly different intervals ----Equal Temperament distributed the error evenly over all notes
Machiavelli: The Prince
The Effect of change ----"It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things." -MAINTAIN STABILITY/Manage Change Deal with Non-Virtuous People ""The fact is that a man (leader) who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous. Therefore if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to need." -BE PREPARED TO BE NON-VIRTUOUS Stingy versus Liberality "Since, then, a prince cannot, without harming himself make use of this virtue of liberality in such a way that it will be recognized, he does not worry, if he is prudent, about being called stingy." -BE LIBERAL OR STINGY AS REQUIRED FOR THE MOMENT Loved or Feared? " "Is it better to be loved than feared, or the reverse? The answer is that it is desirable to be both, but because it is difficult to join them together, it is much safer for a prince to be feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the two. ..." "Nevertheless, the wise prince makes himself feared in such a way that, if he does not gain love, he escapes hatred; because to be feared and not to be hated can well be combined; this he will always achieve if he refrains from the property of his citizens and his subjects and from their women." Be loved and feared, but favor being feared (avoid hatred)*** Promises and Honesty "How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery everybody realizes. Nevertheless, experience in our time shows that those princes have done great things who have valued their promises little, and who have understood how to addle the brains of men with trickery; and in the end they have vanquished those who have stood upon their honesty." KNOW WHEN TO KEEP A PROMISE Appearances are Useful "For a prince, then, it is not necessary actually to have all the above-mentioned qualities [kindness, integrity, etc.], but it is very necessary to appear to have them. Further, I shall be so bold as to say this: that if he has them and always practices them, they are harmful; and if he appears to have them, they are useful." "Everyone sees what you seem, but few know what you are." APPEAR TO HAVE GOOD QUALITIES Adjust to meet Circumstances "Therefore he must have a mind ready to turn in any direction as Fortunes' winds and the variability of affairs require, yet, as I said above, he holds to what is right when he can but knows how to do wrong when he must." HOLD TO RIGHT WHEN POSSIBLE BUT DO WHAT IS REQUIRED Princes must use whatever means are appropriate "Wherefore if a Prince succeeds in establishing and maintaining his authority, the means will always be judged honorable and be approved by every one." REALIZE THAT THE END WILL JUSTIFY THE MEANS
Absolutism
The concept of absolutism is: The king is divinely appointed and is responsible only to God Places the king on a pedestal above lords and pope Associated with the 1600s This was a century of transition from a religious focus to a political focus
Montaigne
• If I can, I shall keep my death from saying anything that my life has not already said. • Death they say acquits us of all our obligations Of repentance...
Henry VIII
• King Henry VIII was a staunch supporter of the pope and very against Luther. - Made English bibles forbidden. History of the Tudors -War of the Roses -Solidifying of Tudor power by Henry VII -Marriage of Arthur Tudor to Catherine of Aragon (Spanish princess)---> Arthur dies Need for a male heir -Henry VIII asked (commanded) to marry his brother's widow -Religious controversy over this marriage Marriage between Catherine of Aragorn and Henry VIII proves to be happy -Catherine unable to have a male heir -Henry believed it was his kingly duty to have male heir Henry's Actions________________ Henry seeks a papal annulment of the marriage -The pope was a captive at the moment to Charles V who was Catherine of Aragon's nephew -Time pressure as Anne Boleyn, Henry's mistress, was pregnant & the baby could only be an heir if born in wedlock Henry decided to begin a campaign against the Catholic Church to put pressure on the pope -Unsuccessful Pope refused to grant the annulment Henry forced Parliament to grant him a divorce and to make him the ruler of a new English church -Based on idea English Church is older than the Catholic -Catholic properties