History of Graphic Design Questions
Gustav Klimt is most associated with:
The Vienna Secession
From 1400-1450, about 20,000-30,000 books were made by hand. Which of the following statements best describes book production in the second half of the 15th century, from 1450-1501.
The number of books printed in Europe grew dramatically, advancing to somewhere between 12 million and 20 million during the second half of the fifteenth century.
Sentimentality and nostalgia are considered characteristics of Victorian visual culture. True or False
True
Medieval illuminated manuscripts reveal the influence of metalwork, such as fibula or brooches that had intricate designs. True or False
Truse
The title "graphic designer" is often credited to:
W.A. Dwiggins
The first sans serif typeface is usually attributed to:
William Caslon IV
The Nuremberg Chronicle is best described as:
a history of the world as understood from a 15th-century, German perspective.
Von Petzinger speculates that the geometric signs she studies on prehistoric cave walls are:
a precursor to early writing and pictographs with a common point of origin in Africa.
One aspect of Victorian visual culture was a tendency to use ________________, which often appear in densely composed typographic posters.
complex visual solutions
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Carolingian minuscule?
geometric letters
Author Sarah McCoy argues that colonial women printers in the United States.
juggled complcated lives in which they managed a small business, raising a family, and contributed to shaping their community.
Unlike the earlier scroll, the codex provided a _________________ means of accessing information.
random access
From Jules Cheret's "Cherettes" to Alphonse Mucha's adds for Job cigarettes, __________ were increasingly used in association with objects and experiences commodified in works of design in the late 19th century.
women
Which of the following methods was used most for poster production in the mid-19th century?
wood type
In the Middle Ages, the Lindisfarne Monastery in Northumbria, England, was:
- A place where manuscripts were collected. - A center of scholarship. - A place for manuscript production.
Describe the yellowback
- Cheap books made in the nineteenth century that ranged from popular fiction to educational texts - Books designed to capture a consumer's attention that featured block-printed covers and advertisements on the back - Printed books made from about 1855 to 1870 that were sold in railway bookstalls
Which of the following typefaces emerged in the 19th century?
- Clarendon - slab serif - sans serif - italics - humanist
Using Coogan's essay, put the Memphis style cycle in correct order:
- Ettore Sottsass breaks with modernist style in the 1970s - Incorporation of style with Macintosh 8-bit aesthetics by April Greiman and others in the early 1980s - Mass market appeal in the 1980s, from the apartments of David Bowie and Karl Lagerfield to "Saved by the Bell" - Memphis' fetishized "rebirth"-when Christian Dior used it in a runway show - Camille Walala's design work
What are some formal innovations of the Limbourg Brothers present in the Belles Heures?
- Naturalistic use of light - Emphasis on pictures - Use of atmospheric perspective
Which of the following accounts for the development of Cubism?
- New, "non-Newtonian" ideas about reality from thinkers such as Einstein. - A rejection of expressionistic tendencies in art. - The influence of Post-Impressionists like Cézanne.
Angel De Cora (Hinook-Mahiwi-Kalinaka) contributed letterforms and designs to American ethnomusicologist Natalie Curtis's The Indians' Book (1907). These included:
- Pictorial elements incorporated into stylized letters (such as letters with crescents based on buffalo horns in the Plains's title page) - Researched motifs unique to each tribe (such as a motif based on beadwork from a garter or armband on the Winnebago title page)
According to Jillian Kruse, by the 1890s posters were valued as works of art. All of the following support this in Kruse's article "Postermania":
- Posters were collected and displayed in homes - Articles about posters appeared in popular magazines - Periodicals about posters were published with collectable prints - (The French government DID NOT sponsore artists to make public health and wellness campaigns.)
William Morris' influences typographic included:
- Roman type, especially Nicholas Jenson - Fifteenth-century type - Medieval letterforms
Toulouse-Lautrec's 1983 poster advertising Jane Avril is innovative due to formal tactics such as:
- The unusual point of view - Bold black outlines - The extreme cropping of the instruments in the orchestra pit.
Creating a new kind of job for artists and designers in industry, Peter Behrens work for AEG is often associated with:
- a new period of capitalism in the West. - the event of corporate branding to distinguish similar goods from one another.
As design historian Steven Heller points out, Thomas Heine's Simplicissimus influenced many works of design that radically change its associations and depart from its original subversive meaning. These include:
- an election poster for Adolf Hitler. - Red Dog beer in the 1990s. - Mack Trucks.
Place the following steps of early modern type production in the correct order.
- carving punches - making matrices - casting and cleaning letters - printing
Select the two that apply best: John Baskerville designed a transitional typeface that had which of the following characteristics?
