History Test #2
Saxon King Otto I became Holy Roman Emperor in AD 962 reviving the title first granted to _____________ on December 25, AD 800.
Charlemagne
Jupiter
Chief Roman god
Explain what it means by saying, "The Roman state was an aristocratic republic."
It was ran by men from aristocratic families, ran by the rich.
Pontius Pilate was Roman procurator for the province of __________.
Judaea
Who were Romulus and Remus?
Twin brothers who were the founders of Rome.
While wealthy Romans lived in villas, the poor lived in insulae, which were...
apartments
The word "gospel" actually means _______________
Good News
Which Greek philosophy did Romans favor and why?
Stoic Panaetius
cloister
closed off area, usually for females only
Donation of Pepin
confirmed earlier basis for legality of Papal States
Which of the following best expresses how those responsible for events with "the Ides of March, 44BC" most likely would have justified their actions?
"We wanted to save our republican form of government from being turned into a monarchy"
Islam is a major world religion today. When founded in the AD 600s, its name was established to signify and mean which one of the following?
"submission to the will of Allah (God)."
Islam
Submission to the will of Allah
stoicism
philosophy favored by Romans
1. The Roman Senate awarded Octavian the title of Augustus, which translated means ____________, but Augustus preferred the title princeps, which meant first or chief _______-. His principate is said to have begun in 27 BC and lasted until his death in AD 14 Therefore, in which Roman emperor's reign was Jesus of Nazareth born?
"exalted one", citizen; Augustus
Why was the location of Constantinople strategic?
- The capital of Constantinople gave the Byzantine Empire significant strategic advantage, as it was right on the trade routes between Europe and Asia as well as the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Why did pagan Romans resent the Christian minority in the first century?
- They would not cooperate with the state or follow its normal codes of conduct, they refused to worship the emperor or to undertake military service or civil office, they withdrew from standard social relations and rejected their pagan parents and families in order to form new spiritual families
What was Pope Leo I's (r. 440-461) impact upon the doctrine of Papal Supremacy?
- by reason of his office as Vicar of Christ and as pastor of the entire Christian Church, has full, supreme, and universal power over the whole church, a power which he can always exercise unhindered
From the maps in the text, or from Connect, name several areas included in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire during the reign of Emperor Justinian.
- the Balkans to the north, Egypt and other parts of north Africa to the south, Anatolia (what is now Turkey) and the Levant (including modern Syria, Lebanon, and Israel
What was Muhammad's view of the number of wives one man legally could have?
- they can have more than one wife
Describe Viking ships, and explain how their design facilitated the Viking raids.
- they were generally characterized as being slender and flexible boats, with symmetrical ends with true keel, they were designed to be dragged across long portages as well as to withstand fierce ocean storms
Augustus reformed the Roman military by having all armies pledge personal loyalty to him, rotating generals from one area of the empire to another every two years and forming the Praetorian Guard. What was the purpose of the Praetorian Guard?
-A band of soldiers created by the emperor Augustus as his own imperial bodyguard. This guard continued throughout the imperial period.
Identify the Pont du Gard giving its purpose and location.
-A roman aqueduct in France
Emperor Diocletian (r. AD 284-305) initiated a tetrarchy reform to make imperial succession more orderly. Explain the role of the Augustus's and the Caesars in his scheme.
-Augustus's were co-emperors and the Caesars were junior co-emperors, under the "rule of four" each emperor would rule over a quarter-division of the empire
In AD 762 the new rulers of the Islamic Empire, the Abbasid dynasty, began building what new city on the Tigris River to replace Damascus as the capital? What country is that city currently serving as the capital of?
-Baghdad, Iraq
Where and why did Constantine build (324-330) a new capital for the Empire?
-Byzantium, because it was closer to the geographic center of the Empire
Despite commerce being far less common than in ancient Roman times, it nonetheless did continue thanks largely to which religious-ethnic group's endeavors?
-Catholicism
Where was the Silk Road (Refer to a map)? Why was it so named?
-China, and it was named that because of the popularity of Chinese silk among tradesmen in the Roman Empire and elsewhere in Europe
On whom did Emperor Nero blame the Great Fire of AD 64? Why?
-Christians, because he despised them, after he persecuted them
King Alfred the Great of Wessex (r. AD 871-899) upon defeating the Danes in AD 879 paved the way for political unity of what area?
