History of Graphic Design - Test I

Gunther and Johann Zainer

-1470s, established press in Augsburg, both men were scribes and illuminators who had learned printing -1471 agreement allowed Zainer to use woodblock illustrations as long as he commissioned them from members of the woodcutter's guild -One of Augsburg's most prominent and affluent citizens, selling 36,000 books

William Caslon IV

-1816 specimen book, displayed modest debut of sans-serif type

Watermark

-A translucent emblem produced by pressure from a raised design on the mold and visible when the sheet of paper is held to the light -Used in Italy by 1282

Albrecht Pfister

-Bamberg printer who illustrated his books with woodblock prints -1460, five woodblocks and the types of Gutenberg's thirty-six-line Bible to print his first edition of Jahannes von Tepl's Der Ackerman as Bohmen (Death and the Ploughman) -Popular lit in contrast to the theological and scholarly works published by most early printers

Joseph Jackson & Thomas Cotterell (1733-92)

-Began trend of sand-casting large, bold display letters as early as 1765 -Led to invention of fat faces, a major category of type design innovated by Robert Thorne around 1803

Playing Cards

-Duke of Milan: ivory slats bearing images painted by famous artists -The first printed pieces to move into an illiterate culture, -The earliest European manifestation of printing's democratizing ability: the games of kings could now become the games of peasants and craftsmen -Introduced symbolic recognition, sequencing, and logical deduction

Laurens Janszoon Coster

-Explored the concept of movable type by cutting out letters or words from woodblocks for reuse -Haarlem printer was Gutenberg's serious competitor

Block Printing

-First known European prints with a communications function were devotional prints of saints -Range from small images fitting in one's hand to large 10x14 inch images -Block print books used for religious instruction of illiterates

Writing

-Gave humanity a means of storing, retrieving, and documenting knowledge and info that transcended time and place -Type printing allowed the economical and multiple production of alphabet communication

Industrial Revolution

-Generated a shift in the social and economic role of typographic communication -Transformed phonetic symbols of the alphabet into abstract visual forms projecting powerful concrete shapes of strong contrast and large size

Incunabula

-German, meaning "cradle" or "baby linen" -Connotations of birth and beginnings led 17th century writers to adopt it as a name for books printed btwn Gutenberg's invention of typography in the 1450s and the end of the 15th century

Anton Koberger (1440-1513)

-Germany's most esteemed printer, in Nuremberg (central Europe's most prosperous center of commerce and distribution) -3 Masterpieces of large books

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

-Godson to Koberger, apprentice to Wolgemut for 4 yrs. -1498, published Latin and German editions of The Apocalypse, illustrated by his monumental sequence of 15 woodcuts, 16x12 inch pages, an unprecedented emotional power and graphic expressiveness, mastery in the use of line and tone -27 yrs. old, renown throughout Europe -Major influence in the cultural exchange that saw the Renaissance spirit filter into Germany (believed German art to be inferior to that of Italy) -A Course in the Art of Measurement with Compass and Ruler, 1525, application of geometry to architecture, decor, engineering, and letterforms, alphabet design -Treatise on Human Proportions, 1528, illustrated book sharing his knowledge of drawing, the human figure, and the advances of Italian artists with German painters and graphic artists

Erhard Reuwich (1450-1505)

-Illustrator, Peregrinationes in Montem Syon (Travels in Mt. Zion) printed with Schoeffer's types in 1486 -illustrated woodblock carvings for Bernardus de Breidenbach to record his travels -First book to have foldout illustrations, including a four-page wide view of Methoni, Greece, and a woodcut of Venice over 4 ft. long

Johann Gensefleisch zum Gutenberg

-Mainz, Germany -First brought together the complex systems and subsystems necessary to print a typographic book around the year 1450 -Apprenticed as a goldsmith (metalwork and engraving) -Printed first typographic book, the forty-two-line Bible, 1,282 pages, two-volume work

Vincent Figgins

-Mastered by Joseph Jackson, respectable reputation for type design and mathematical, astronomical, and other symbolic material, range of romans and scholarly and foreign faces -1815 specimen book: present the first nineteenth-century version of Tuscan-style letters, as well as styles projecting illusion of 3D

Nuremberg Chronicle

-One of the masterpieces of incunabula-period graphic design, with 1,809 woodcut illustrations in its complex, carefully designed 18x12 inch pages -Title page for index is a full-pg woodblock of calligraphy attributed to George Alt, a scribe who assisted Hartmann Schedel in lettering -Michael Wolgemut and Wilhelm Pleydenwurff llustrators and carvers -Made in contract -Gothic type contrasted with tones of woodcuts

Alfred North Whitehead

-Philosopher -Observed how major advances in civilization are processes that all but wreck the society where they occur

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

-Posted his Ninety-five These for debate on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Saxony, 31 October, 1517 -Friends passed copies to printers and by December, his proclamation had spread throughout central Europe -Used printed broadsides and tracts in a theological dispute before a mass audience throughout the continent

Master of the Playing Cards

-unidentified artist who created the earliest known copperplate engravings -birds, animals, and wild men as images -someone who had already mastered engraving, not someone struggling to perfect a new graphic technique

Ex Libris

A bookplate pasted into the front of a book to identify the owner

William Leavenworth (1799-1860)

Combined the pantograph with the router in 1834, and new wood type fonts could be introduced so easily that customers were invited to send a drawing of one letter of a new style; the manufactory offered to design and produce an entire font based on the sketch w/out an additional charge for design and pattern drafting

Darius Wells (1800-75)

Experimented with hand-carved wooden types and in 1827 invented a lateral router that enabled the economical mass manufacture of wood types for display printing

William Caslon

Father of the revolution of major design innovations (London type founder)

Friedrich Koenig

German printer who arrived in London 1804, presented plans for steam-powered printing press

Catholicon

Gutenberg's encyclopedic dictionary, published 1460 with a colophon

Tobert Lanston (1844-1913)

Invented the Monotype machine, which cast single characters from hot metal.

Ottmar Mergenthaler (1854-99)

Perfected his Linotype machine in 1886, July 3: keyboard-operated machine in office of the NY Tribune. Whitewall Reid's reaction gave it the name "Linotype"

Typography

Printing with independent, movable, and reusable bits of metal or wood, each of which has a raised letterform on one face

Xylography

Relief printing from a raised surface that originated in Asia

Psalter in Latin

The first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon