History of Photo Study Set 2

X-Ray

Was used as a photographic medium.

L. H. Lartigue

Wealthy kid that was given a point and shoot that grew up to be known for "freezing time". Use of high shutter speeds froze the action. He became a fairly well known for sports photography because of this

Gertrude Kasebier

Well known portrait photographer based in New York city, very expensive. Her portraits were "art-felt" and subtly part of the pictorialistix in nature. Known for her powerful images of motherhood, physical human gesture playing an important part in her work.

Clarence H. White

Went into theory based work in photography as a professor. Why are you taking that picture etc. His imagery reflected his understanding of theory, and applied the use of soft focus. His images allowed viewers to create their own meaning rather than

Morning

Artist:Clarence H. White (American, 1871-1925) Date: 1905 Medium:Platinum print Pictorialism

Flatiron

Edward Steichen (American, born in luxemburg) Date: 1904, printed 1909 Medium: Gum bichromate over platinum print Pictorialist

Naturalistic Photography

Emerson claimed that a sharp and uniform image does not accurately represent the way the world appears to our eyes. He believed that for a photograph to be "truthful" it should be soft and impressionistic, bringing it closer to what he considered the appearance of nature

Gum-Bichromate process

Gum bichromate, or gum dichromate as it is also known, is a photographic printing process invented in the early days of photography when, in 1839, Mungo Ponton discovered that dichromates are light sensitive. William Henry Fox Talbot later found that colloids such as gelatin and gum arabic became insoluble in water after exposure to light. Alphonse Poitevin added carbon pigment to the colloids in 1855, creating the first carbon print. In 1858, John Pouncy used colored pigment with gum arabic to create the first color images. Gum prints tend to be multi-layered images sometimes combined with other alternative process printing methods such as cyanotype and platinotype. A heavy weight cotton watercolor or printmaking paper that can withstand repeated and extended soakings is best. Each layer of pigment is individually coated, registered, exposed and washed. Separation negatives of cyan, magenta, and yellow or red, green, and blue are used for a full-color image. Some photographers prefer substituting the cyan emulsion in the CMYK separations with a cyanotype layer. A simple duotone separation combining orange watercolor pigment and a cyanotype can yield surprisingly beautiful results. Low density photographic negatives of the same size as the final image are used for exposing the print. No enlarger is used, but instead, a contact printing frame or vacuum exposure frame is used with an ultraviolet light source such as a mercury vapor lamp, a common fluorescent black light, or the sun. The negative is sandwiched between the prepared paper and a sheet of glass in registration with previous passes. The print is then floated face down in a bath of room-temperature water to allow the soluble gum, excess dichromate, and pigment to wash away. Several changes of water bath are necessary to clear the print. Afterwards, the print is hung to dry. When all layers are complete and dry, a clearing bath of sodium metabisulfite is used to extract any remaining dichromate so the print will be archival.

Julia Margaret Cameron

Imagery inspired by the renaissance, using large lenses for a soft focus effect that rendered very little textural detail. Focused on children with supernatural props and imagery with a religious connotation. "A cloudy version of a remembered dream" was how she described her technique. Influenced by the painter Giotto and Michelangelo. Known for her use of albumen printing process

Bandit's Roost

Jacob A. Riis American 1888 Documentary Photography

My Cousin Bichonnade

Jacques Henri LARTIGUE Paris, France (1905); printed (1970s) gelatin silver photograph

Ophelia

Julia Margaret Cameron (British, 1815 - 1879) Ophelia Study No. 2 1867 Albumen print

Sergei Lobovikov

Known for expressing peasant life and general nature

August Strindberg

Known for his photographs of the night sky known as celestiographs

Edward Curtis

Known for his use of his own props and setting up his own scenes in his photographs of native american culture. Shows highly romanticized versions of what it was like to be native american in that time period

Frank Eugene

Known for making images of young women in nature

F. Holland Day

Known for the series "Sacred Art", and questioning and provoking what is acceptable to display regarding religious iconography. Photographed a lot of young nude male and females

Constructivism

Known for their use of collage. Artists used photos to further the revolution believing that artists can be an agent for change.