-England, he recovered the kingdom, reorganized Wessex, secured its defenses, and built a navy to resist the Danes
How might Christianity be described as "an equal opportunity" faith? Were women permitted to preach in the first decades of the organized church?
-Everybody can be saved, and no
Charlemagne (from Carolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great, r. 768-814) built the Carolingian Empire by undertaking 54 military campaigns against peoples in areas that are now the modern nations of (list four examples):
-France, Switzerland, Spain, and the Netherlands
What building projects did Justinian undertake in Constantinople?
-Hagia Sophia
Pepin, son of Charles Martel's (the Hammer) with the approval and blessings of a pope, carried out what scheme in AD 751, which then established the Carolingian dynasty?
-He became emperor and was anointed which added to his power
How was Nero's reign also ended?
-He committed suicide as a result of a revolt by the Roman army, it brought about the end of the rule of Caesar's family over the Roman empire
Under Emperor Theodosius the Great (r. 378-395), what status did Christianity achieve?
-He made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire under the Edict of Thessalonica.
How did Pope Leo I get the credit for "saving Rome from the Huns" in AD 452?
-He persuaded them not to invade Rome
How does the text describe Jesus of Nazareth's teachings? What did he teach regarding the Jewish law? Regarding the transformation of the inner person? How did his values clash with those of classical Greco-Roman civilization?
-He taught about the kingdom of God coming and about the need for charity or love on earth
What is the Quran (Koran)?
-Islam's sacred scripture
Persecution actually served to ____________ Christianity. Explain.
-It brought people closer the Jesus because he had to suffer in the same way.
What unthinkable event occurred at the Battle of Adrianople between the Visigoths and Emperor Valens' Roman troops?
-It ended with an overwhelming victory for the Goths and the death of Emperor Valens, it is considered the start of the process which led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Identify the Pantheon giving its purpose and location.
-It is a temple to all of the gods in Rome
Why did Christianity appeal to many people in the Roman Empire? What did it offer?
-It offered comfort to people in troubled times, it gave people hope for a better future- at least in the afterlife, and Jesus' teachings made many Romans feel their life had meaning
Why is the Edict of Milan AD 313 quite significant in Western civilization?
-It permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire, which allowed Christianity to spread
How did Constantinople come to acquire silkworms and thus become a silk producing center?
-It was brought from China and were smuggled into the Empire
What was Jesus of Nazareth's ethnic and religious background?
-Jewish and Israeli/Aramaic
How did the Romans respond to the Jewish (Zealot) rebellion of AD 66-70?
-Jews were banned from Jerusalem
Where was Hadrian's Wall, and why was it built?
-Near the border between modern-day Scotland and Britain; to defend the part of Britain that Hadrian controlled from being attacked
Were gluttony and drunkenness typical in the early Middle Ages? Explain.
-No, because it was seen as a sin
Who might be described as the "second founder of Christianity" and why?
-Paul, taught that Christ's message was a universal one and worked to free Christianity from the constraints of Jewish law and custom, he had a lot of missionary success and Christianity grew largely
The manorial system consisted of the lord's manor (house) and estate (farm), which he rented to free peasants and to serfs. Explain the difference between free peasants and serfs and indicate which of the two was in the majority.
-Peasants were free to move from manor to manor and they were poor rural farm workers, peasants owned their own land. Serfs were peasants who worked the lord's land and paid them certain dues in return for the use of their land. The majority was peasants.
Emperor Constantine called the first ecumenical (all church) council in 325 at Nicea, Greece. What was the result? [Research the Internet for the Nicene Creed and analyze what the wording there was trying to accomplish.]
-Resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine called the Nicene Creed
Why was Rome's gold and silver drained from the empire?
-Rome reached its limit of expansion so Rome lacked sources of gold and silver so they started mining coins that then lost its value which caused inflation, taxes were also raised
Using the map on page. 207, name several areas conquered and added to the Islamic Empire by the mid-700s.
-Seistan, Tripolitania, Magreb, Kingdom of the Visigoths
Which institution became the single greatest landowner in medieval Europe?
-The Catholic Church of Western Europe
How was Caligula's reign ended?
-The Praetorian Guard eventually assassinated Caligula
Describe Roman innovations in architectural engineering.
-The arch and vault, domes, concrete, aqueducts, domestic architecture, and the colosseum
Some 21 years later, the last emperor (Romulus Augustulus) to be resident in Rome found himself removed from power by the Visigoth leader Odacer who established a Visigothic kingdom in Roman Italy. List several theories as to why the Roman Empire fell in the west.