taken by the crown -Henry marries Anne Boleyn Baby is a girl, Elizabeth Wives of Henry Catherine of Aragon Mary Tudor (Catholic) Anne Boleyn Elizabeth (Protestant) Jane Seymour Edward VI (Protestant) Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Opposition to Henry VIII Kings, in England, needed support from the people The people respected Sir Thomas More, the king's chief advisor and so worried about his example -All people were forced to take an oath of support -More refused to take the oath (neither objecting or affirming) -The king put More in jail to think about it Following Henry VIII's death: Edward VI (6 years) Bloody Mary (5 years) Elizabeth (45 years)
Thirty Years War
• Letter of Majesty - Both religions allowed to exist without interference from the other - the feelings remained tense and laid the groundwork for the Thirty Years War • 1618 - spark that ignited the 30 years war. Bohemia - Encouraged by the Emperor Catholic Officials forced Construction to stop on several protestant churches. This was viewed as a direct violation of the Letter of Majesty - members of Protestant assembly stormed Prague castle and hurled two of the emperors officials out of the window - became known as the Defenestration of Prague. • Protestants declared themselves independent of the Holy Roman Empire because of this - immediately - the Holy Roman Emperor sent troops to quell the rebellion. Hapsburgs - Emperor/Royal family - also invaded Protestant Germany and both invasions were successful and as a result Bohemia and much of Germany came under direct control of the Hapsburgs. • King Christian IV of Denmark, a Protestant was alarmed by this. - entered into war against Catholics o Huge Protestant - popular amongst the people • Swedish king got involved when King Christian settled for a loss and peace agreement - o Swedish King took over Danish areas and then launched an attack at the Hapsburgs • Kings looked at advantages they could gain in spreading their religion but it seems it was mostly political and for personal gain • Catholics/Austria-Spain seemed ready to win the war until FRANCE joined the war on the Protestant side. France made this decision because it feared that an Austrian/Spanish victory would give too much power to the Hapsburgs - who owned areas surrounding France • After Thirty Years - 1648 - the forces of Austria and Spain saw victory was impossible and sought for Peace - two sides met and signed the Peace of Westphalia. o Roman empire exited the war in a very weak state o Germany was wrecked and wasted in this war = some areas lost more than 50 percent of their population. • One of the most pivotal times in German history
Louis XIV
• Louis XIV was not successful in his acquisition of power abroad, but his acquisition of power at home in France was total and complete o "I am the state" o Golden Age - "Sun King" o Large contribution to the Baroque style o Believed he was a God and helped people share with him the glory of an exalted existence and believe they were part of the heaven of the gods. o Gave French people pride - suggested they were better than everyone else o People today still believe culture is a very important part of life in France o Elaborate Baroque palaces were part of that vision o Actually achieved absolute power by his death in 1715 • Nobody ever questioned his authority o The power of Louis XIV was extremely attractive to other monarchs across Europe and others began to
Martin Luther: Salvation through Faith Alone
• Man can be saved through Faith - catholic church not needed. • One huge turn off for Luther was indulgences -doctrinally improper and offensive • To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate - this work addressed to rulers and landowners of his kinsmen, further discussed the foundation of this differences with Catholicism. • Diet - assembly of officals • Roman Emporer Charles - summoned Luther to recant his stance at this time Luther gave the famous Address at the Diet of Worms • Luther hoped that his actions would create change from within the Catholic Church. Instead the Protestant reformation/movement began. • Previously feared the words "righteous" and "righteousness of God" - sturkc his conscience like lightning. • When he read "he who through faith is righteous shall live" the words righteous became more pleasing.
