History of Manipulation

John Mennell

(son of James, 1916-1992) European Orthopedic Physician Practiced orthopedic med in England Immigrated to US-educational courses for PTs in 1970s and 80s to promote manipulation in PT

PT Origins

1813 Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in Stockholm Sweden-Pehr Henrik Ling Graduates were "Directors of Gymnastics" They were licensed by Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare in 1887-First PTs! Notable graduates: Jonas Henrik Kellgren and Edgar F. Cyriax APTA founded in 1921

Andrew Still

1826-1917 Founded Osteopathy Started first school of osteopathy in Kirksville, MO (American School of Osteopathy-->A.T. Still University-present)

Daniel David Palmer

1845-1913 Started Palmer School of Chiropractic Horticulturist, schoolteacher, and farmer "Magnetic healer" Died by "typhoid" but probably from injuries from son running over him

James Mannell

1880-1957 European Orthopedic Physician Influence between 1912-1935 Provided advanced training in manipulation technique for physiotherapists at London hospital "The Science and Art of Joint Manipulation" Coined "accessory motion"-joint play, arthrokinematics

James H Cyriax

1904-1985 European Orthopedic Physician Sone of Edgar, grandson of Kellgren "Textbook of Orthopaedic Medicine"-1954 "Father of Orthopaedic Medicine" Developed detailed systematic exam procedures -isometric tissue tension -end feel assessment -capsular patterns Applied anatomy to exams Influenced PTs, like Paris and Kaltenborn in effective manipulation skills

Alan Stoddard

1915-2002 European Orthopedic Physician Medical and osteopath physician in England Used skillful specific manipulation techniques Mentored many PTs-Paris and Kaltenborn (liked Cyriax approach to extremity conditions and Stoddard's approach to spinal conditions)

Law of the Nerve

Adjust spinal 'subluxations' to restore nerve flow and facilitate the body's innate healing ability decreased nerve impulses affect visceral function leading to disease, so need to restore nerve flow by doing "adjustments" Theory chiropractic medicine is based on

Geoffrey Maitland

Australian PT (1924-2010) Published Vertebral Manipulation-1964 Influenced by Cyriax and Stoddard developed concepts of: -"reproducible signs" -gentle oscillatory manipulation techniques: Grades I-IV Puts on Seminars published book on peripheral manipulation helped develop very systematic way of doing mobilization and manipulation

European Orthopedic Physicians

Big influence on practice of manipulation and evolution of PTs role using it, especially in US James Mannell Son, John Mannell James H. Cyriax Alan Stoddard

Chiropractic Challenges

Bill Kinsinger-in 1990, started conducting investigations and research on chiropractic industry Found no educational institutions supports y public university system (FSU considered, but got ruled out bc was "not a science-based program" Not 100% accepted by traditional medicine Every chiropractic college is private--none found within an educational institution in the US

Friar Moulton

Bonesetter Published "The Complete Bonesetter" in 1956

NE-2010 testimony: NE legislature--The Committee on HHS

Chiropractors were trying to prevent PTs from doing any type of manipulations permanently by saying we are not trained properly and we don't know when to do it

Future of Orthopedic MT

Current and future driven by EBP Browing body of research evidence supports and guides practice of manipulation within scope of PT

BJ Palmer

DD Palmer's son Graduated from Palmer, ran school, and promoted growth of profession Ran over DD Palmer

"The Future of Chiropractic Revisited: 2005-2015

Document made by 18 members of advisory panel (ALL were chiropractors or executive directors) Mentioned PT on 26 pages as an "economic competitor" Document heavily based on future market share, NOT evidence

Hippocrates

Father of medicine (460-385) Used spinal traction to treat scoliosis

Bonesetters

Flourished in Europe (1600s to 1800s) No formal training; using hands to move bones back in place; passed down from generation to generation; not necessarily health care providers Friar Moulton and Wharton Hood

Osteopathy

Followed Bonesetting profession that flourished in Europe Founded by Andrew Still 1896--first school of osteopathy in Kirksville, MO-->American School of Osteopathy (now known as A.T. Still University Based on "Rule of the Artery" Education still continues to include manipulation in curriculum, but don't adhere to Still's original treatment philosophy Many current osteopathic physicians don't practice manipulation regularly

Chiropractic

Founded by Daniel David Palmer 1897-Palmer School of Chiropractic, Davenport Iowa Based on Law of the Nerve Own the tern "adjustments" BJ Palmer (son)

APTA

Founded in 1921 Mary McMillan-1st president 1921-1936-at least 21 articles/book reviews on manipulation Manipulation used early on to describe massage Other publications: -Art of Mobilizing Joints-Herman RF, MD-1936 -Manipulative Treatment of Lumbosacral Derangement-Thornhill MC, PT-1938

International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists

Founded in 1974 Represents organized groups of manual/manipulative PTs around the world Oversees stringent postgraduate specialization educational programs in PT Establishes educational and clinical standards and is a subgroup of World Confederation of Physical Therapy

Freddy Kaltenborn

From Norway-Nordic approach First textbook on spinal manipulation (1964) Related manipulation to arthorkinematics Stressed importance of biomechanical principles, like convex/concave rule developed training programs for PTs with Olaf Evjenth to specialize in manual therapy

Edgar F. Cyriax

Graduate of RCIG and became an MD Son-in-law of Kellgren Published over 50 articles on Ling's and Kellgren's methods of PT

Jonas Henrik Kellgren

Graduate of RCIG-1865 Developed many spinal and nerve manipulation techniques "mobilizing spine and nerve"

Rule of the Artery

Manipulate the spine to restore blood flow and restore the body's innate healing ability Theory that osteopathy is based on

Stanley Paris

New Zealand Studied manipulation in Europe and US (under Cyriax, Stoddard, and Kaltenborn) Published Spinal Lesion-1965 Immigrated to US-extensive educational programs for postprofessional PT education in manual therapy eventually established own PT program: University of St. Augustine KEY roles: -helped establish APTA Orthopaedic Section and American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists (AAOMPT) -worked with others to form International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)

Chiropractor's view of joint mobilization and manipulation

Normal activity: AROM of spine (neutral AROM) Beyond neutral AROM-passive ROM-mobilizations Beyond passive ROM-paraphysiological ROM-Manipulations Mobilizations are: improving joint function, decreasing pain and immobility, and promoting better health

Warton Hood

Orthodox medical practitioner who was a bonesetter Published "On Bone-Setting" in 1871 to give bonesetting some "street cred"

Emerging PTs

Teachers and practitioners of manipulation internationally and in US Freddy Kaltenborn Geoffrey Maitland Stanly Paris

State Law for Mobilization

We CAN perform mobilizations If did a high velocity, low amplitude thrust-must state: grade 5 mobilization within the normal physiological range of motion