-The politicians and rulers of Rome became more and more corrupt, infighting and civil wars within the Empire, and attacks from barbarian tribes outside of the empire such as the Visigoths, Huns, Franks, and Vandals
To whom was Justinian married? What was her background?
-Theodora and she was a low-born daughter of a bear-keeper, an actress, and a prostitute, she was known for being sexually promiscuous and a murderess
What was a vassal of a lord supposed to do for the lord? What did the vassal receive in return?
-To protect him, and to do him justice in his court. They gave their support and loyalty to their lords in exchange for a fief, or a piece of land.
Trajan and Hadrian, though born in _______, came from Roman families. How far did they extend the Empire's territories?
-Trajan expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest size, conquered the territory in Dacia and Persia. Hadrian allowed some of Trajan's boundaries to collapse back inside its natural borders for easier defense.
List the three people groups that began assaulting the Carolingian Empire in the late 800s-900s.
-Vikings, Saxons, and Muslims
Did the Irish and English monks have a passion for learning? Explain.Did the Irish and English monks have a passion for learning? Explain.
-Yes, they would travel across Europe and preach the gospel, teaching scripture, literature, science, and the arts
Jewish religious sects included Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes, and Zealots. Of these, which one was the most violent group, the one convinced that the eventual Jewish messiah would be a military leader who would free the Jews from the Roman Empire?
-Zealots
What were double monasteries?
-a monastery combining separate communities of monks and nuns, joined in one institution to share one church and other facilities
Identify Tacitus and describe his view of German barbarians as expressed in his Germania.
-a moral people living pure and simple lives
What are icons? How are they used in the Orthodox churches?
-a painting of Jesus or another holy figure that is seen as both a form of prayer and a means to prayer, they are used in worship both in the decoration of the church and for private homes
Identify the Hagia Sophia.
-a place of worship built in Constantinople which served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world
What were scriptoria?
-a place where books were copied and illuminated located under the library
Muhammad's empire was theocratic. Explain.
-a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God, that is what Muhammad was
What was "Greek fire," and how did it help prolong the life of the Eastern Roman Empire?
-a weapon used by the Byzantine Empire in naval warfare that continued to burn on water
What was the Circus Maximus?
-an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue
Identify Clovis (c. 482-511) of the Merovech (also spelled Merovig) dynasty.
-became the king of the Franks after his father died when he was fifteen, he converted to Christianity and united the cities of Gaul
What is meant by the term heresy?
-belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (Christian) doctrine
Did Emperor Constantine (r. 306-337), increase or decrease the powers of the Roman Senate?
-decreased and created extreme power for the emperor
According to Christian doctrine, what did Jesus's death and resurrection offer to all people regardless of gender or class?
-freedom from their sin and shame
Describe the armor and weaponry of the knights.
-full body armor, the long sword, wooden lance with an iron tip, metal-headed mace, battle-axe, and dagger
Why might some scholars suggest that Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (in North Africa) "was the primary intellectual shaper of western Christianity"? What were Augustine's two major publications?
-he adapted classical thought to Christian teaching and created a powerful theological system of lasting influence, helped lay the foundation of much of medieval and modern Christian thought; "Confessions" and "The City of God"
If a vassal failed to live up to his vow of loyalty, what penalty would he face?
-he became an outlaw, shunned, and persecuted by other lords
King Alaric led his Visigoth warriors into Italy in AD 410. What did they do to Rome itself?
-he looted and pillaged the city for three days
Compare and contrast orthodoxy and heresy.
-heresy is a belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (Christian) doctrine, while orthodoxy is the "right belief"/Christian truths
With the collapse of the Carolingian Empire's unity, European political security shrank to the local level where it became the essence of feudalism based upon vassalage. How might one argue that vassalage was a contractual arrangement?
-if they supported the lord then they would get land and protection in return
What was the significance of Charlemagne's Palace Academy at his capital, Aachen (also called in French Aix-la-Chapelle) headed by Alcuin of York?
-it brought about the Carolingian Renaissance because it brought together the brightest scholars of the period, increased literacy throughout the empire, and led to the establishment of a standard curriculum and systemized pedagogy
Identify the Book of Kells and explain how it is an example of an "illuminated" manuscript.