- increased contrast between thick and thin strokes - sans serif letters
Brands like Coca-Cola and Campbell's soup have brand identities that date to the late 19th century when:
- large companies produced food, in many instances replacing small local merchants - the U.S. government began to regulate patents and trademarks - the advertising industry experienced growth
Which of the following best describes the Limbourg Brothers' Belles Heures (Belles Heures of Jean de Berry)?
A richly decorated book made to accompany private worship commissioned by a French aristocrat.
Used in association with the Vienna Secession and Jugendstil, "Gesamtkunstwerk" translates to "total work of art." Which of the following best exemplifies this idea from a 19th-century?
A well designed environment, such as a house, in which all objects are aesthetically considered and well designed
Which of the best describes the process for printing Owen Jones' book, The Grammar of Ornament (1856)?
As many as 20 separate lithographic stones and drawings were used to print the richly colored chromolithographic illustrations.
Which of the following is not true regarding designer Lucian Bernhard?
At the outset of World War I, Berhard abandoned his Pictorial Modernist style for a more traditional and representational style that resembled poster design in the U.S. and England.
___________ were single-page notices or announcements that became popular in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Broadsides
The frontispiece (opening image) for Morris' book, A Note by William Morris on his Aims in Founding the Kelmscott Press, was designed by:
Edward Burne-Jones
Colonial-era printer _________ was the first woman believed to have been involved in printing in the United States.
Elizabeth Glover
According to author Sarah McCoy, who was the first woman in the colonial America to own and publish a newspaper? She was a friend and associate of Benjamin Franklin who helped shape attitudes about religion and politics.
Elizabeth Timothy
According to Meggs, a "farsighted view" of graphic design history is a perspective that sees graphic design history as a beginning with the industrial revolution. True or False
False
Aubrey Beardsley's designs adhered to Victorian morals and displayed themes of nostalgia and sentimentality. True or False
False
In Western Medieval books, carpet pages were pages consisting only of dense text. True or False
False
In ancient Greek writing, text that follows a boustrophedon format is always read from left to right. True or False
False
The Nuremberg Chronicle uses a standard page layout so that images and text are the arranged in the same way on each page. True or False
False
The lives of women were unaffected by economic and social change in the 19th century. As such, they did not play a role in graphic design of the era. True or False
False
Though they lacked technical skills, jobbing printers in the 19th century often had extensive formal training in the arts. True or False
False
Who wrote the 1909 Futurist Manifesto?
Filippo Marinetti
Von Petzinger's study of cave art focused on which of the following?
Geometric signs
Which of the following artists is most associated with Cubism?
Georges Braque
What was Gutenberg's contribution to printing ink?
He created a thick, oil-based ink inspired by contemporary painters.
What is Gutenberg's contribution to book production?
He makes book production faster by inventing modular type using a mold and a metal alloy that melts at lower temperatures.
Before Gutenberg's invention of the printing roller, printers used:
Ink pads to "beat" ink onto metal type.
Which of the following is NOT true about the inscription at the base of the Column of Trajan (113 CE)?
It is considered a "rustic" or informal letterform.
Which of the following is an advantage of lithography?
It's faster than older intaglio and relief methods.
Medallions in the "Bifolium from the (Andalusian) Pink Qur'an" are graphic devices that:
Mark the break in Qur'anic verses and help orient the reader.
The "Bifolium from the (Andalusian) Pink Qur'an" is made from _________, which was relatively new to Spain and Europe. Indeed, this material first appeared in Spain in the 11th century.
Paper
Like most manuscripts of the early Middle Ages, the Book of Kells was made using which of the following materials?
Parchment or vellum made of calfskin
In his definition of graphic design, Frascara argues that we should:
Pay more attention to the effectiveness of design (as opposed to the merit of aesthetics alone).
Working in the 1890s, the Beggarstaffs, William Nicholson and James Pryde, are most associated with_____________, a style characterized by simplified form and areas of flat color.
Pictorial Modernism
_______________were examples of popular printed material that pre-date Gutenberg's invention of moveable type in the 15th century.
Playing cards
Created by a committee, the ___________ typeface was designed for Louis XIV. Letters were devised following mathematical proportions and anticipated later neoclassical letterforms.
Romain du Roi
According to Von Petzinger, there are three basic types of communication. They are:
Spoken Gestural Graphic
In her analysis of the Constructivist style cycle, Coogan claims that, "__________ consciously hopscotched the Great Wheel of Style, landing squarely back at the cradle of good design."
Studio Number One
Which of the following describes the popularity of Baskerville's typefaces?
They were rediscovered in 1919 and became popular again in the 20th century.