Child in a Carolina Cotton Mill

Lewis W. Hine (American, 1874 - 1940) Culture: American Place: North Carolina, United States (Place created) Date: 1908 Medium: Gelatin silver print

Photographic Associations

Linked Ring (1892) and Photo Cessation Group Fretted over the snapshot image brought on by the Kodak camera and consumer photography, and sought to be an upper echelon in photography

Frances Benjamin Jonhnston

Noted to be the first female journalist. Known for constructing scenes where people would have to stay very still. Well sought out for her portraiture skill. (Kodak Girl) Known for supporting photography as a from of work and leisure

Modernism

Opposite of pictorialism. Focused on making images less like paintings and using photography as its own unique art

Abstractions, Porch Shadows

Paul Strand (American, New York 1890-1976 Orgeval, France) Date: 1916 Medium: Silver-platinum print

Wall Street

Paul Strand, American, 1890 - 1976 Geography: Photograph taken in New York, New York, United States, North and Central America Date: 1915 (negative); 1915 (print) Medium: Platinum print Modernist

Poling the Marsh-Hay

Peter Henry Emerson (British, born Cuba, 1856-1936) Date:1886 Medium:Platinum print from glass negative

Distortion #102

André Kertész Date created 1933, printed later Medium gelatin silver print

Joseph Panell

(Goldberg Reading) Believed that photography was too quick and reliant on technology to be an art. It did not require the kind of formal training that other arts like drawing and painting

Dadaism

...Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916), in New York (circa 1915),[1] and after 1920, in Paris. Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works.[2][3][4] The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the radical left.[5]

Cubism

...In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from a single viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.

Mugshot

1880s Used to describe criminals

National Geographic

1888 Known for their exploitation of minorities by using their camera as permission to photograph native peoples of less developed land

Edward Steichen

A fine art painter that chooses to go into the medium of photography. Became a counterpart to Alfred Stieglitz after getting his work displayed in his gallery and selling 3 of his prints to Stieglitz.

Gum Bichromate

A printing process that used chromium salts and gum that when exposed to sunlight would harden, and would then be washed in warm water to remove the non-hardened material. created relief (texture on the physical print) on the prints of the images

An Organ-Grinder Couple

ALICE AUSTEN American 1896 photogravure

Untitled p.240

Aleksandr Rodchenko Russian Photomontage

The Steerage

Alfred Stieglitz (American, Hoboken, New Jersey 1864-1946 New York) Date: 1907, printed in or before 1913 Medium: Photogravure modernist

Equivalent

Alfred Stieglitz (American, Hoboken, New Jersey 1864-1946 New York) Date: 1926 Medium: Gelatin silver print Modernist

Paul Strand

American photographer known to be part of the "straight" photography movement that focused on the vernacular everyday life.

Lewis Hine

Child labor photography, and photographic documentary of the construction of the empire state building

Charles Cathen

Counterpart of Panell who was a defender of photography as a fine art.

Nude Youth with Laurel Wreath Standing Against Rocks

Day, F. Holland (Fred Holland), 1864-1933, American Date [1907] Medium: platinum with handcoloring.

Frederick H Evans

Did not believe in post manipulation of his images. He was still known for being part of the pictorialist movement, because he allowed the platinum process negative to render his images soft and dreamlike. Looked at the light and shadow, especially in interior spaces.

Dry Plate Process

Dry plate, in photography, glass plate coated with a gelatin emulsion of silver bromide. It can be stored until exposure, and after exposure it can be brought back to a darkroom for development at leisure. These qualities were great advantages over the wet collodion process, in which the plate had to be prepared just before exposure and developed immediately after. The dry plate, which could be factory produced, was introduced in 1871 by R.L. Maddox. It was superseded by celluloid film early in the 20th century.