-it is called the gospel books, it contains the four gospels, because it was a hand-written book with painted decoration that generally includes precious metals such as gold or silver
Why do Christians to this day celebrate the sacrament of the Eucharist (Lord's Supper)?
-it represents Jesus' death on the cross, his body and his blood
Why is Justinian's Code significant?
-it was the basis of law for the empire for more than 900 years and eventually the foundation of legal codes across all of Europe
Charlemagne's empire passed to his son and then to three of his grandsons. What then happened to it especially as a result of the Treaty of Verdun in 842?
-it was the first stage in the end of the empire of Charlamagne and foreshadowed the formation of the modern countries of Western Europe
Since money was scarce, in what form did peasants and serfs usually pay their rents?
-monetary, labor, and through food
Who are Bedouins?
-nomadic people of Arabia
Who were the Magyars, where did the resettle, and which faith did they adopt?
-nomadic people who settled in modern day Hungary, and Christianity
About how long did the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire survive after the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
-over a thousand years
After the Muslims captured Egypt and shut down the source of papyrus for the Europeans, what did Europeans turn to for writing their books etc.? How did the price of that material compare with papyrus?
-parchment, it was very expensive, but it was more durable than papyrus
What was the lord's demesne?
-portion of a manor that the lord kept for his own use
Where did the earliest Christians hold their meetings and agape (love) feasts?
-small private houses, known as house churches
What does the phrase "bread and circuses" mean? Why is that term significant in Roman history?
-something offered as a means of distracting attention from a problem or grievance; Was inaccurately translated by a Roman poet Juvenal and it caused the roman government to keep the roman population happy by giving out free food and entertainment
Pope Gregory I the Great (r. 590-604), laid the foundations for the Gregorian chant and for the Papal States. What were the Papal States?
-territories in central Italy that were directly governed by the pope
European Christianity was beginning to separate into which two major branches?
-the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
What is the doctrine of Petrine Succession?
-the belief that Saint Peter was given special authority by Christ that has since passed on to each Pope
What was eremitical (or hermitic) monasticism?
-the monk completely withdraws from society and lives in isolation
What was the role of relics in medieval Catholicism? Describe typical relics.
-the physical remains of a holy site or holy person, or objects with which they had contact, they included a crucifix, a rosary, or a book
What is the Vulgate?
-the principal Latin version of the Bible, prepared mainly by St. Jerome in the late 4th century, and adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church
What are Muslim beliefs regarding gambling, eating pork, and drinking alcohol?
-the prohibit consuming it
The benefice or fief could in turn be "sublet" so-to-speak. Describe subinfeudation.
-the subdivision of a feudal estate by a vassal who in turn becomes feudal lord over his tenants
Why is it not technically accurate to say, "The Roman Empire fell?
-the term fall implies that it happened overnight, but it lasted for another 1,000 years, it is a phrase used to describe a long, slow change from one way of life to another
Monasteries were "the motels of the early Middle Ages." Explain.
-they accommodated travelers
What were some examples of Rome's thirst for bloody spectacles?
-they liked gladiator fights and animal hunts
How were lords, in a sense, monopolists who exploited their serfs and peasants?
-they owned everything, and the serfs and peasants didn't own any of it
How did German tribes traditionally view trees? How does that fact relate to the amount of land under cultivation in early medieval Europe?
-they were sacred; there wasn't a lot of land cultivation
Had the Muslims won the Battle of Tours, how might the course of Western civilization have been radically changed, and had the Byzantines not defeated the Muslim navy in AD 718, how might the course of Western civilization have been radically changed?
-they would have transformed Europe from Christianity to Islam
What is cloistering?
-to confine in or seclude from the world as if in a convent or monastery
Describe Justinian' foreign policy. How successful was it?
-to recover regions lost to foreign invaders launching one of the most aggressive military programs in medieval history; he extensively expanded the empire, and it was successful
What did Diocletian attempt to accomplish with his Maximum Prices Edict in AD 301? Why?
-to stop a rapid rise in prices, which established maximum prices and wages throughout the Roman Empire
How important a role did the public baths play in ancient Roman society?
-very important because it was a place to socialize
Identify Muhammad (c. 570-632) (also spelled Mohammed).
-was the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Quran
Summarize daily routines for the monks in a typical early medieval monastery.