Martin Luther
• Martin Luther o Born in 1483 - 8 years after michaelangelo o Born a peasant in Germany - German university student studying law - Personal commitment - frightened during a rainstorm and committed to give his life to God -Main problems with church: ----indulgences ----Power of the Pope ----Church instransigence - power over worldly govt. o 95 Theses - October 31, 1517 o Bishop Eck was sent to debate with Luther by the Vatican - Luther burned the popes letter publicly - excommunicated -Diet of Worms - Charles V - invited Luther to speak at Diet of Worms - " I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen." o Favorite book in Bible - Romans o Goes from linear thinking in the beginning of his life to creative, wider thinking. - lateral thinking o When he was faced with crisis and decisions he began to think laterally - complete break from the Catholic Church - something new
Opera
• Opera - scholars called the Camerata were investigating the nature of ancient Greek dramas that were sung - in their desire to recapture the culture of the past the Camerata scholars began to write music that might be like the music of ancient Greece - opera was born from these efforts o Allowed music to expand in many directions - made music and words important for the first time o Recitative - singer told the story in a narrative style with background musical accompaniment o Aria - singer explored emotions or some situation of the story with an extended solo o Homophony - the musical texture in which a strong melody is accompanied by instruments • Based on harmony Opera helped establish homophony as a useful part of music and proved that the use of textures other than monophony(the simplest musical texture) did not neccesarily detract from the message of the words o Counterpoint - developed a more intergrated interaction of the various melodies - counterpoint ORFEO - first popular opera Claudio Monteverdi - -made opera popular -"The Coronation of Poppea" o Made operas very popular - 16 opera houses before he died • Invented the tremolo - repeated bowing of one note Pizzicato - plucking rather than bowing
Diego Velazquez
"Maids of Honor" o Appointed by King Philip IV - as a court artist - which allowed him to travel across Europe and acquire paintings for the court collection o Travels helped him • 1. Spread Baroque style • 2. The paintings he acquired served as the basis for the collection now housed in the Prado Museum in Madrid one of the modern world's greatest art museums. o Had a strong influence on Low Countries "The Surrender of Breda" - Horses butt showing
Michel de Montaigne
- French - Invented essay genre - Spirit of the Renaissance - humanism - value of the individual - man at center of everything - morality theme - more of author's mind than to convince or motivate -"This book was written in good faith, reader. It warns you from the outset that in it I have set myself no goal but a domestic and private one. I have had no thought of serving either you or my own glory. My powers are inadequate for such a purpose. I have dedicated it to the private convenience of my relatives and friends, so that when they have lost me (as soon they must), they may recover here some features of my habits and temperament, and by this means keep the knowledge they have had of me more complete and alive."
Bernini
- asked to design and build a canopy over the central altar for Catholic church and many other things for the Vatican o Criticized Michelangelo for failing to make his figures appear as if made of flesh -"Ecstasy of St. Theresa" -"David" -"Apollo and Daphne" -"Aeneas" -"Pluto and Persephone" -----thigh - looks real "If you don't break the rules every so often, you'll never transcend them." - Bernini
Rembrandt
- famous painting The Night Watch of the Dutch Army o Each person in the painting has a unique facial expression o Great details o People look like they are actually ready to fight o Has all the elements of the Baroque o Moved in with HendrickJe Stoffles without marrying her o Lived his last parts of his life alone painting religious spiritual pcitures away from society - broke as well
Antonio Vivaldi
-"Red Priest" -Composed many operas -Stripped of his priestly privileges ---Moved to Vienna -Influenced Bach -The Four Seasons ----Felt that he needed a poem o Another famous Italian Baroque composer o Born in Venice o Inspired by Monteverdi's operas o Joined the Priesthood but would often walk out during mass to write down inspiration new song o Most popular work "The Four Seasons" o Helped with girl's orphanage - made them into an orchestra o Often over looked his vow of chastity o Center of musical culture shifted from Italy to German speaking countries
Erasmus
-Dutch nationality -Educated as a Catholic priest -Recognized by a Bishop for his strong intelligence and language skills -Viewed by many as the smartest man alive at that time HUMANISM -Strongly supported the concept of individual learning -Believed in providing the Catholic Church with a new, corrected version of the Bible ----Translated the Bible from the original Hebrew and Greek into Latin ----Omitted some of the changes that he perceived as being introduced during the post-apostolic period -Became a friend of Thomas More and helped him with some of his writings RELIGION -Criticized the Catholic Church for the corruption that he saw within the Church ---Catholic Church questioned who he sided with - he chose church over Luther - believed in reform from within -Did not support the Reformation ----He saw Luther as a radical ----Erasmus believed in reform within the Church ----Erasmus and Luther debated (through writings) that became, eventually, quite antagonistic and personal
Renaissance Men
-Leonardo -Michelangelo -Raphael -Petrarch, Erasmus, Pico della Mirandola
Development of Vocal Music
-Luther God could be experienced through music "The Devil flees from the voice of music just as he flees from the words of theology." -New vocal forms Hymn/anthem (congregation) Cantata (small orchestra and chorus) Oratorio (unstaged religious opera)
Johann Sebastian Bach
-Personal life -Over 1000 musical pieces -Musicians felt his music too difficult -Engaged the mind in search for God -After death became well known o Spent most of his life as a choirmaster and organist for various churches o Compositions sometimes attacked by public fore being overly flowery and too difficult to play - shows how Baroque he was o Devout Protestant o Aimed to glorify God - o Bach became known as a composer largely through the efforts of the composer and conductor Felix Mendelssohn o Hired to the choirmaster position in Leipzig, Germany - "Since the best man could not be obtained, mediocre ones would have to be accepted" o Blinded by eye surgery by an Englishman o When Bach died - End of Baroque Period Musical Contributions: -Over 1000 pieces in every genre except opera -Cantatas (one per week for 8 years) #140 part 1 part 4 part 7 -Protestant themes (in search of God) -Counterpoint/fugue -Complex compositions (upside down) -Hymns (A Mighty Fortress Is Our God) -Brandenburg Concertos
John Milton
-Puritan (blind in 1654) -Political Activist and Essayist ---Defender of Cromwellian Commonwealth Paradise Lost (1658-1664) -An epic account of the Fall of man -Written "that ... I may assert the Eternal Providence and justify the ways of God to man."