Horse in Motion

Eadweard Muybridge 1886

The Vanishing Race

Edward S. Curtis American 1904 photogravures

Hague Conference

Erich Salomon German 1930 photojournalism Gelatin Silver Print

Self Portrait of a New Woman

Frances Benjamin Johnston 1896

A Sea of Steps

Frederick H. Evans, British Photograph taken in Wells Cathedral, Wells, Somerset County, England, Europe Date: 1903 Medium: Gelatin silver print

Blessed Art Thou among Women

Gertrude Käsebier (American, 1852-1934) Date: 1899 Medium: Platinum print Photo-Secession

Halftone process

Halftone process, in printing, a technique of breaking up an image into a series of dots so as to reproduce the full tone range of a photograph or tone art work. Breaking up is usually done by a screen inserted over the plate being exposed. The screens are made with a varying number of lines per inch, depending on the application; for newspapers, the range is 50 to 85, and for magazines, 100 to 120. The highest quality reproduction requires 120 to 150 lines per inch.

Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare

Henri Cartier-Bresson France 1932 Gelatin silver print, printed 1950s

The Linked Ring

Linked Ring, in full Brotherhood of the Linked Ring, association of English photographers formed in 1892 that was one of the first groups to promote the notion of photography as fine art. Henry Peach Robinson was notable among the founding members. The Linked Ring held annual exhibitions from 1893 to 1909 and called these gatherings "salons," a name they borrowed from the world of painting in an attempt to demonstrate their artistic purpose. The aesthetic approaches of the members varied, but they were all united by the desire to reject the strictly technical approach of much contemporary photography. The members of the group refused to exhibit photographs that, in their judgment, failed to further "the development of the highest form of art of which photography is capable." They also made innovations in the display of photographs: instead of crowding photographs onto a wall from ceiling to floor, as was usually done at the time, the Linked Ring photographers displayed their work at eye level. In order to spread their views on photography, the Linked Ring admitted to their association respected international photographers such as Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, Gertrude Käsebier, and Clarence H. White. Many of these artists went on to form the Photo-Secession, which promulgated similar ideas in the United States.

Nude Descending a Staircase

Marcel Duchamp, American (born France), 1887 - 1968 Geography: Made in France, Europe Date: 1912 Medium: Oil on canvas

Alfred Stieglitz

Married to Georgia O'Keeffe, American photographer who brought an appreciation to the art of photography. Gallery 291 brought in the art of not just other Americans, but Europeans as well, including Picasso and photographs taken by children. Launches the photo-Secession in 1902. Created a publication called camera work that published other important photographers at the time. Included personal items within his imagery.

Pictorialism

Pictorialism, an approach to photography that emphasizes beauty of subject matter, tonality, and composition rather than the documentation of reality. The Pictorialist perspective was born in the late 1860s and held sway through the first decade of the 20th century. It approached the camera as a tool that, like the paintbrush and chisel, could be used to make an artistic statement. Thus photographs could have aesthetic value and be linked to the world of art expression. ictorialists in the United States included Alvin Langdon Coburn, F. Holland Day, Gertrude Käsebier, Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, and Clarence H. White. In the late work of Stieglitz, and that of Paul Strand and Edward Weston, American Pictorialism became less involved with atmospheric effects and beautiful subject matter, but for some years after World War I, the older ideals of pictorial beauty were retained by the group called Pictorial Photographers of America. By the late 1920s, as the aesthetics of Modernism took hold, the term Pictorialism came to describe a tired convention.

Precisionism

Precisionism was the first indigenous modern-art movement in the United States and an early American contribution to the rise of Modernism. The Precisionist style, which first emerged after World War I and was at the height of its popularity during the 1920s and early 1930s, celebrated the new American landscape of skyscrapers, bridges, and factories in a form that has also been called "Cubist-Realism."[1] The term "Precisionism" was first coined in the mid-1920s, possibly by Museum of Modern Art director Alfred H. Barr.[2] Painters working in this style were also known as the "Immaculates," which was the more commonly used term at the time.[3] The stiffness of both art-historical labels suggests the difficulties contemporary critics had in attempting to characterize these artists.