-were spent praying, worshipping in church, reading the Bible, and meditating; it was also spent doing chores around the monastery
Explain the Five Pillars of Islam; they are: "There is no God but..." Prayer frequency Ramadan Hajj Alms
1)There is only one God and his name is Allah and he must be obeyed 2)Muslims are obliged to pray five times a day(facing Mecca) 3)Fast during daylight hours of the month of Ramadan each year 4)Undergo a pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime 5)Give charity
In what year did the Byzantine Empire face its ultimate demise?
1453
For what was the Circus Maximus used?
A Roman outdoor arena in which public games, such as chariot races were held.
The head of a male monastery is called an _______. The head of a female monastery is called an ___________. How do they get their positions?
Abbot; Abbess; they are elected
Islam took the world by storm during the Early Middle Ages. In fact, it came to a halt in its westward advance where?
At the Battle of Tours in what is now central France
In what sense was the Augustan Age a golden age similar to Athens's Golden (or Periclean) Age? Note that Virgil, Horace, and Ovid contributed to the Augustan age by their poetry and other writings.
Augustus put a significant amount of money and effort into building Roman literature and culture by concentrating on the arts
Saul of Tarsus
Better known by Greek form of of his name; became first great missionary after Jesus himself.
Augustine
Bishop of Hippo, author of book entitled Confessions and another entitled City on a Hill
In the early Christian church in the West, what did the doctrine of Petrine Succession mean?
Bishops of Rome would succeed to the position first held by St. Peter and hence are supreme over the Church
The European male of the early Middle Ages ate a daily diet that typically consisted of what?
Bread and ale
How did the Carolingian dynasty come to power?
By displacing the Merovingians with papal connivance and assistance
The Hagia Sophia is without doubt the most significant example of which of the following?
Byzantine church architecture
What fate befell Pompey and where?
Caesar defeated him and he was killed in Egypt
In the 50s BC the Roman Senate, and hence the Roman empire, found itself controlled by what historians have labeled the First Triumvirate, which consisted of __________, _________, and _________. Of the three, who became the best known in history?
Caesar, Crassus, Pompey; Caesar
What was the most significant commercial center in the medieval Mediterranean world from the 500s to the 1100s?
Cairo
What were the results of the Second Punic War 218-201 BC?
Carthage had to give up all of its land except for the land in Africa.
The Roman Senator Cato ended his speeches with, "________ must be destroyed!" What affect do you think his statement had?
Carthage; it was a declaration of war
Who was Hamilcar Barca?
Carthaginian general who was successful in Sicily, conquered Spain, Hannibal's father.
In Western Europe, Christianity borrowed from the Roman __________ _________ to create the form and structure for its church organization.
Catholic Church
By AD 100 to which faith had each of the following groups converted? Czechs Poles Hungarians Croats Serbs Bulgars Russians
Christianity
The Flavian amphitheater is better known as the _________. What was its purpose? Describe its condition today (Look for modern photographs)
Colosseum; an entertainment venue that hosted gladiator fights, animal hunts, and even mock naval battles; it is still standing
Marcus Aurelius quite unwisely permitted whom to succeed him?
Commodus
List several examples of Roman architectural achievements.
Concrete and the arch
Julius Caesar
Conquered Gaul, invaded Britannia, crossed Rubicon
Whom does Prof. Weber identify as the individual who presided over the Council of Nicea?
Constantine
Several heresies emerged in the 100s-300s. Match the following with their heretical beliefs. __ Orthodox Christianity __ Arianism __ Monophysitism __ Donatism a. Jesus was both divine and human b. Jesus was human but not divine c. Jesus was divine but not human d. The Eucharist (Lord's Supper) was invalid if administered by an immoral priest.
D B A C
The highest-ranking lords were called _______ from the Latin dux for leader.
Duke
Vikings attacked or settled in areas of all of the following EXCEPT
Egypt and the Near East
The Germanic barbarian kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, and Kent were located in what is today called ____________, a derivative of Angleland.
England
Norwegian Vikings invaded Ireland and western England; Danish Vikings invaded _________ while the Swedish Vikings headed into what is now called _________ having been named after the Rus.
England; Russia
Identify Octavian (also known as Octavius, and best known as Augustus).
First Roman emperor
Constantine
First emperor to become Christian, established second capital in the east
The early Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian included all of the following areas EXCEPT
France
List several qualities that the authors suggest characterized the ancient Romans.
Geniuses at organization (political and military) and survival
Prof. Weber suggests that devout Muslims viewed which of the following Christian doctrines or practices as heresy?