Societal Changes - 1500 - 1648 1649 - 1789 1790-Present
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Erasmus: A Discussion of Free Will, Hyperaspistes
1. A Discussion of Free Will. Erasmus starts stating reasons why we should believe in free will including keeping us from being complacent (why would we work hard if nothing we did was really our choice?). Erasmus then states "it seems clear that in many places the Holy Scriptures is obscured by figures of speech, or seems at first sight to contradict itself" so we must interpret the scriptures. He continues by asking how it would be possible for so many good Christians to have errored in their beliefs and interpretations of scriptures as Martin Luther suggests. 2. Hyperaspistes Erasmus challenges Martin Luther's claim that "if someone has the Spirit, nothing is obscure to them" (they have a total understanding of Scripture). Erasmus starts by pointing out that several prominent Christians who presumably had the Spirit had disagreeing views. Erasmus then points out that in Martin Luther's own commentary on the psalms written years before he stated that he could not know everything about the psalms because the Spirit withholds some knowledge. Erasmus attacks another comment of Luther's where Luther said "nor is it certain if I
Shakespeare
Born in Stratford-on-Avon • Wrote 37 plays - not only starred but wrote and directed many • 154 sonnets - many poems • creativity is exhibited not in the original idea but in the unusual twists in the stories • born in 1564 in England - middle class family • Shakespeare used 27,000 words in his works KJV only uses 7000 • Invented about 2000 words -coined many phrases - "too much of a good thing, lost property has vanished into thin air" • SPEECH - words - drew the crowd
France - Early - Weak Kings - Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin
Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin o Principle adviser Cardinal Richelieu - was the de facto ruler in france - responsible for solidifying political power • Creative although Machiavellian political mind • "Where the interests of the state are concerned, God absolves actions which, if privately committed would be a crime" • doubled tax revenues • suppressed Protestants at home but helped them abroad • understood how govt and religion had to be on same front to achieve the goals of the country • • Rebellious aristocrats used Protestantism as a cloak for political dissent against the throne. • Cardinal Richelieu knew he would die before the king and so he assured that his policies would continue by training a protégé Jules Mazarin - to replace him as Louis' main adviser o Mazarin - cardinal in the Catholic Church
Innovations in Orchestra
Composers notation: Specified instrumental parts Dynamic markings and speed Key signature in the title
Charles I
Divine right and stubborn Economic problems Conflict with parliament -Dismissal for 11 years -No ability to get taxes -Royal monopolies criticized -Exorbitant fines and duties -Scottish rebellion ---Calling of the "Long Parliament" ---Eventual arrest of parliamentary leaders • Parliament passed Petition of Right which condemned practices such as the king forcing loans from his rich subjects - Charles viewed this as a challenge to his power • Long Parliament - Parliament sat (with only a few brief breaks) for 20 years, from 1640 to 1660 • Charles was enraged at Puritan Parliament leaders and marches his troops into Parliament and attempted to arrest some of the Puritan parliamentary leaders. Rather than solving his problems through this act, he started a confrontation that led to the English Civil War.