Owen Jones' Grammar of Ornament (1856) influenced design of the Arts & Crafts and Art Nouveau movements in the late 19th century. True or False
True
Peter Behrens is often credited as creating for the first corporate logo for German company AEG. True or False
True
The Codex Amiatinus is the oldest extant complete Latin Bible. True or False
True
The Greek alphabet was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet. True or False
True
The Nuremberg Chronicle, illustrations are sometimes recycled. For example, the portrait of Hercules appears as other historical figures. True or False
True
The colophon is an inscription that placed at the end of a text. True or False
True
The printing press is a modified invention. Presses, such as wine presses, were used prior to Gutenberg's invention of modular type. True or False
True
__________are rounded, majuscule letterforms popular from the 4th to the 8th century.
Uncials
Helping to change the brand's identity, Mucha designed posters for the Lefèvre Utile cookie company. As described by Lippert, these posters featured:
a "celebrity endorsement" from Sarah Bernhardt in which she is quoted saying, "Je ne trouve rien de meilleur qu'un petit Lu, oh si deux petits Lu" ("I don't know of anything better than a Petit LU except two Petit LU").
Which of the following best describes the Linotype machine?
a machine that casts single lines of type that became popular for printing newspapers, magazines, and other print media
Lithography was invented:
at the end of the 18th century
The __________ manuscript hand is heavy and angular. It inspired German typefaces in Gutenberg's era and became associated with German identity.
blackletter
"Incunabula" refers to:
book production after Gutenberg from 1450-1501.
Compared to spoken and gestural communication, Von Petzinger argues that graphic communication is unique because it:
can be transmitted and preserved.
In "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" (1919), El Lissitzky used abstract geometric forms to represent:
communist revolutionary forces and aristocratic, counter-revolutionaries in conflict.
Ver Sacrum, which translates to "Sacred Spring" was a magazine associated with the Vienna Secession and aimed to:
dispense with hierarchies of high (or "fine") and low art as it advocated for both progressive politics and design.
The _____________ process used small dots to replicate the tonality of photographs. It enabled photographic images to be printed for mass media.
halftone
The _______________ refers to a the depiction of an illusionistic environment from a fixed point of view. It is a logical and formal system characteristic of Renaissance art and design. It is evident in images like Durer's Draftsman Drawing a Reclining Nude (1523), which shows a man using a grid to compose a drawing.
rationalization of space
According to typographic scholar and designer Sara Soskolne, there is evidence ___________ letters since antiquity but only in 1816 do they appear in metal type.
sans serif
Texts changed in late antiquity. The move from the ______________ to the ________________is an important aspect of Medieval graphic communication and allowed for information to be accessed differently.
scroll; codex
Which of the following was used to print the London Times in 1814, greatly increasing its output?
steam-driven press
Thomas Heine's design for the satirical magazine Simplicissimus used a red dog in an Expressionist, woodcut style. The image symbolized:
the common people who opposed the upper class.
What refers to a sans serif letterforms?
- gothic - grotesque
According to Heller, the term "graphic designer" first appeared in:
1922
One of the Linotype machine's competitors was the Unitype machine. Which of the following best defines the Unitype machine?
A machine that mechanically sets type
Which artist created an iconic poster, Gismonda, featuring Sarah Bernhardt in a style that recalled Byzantine art?
Alphonse Mucha
Why were American stories popular with British yellowback publishers?
American authors were unprotected by British copyright law and thus their work was free to print
In the essay "Note by William Morris on his Aims in Founding the Kelmscott Press," Morris claims that he began printing so that he could make books that are:
Beautiful and easy to read.
In the "Bifolium from the (Andalusian) Pink Qur'an," freehand calligraphy contrasts with smaller and more precise_____________, which help with pronunciation.
Diacritical marks
Which of the following figures was most associated with neoclassical typographic style?
Didot
Author Kristen Coogan uses Lorrraine Wild's "Great Wheel of Style" from 2000 to consider how style cycles happen in design fields. Which of the following is not a part of Wild's model?
Disappearance
According to Von Petzinger, animal signs far outnumber geometric signs in European Ice Age caves. True or False
False
Since it was primarily associated with painting, Cubism had little or no effect on design in the early 20th century. True or False
False
The Futurist Manifesto was a call for artists and designers to return to traditional style by reviving the classical tradition of ancient Rome. True or False
False
Scottish designers J. Herbert McNair, Margaret McDonald, and Frances McDonald created a poster for The Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts (1898, 8.8a) that is emblematic of and Arts-and-Crafts-influenced Glasgow style. How does this style demonstrate a shift away from British Arts and Crafts?
It's more geometric.
Identify the artist who made advances in lithography in the 1860s--especially chromolithography. His innovations led to an era of colorful poster production.
Jules Cheret
For many years, the Codex Amiatinus was misunderstood. Scholars thought it was made in_____________; it is now believed that it was made in __________________.
Rome, Italy; Northumbria, England
As discussed by Angelina Lippert, chief curator of Poster House in New York City, a Terminus Absinthe poster featuring the famous actor ___________ was created without her consent. She sued and won the right to her own likeness.
Sarah Bernhardt