Struggle

Robert Demachy (French, 1859-1936) Date:1903 or earlier Medium:Gum bichromate print Pictorialism

Russian Constructivism

Russian Constructivism was a movement that was active from 1913 to the 1940s. It was a movement created by the Russian avant-garde, but quickly spread to the rest of the continent. Constructivist art is committed to complete abstraction with a devotion to modernity, where themes are often geometric, experimental and rarely emotional. Objective forms carrying universal meaning were far more suitable to the movement than subjective or individualistic forms. Constructivist themes are also quite minimal, where the artwork is broken down to its most basic elements. New media was often used in the creation of works, which helped to create a style of art that was orderly. An art of order was desirable at the time because it was just after WWI that the movement arose, which suggested a need for understanding, unity and peace. Famous artists of the Constructivist movement include Vladimir Tatlin, Kasimir Malevich, Alexandra Exter, Robert Adams, and El Lissitzky.

Surrealist Photography

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality".[1][better source needed] Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself.[2] Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory.

Bauhaus

The Bauhaus was one of the most influential art and design schools in the twentieth century. The Bauhaus existed in three cities: Weimar 1919-25, Dessau 1925-32 and Berlin 1932-3, where it closed due to pressure from the Nazis. Its aim was to bring art back into contact with everyday life, so design and craft were emphasised as much as fine art. The name 'Bauhaus' is a combination of the German words for building (bau) and house (haus); it may have been intended to evoke the idea of a guild working to build a new society. The teaching method at the school replaced the traditional pupil-teacher relationship with the idea of a community of artists working together. A central tenet of the Bauhaus was to embrace new technologies. This was particularly evident in the photography department, where the celebrated artists László Moholy-Nagy and Walter Peterhans encouraged students to use their cameras to imagine new worlds.

Robert Demachy

Very painterly, known for using the Gum Bichromate Process

Eadweard Muybridge

Took the pictures of the horse to see if its feet ever left the ground.

George Davidson

Used pinhole cameras that renedered images slightly out of focus, making his images look similar to paintings

Anne Brigman

Uses slim hardy women living out in nature, often in the nude and in the landscapes of the sierra Nevada mountains in California

Photogram

photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The usual result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects used. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey.[1] The technique is sometimes called cameraless photography. It was used by Man Ray in his exploration of rayographs. Other artists who have experimented with the technique include László Moholy-Nagy, Christian Schad (who called them "Schadographs"), Imogen Cunningham and Pablo Picasso.[2] Variations of the technique have also been used for scientific purposes

Photo-Secession

the first influential group of American photographers that worked to have photography accepted as a fine art. Led by Alfred Stieglitz, the group also included Edward Steichen, Clarence H. White, Gertrude Käsebier, and Alvin Langdon Coburn. These photographers broke away from the Camera Club of New York in 1902 and pursued Pictorialism, or techniques of manipulating negatives and prints so as to approximate the effects of drawings, etchings, and oil paintings. The Photo-Secession was inspired by art movements in Europe, such as the Linked Ring, that had similar goals. The Photo-Secession actively promoted its ideas. Stieglitz edited and published the important quarterly Camera Work and opened the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (also known as "291," the gallery's address on Fifth Avenue), providing a place for the members to exhibit their work. In 1910 the Photo-Secession sponsored an international show of more than 500 photographs by its members or by photographers whose aims were similar to its own. The show, occupying more than half of the exhibition space at the Albright Art Gallery (now the Albright-Knox Gallery) in Buffalo, New York, was a sensation and significantly advanced the acceptance of photography as an art form. By 1910, however, the members of the Photo-Secession had become divided. Some continued to manipulate their negatives and prints to achieve nonphotographic effects, while others came to feel that such manipulation destroyed tone and texture and was inappropriate to photography. Torn by this division, the group soon dissolved.

Camera Work

was a quarterly photographic journal published by Alfred Stieglitz from 1903 to 1917. It is known for its many high-quality photogravures by some of the most important photographers in the world and its editorial purpose to establish photography as a fine art.