Filippo Brunelleschi
Dome Concept - double shell structure ----inner lightweight shell - outer shell is heavy and wind resistant - ribs are gothic and peaked -----was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. --Perspective - invented linear perspective - demonstration at the baptistry in Florence
Frans Hals
Dutch The Laughing Cavalier
Machiavelli
Early life ― Florentine bureaucrat Worked for the Medici regime Worked for Savonarola regime Influential in the Republic Exiled when Medicis regained power -considered the first modern political thinker - thought in real world terms not ideal ones -"The Prince" - Dedicated to the Medici rulers -time inbetween rulers - during change - is CHAOS Summary of the Prince's Duties: -Maintain stability -Manage change -Use virtue as required -Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment -Be loved and feared, but favor being feared -Know when to keep a promise -Appear to have good qualities -Hold to right when possible but do wrong if required -Realize that the end will justify the means
French Problems
England at war with France Complication: Mary, Queen of Scots married to French king Stroke of luck for Elizabeth was the death of Mary's husband (no children)
Peace of Westphalia
No clear winner of the Thirty Years War -Ended because of exhaustion First international peace conference -Over 200 monarchs in attendance -Established precedents in diplomacy Established the concept of a strong king who ruled over a sovereign state -Weakened the Holy Roman Empire and Spain -Strengthened France and small German states Reduced importance of religion -Encouraged Protestants and Catholics to ally
Spanish Problems
Rivalry with England Philip II pursuit of Elizabeth Privateers Battle with Spanish Armada (1588)
Scottish Problems
Scotland independent (since 1314) and resentful Mary Queen of Scots -Rough wooing -Move to France and wedding -Successful Protestant revolt in Scotland -After her husband's death, Mary Queen of Scots returned from France -Marriage problems in Scotland -Elizabeth gave sanctuary to Mary -Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth and was executed James VI of Scotland
Zwingli
Ulrich Zwingli led the people to a Protestant revolt in Switzerland. Zwingli was the "peoples priest" • Zwingli's unique thinking - Bible should be interpreted literally. If a practice is not in the Bible, it should not be done. This caused a divide between him and Luther - also did not agree with transubstantiation Anabaptists didn't believe that Zwingli went far enough with his reforms and separated from main Protestant group and were expelled from Zurich • Zwingli died in battle against Catholic cantons over control of Switzerland.
Thomas More's Utopia
Utopia • Sympathizes with Plato - sensible person is right to steer clear of polotics. - capitalist is bad because all of the wealth is on a small minority who are greedy, useless characters. Private property is the root problem. • More - disagrees - there would never be a reasonable standard of living under a communist system - thered always be a shortage because nobody would work hard enough with the absence of a profit motive. • They have very few laws because very few laws are required. One of their great complaints against other countries is that, although they have already got books and books of laws and interpretations of laws, they never seem to have enough. -argues if everyone works that makes a ton of resources
Renaissance Music
Words dominate Tone painting Texture Middle ages: Monophonic Renaissance: Polyphonic Late Renaissance: Homophonic Harmonies based on Pythagoras
Paradise Lost
Written by Jon Milton -Adam, Eve, Satan -emotion -complexity
Article 3 - Luther - 95 Thesis
a lot of his 95 theses were about or in relation to forgiveness - the popes lack of authority to give forgiveness - indulgences
Giovanni Palestrina
wrote over 100 masses - saved polyphonic music from being banned by Catholic Church -"The Prince of Music"
English Civil War
• Charles was enraged at Puritan Parliament leaders and marches his troops into Parliament and attempted to arrest some of the Puritan parliamentary leaders. Rather than solving his problems through this act, he started a confrontation that led to the English Civil War. • The English Civil War was long and bloody - lasted from 1642-1649 Roundheads won - Oliver Cromwell - the leader of a radical Roundhead group known as the Independents, and leader of the Roundhead armies distrusted Charles • Cromwell forced Parliament to end the monarchy and King Charles was beheaded
Calvin
• Converted to Luthers teachings - preached public sermon against catholic church in 1533 • Calvin was a political and religious influence in Geneva - catholics were either forced to convert or be expelled • Calvin's doctrine was carefully reasoned and quite strict. The bible is the sole source of the will of God, and no pope or person or tradition can overturn it. • Believed that God is all knowing and the identity of all those who will be saved is already known to God, and is therefore predestined. - Presbyterianism - local control of the church rather than central authority • Banned liquor, singing, pleasure seeking, had curfews, some were executed for not obeying. Eventually the people asked Calvin to leave the city. He left and made his own school which became popular.
French Rule
• Henry II became king after Francis I died and was married to Catherine de Medici - one of the most powerful women in Europe • Catherine felt that the French Protestants - Huguenots - were gaining too much strength and so she ordered and ambush to kill the Huguenot leaders - which she then spread throughout the country as a warning to those who would try to convert to Protestantism. Referred to as St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Restoration
• Richard Cromwell - Cromwell's son - invited Charles II out of exile to accept crown as long as he respected Parliament • Charles II agreed to Parliament's terms and was crowned king of England. The return of the monarchy is called the Restoration • Glorious Revolution - bloodless coup where Parliament took the bold step of inviting Mary Stuart and her husband William III of Orange, to become King and Queen of England. - done because she was Protestant ----GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Parliament invited William III and Mary II (Daughter of James II) --Strongly protestant --English Bill of Rights James II threw the Great Seal in the Thames and fled the country Battle of the Boyne -James II defeated No children -• English Bill of Rights - was a document that both outlined some of the rights of the English people and clarified the new relationship between the monarchy and the Parliament. The Bill of Rights declared that law was to be made by Parliament (the king could only propose laws) and that the king had to call Parliament into session at least once every three years. Elections and debates in Parliament were to be free of royal interference. King couldnt remove a judge because he didn't approve. Freedom of worship for dissenters from the state church was granted o Made English the first true limited monarchy
Post Civil War - Cromwell - Rump Parliament
• The English Civil War was long and bloody - lasted from 1642-1649 Roundheads won - Oliver Cromwell - the leader of a radical Roundhead group known as the Independents, and leader of the Roundhead armies distrusted Charles • Cromwell forced Parliament to end the monarchy and King Charles was beheaded • Newly constituted Parliament - Rump Parliament o Episcopalians and any dissenting Presbyterians were excluded • Lost most of its credibility o Ineffective at running country - continued fighting o Eventually Cromwell marched his troops to Parliament and dissolved it. o Cromwell was given the title Lord Protector - this period of history became known as Protectorate • Cromwell probably had greater authority as King Charles I - he was able to almost ignore the parliament
Article 4 - Three Pillars
• Three walls - temporal power has no power over them - o When attempt is made to reprove them with the scriptures they say only the Pope can interpret the scriptures o When threatened with a council they say only the pope can call a council
Invention of the Violin
• Violin was invented in the small town of Cremona, Italy o Home to Amati, Stradivari, and Guarneri • These three men became violin makers and were so expert at their task that almost overnight the violin was embraced across Europe and soon became the heart of the Baroque period orchestra. • No violin has ever been made better than theirs!
War of Spanish Succession
• War broke out between France and Spain who both wanted a Bourbon King - on one side was Austria England and the Netherlands - Who wanted a Hapsburg King o WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION • Raged for 13 years • Treaty of Utrecht - no clear winner; maintain balace -a Bourbon became king of Spain but the same person could not be king of Spain and France -Spain ceded territories Terms of treaty strongly favored Austria, England and the Netherlands Paved the way for English Dominance What led up to it: • As france rose to greatness Spain began to decline • Spain's monarchs and policies they had led to decline of Spain • Spain's navy began to lose its once great advantage to the English o English developed smaller quicker boats - hit and run strategy • Spain lost most of its naval power to the "Protestant Wind" - they were sent to destroy English navy and storm destroyed them • Economic problems - poor planning • Lost pretty much all territories it had rule over - Portugal - Low Countries - had to put a lot of money into putting down Catalan and other revolts which sucked all the money out of the treasury o Low countries is where most of Spain's manufacturing was done
Article 5 - Speech at Worms
• Will not retract his statements - "it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience" • Ok with people going against his teachings - people went against Christ's teachings.