God as three persons (the Trinity)
Which ethnic people of their growing empire did the Romans especially favor for educating Roman boys?
Greek
most educated Romans were bilingual, meaning they spoke Latin and what other language?
Greek
What evidence is that Julius Caesar had a large ego (examine the titles he accepted from the Senate between 47 and 44 BC)?
He accepted titles that boosted his ego
Pope Leo I has earned a place in history for which one of the following reasons?
He convinced Attila not to attack Rome and for his advancing papal Supremacy
King Alfred the Great earned a place in history for himself for which one of the following reasons?
He defeated the Viking Danes in 879, thus paving the way for political unity of England
Who was Scipio Africanus, and what famous battle did he win in 202 BC?
He was Rome's Second Punic War General, and won the Battle of Zoma.
What fate befell Julius Caesar on the Ides (the 15th) of March, 44 BC?
He was assassinated
How did Julius Caesar gain fame and popularity?
He was poor with the poor of Rome
Mark Antony's major mistake might well be described as being which one of the following?
His falling for the charms of Cleopatra
During the Pax Romana, the Empire became a hotbed of commercial activity. Which of the following were typical Roman imports, and which were exports?
Imports= silk, grain, slaves, woolens, precious stones, silver, and gold Exports= lacquer ware, bronze, bricks, pottery, glass
Rome established her strength in the Punic Wars, which were fought in which geographical area?
In and along the coasts of the central and western Mediterranean including parts of Italy and North Africa
Identify the Etruscans and explain how they were important in Roman history.
Invaded Italy and taught Romans how to build a functional society. The civilization that ruled northern Italy prior to the Romans.
How did Romans use citizenship as part of their expansionism?
It allowed Rome to achieve the ability to raise new armies following defeats, allowing them to persevere.
What were the major geographical features of ancient Roman Italy?
It was a peninsula(surrounded by water on three sides) that is shaped like a boot, it had seven hills, and rivers that ran into the Med. Sea.
Rome found herself caught up in the Social War of 90-88 BC fighting against her own confederated allies in which one of these regions: Spain, Greece, Gaul, Africa, or Italy?
Italy
Who was Claudius?
Known as a stammering idiot, a fairly good emperor, devoted himself to the fair application of justice and good administration, Rome conquered Britain, Mauretania, and Thrace, he might have been poisoned by his wife so her son Nero could be emperor
Most educated Romans were bilingual. Which two languages did they speak?
Latin and Greek
Who was Hannibal, and what historic feat did he accomplish?
Leader of the Carthaginian army, and he invaded Northern Italy. He killed himself after they lost saying "Let us free Rome of her dread of one old man".
Why might one arguet that one of Rome's greatest contributions to Western civilization was in the area of law?
Legal systems, government, and the alphabet.
eucharist
Lord's Supper (communion)
1. While Rome was waging the last two Punic Wars, she also was fighting a series of wars in the east against Alexander the Great's old homeland of __________. The net result of these contests was Rome's conquest of Greece, but the city-state of ___________ revolted in 146 BC (simultaneous with the Third Punic War). How did that revolt end?
Macedon; Achaean; Rome destroyed Corinth
The Black Stone (a meteorite) is still considered holy to Muslims and is housed in the Kaaba located in the Saudi Arabian city of __________.
Mecca
The Hegira is a celebrated event in Islamic history commemorating Muhammad's flight from ________ to _______(formerly Yathrib) in the year AD ______.
Mecca; Medina; 622
Crassus
Millionaire politician-general, least remembered member of First Triumvirate
Charles governed his massive empire through such officials as counts, but then he checked up on the counts with his ______________________(messengers of the lord king.).
Missi Dominici
One who submits to Allah's will is called a __________.
Muslim
Identify Charles Martel who earned the nickname "the Hammer" for defeating the ________ at Tours (Poitiers) in AD 732 (some say it occurred in AD 733).
Muslims; he was a Frankish king and he defeated the Islamic Umayyad Empire and saved Europe from Islamic domination.
Much of Rome burned in the Great Fire of AD 64 during the reign of Emperor ______.
Nero
What region of France is named for the Vikings who settled there in the AD 900s?
Normandy
Who won the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and what was the significance of that battle?
Octavian, it brought an end to the struggle for power between Octavian and Marc Antony, after which Octavian assumed supreme control of Rome and its territories. It gave him complete control of Mare Nostrum.
What was a Roman censor given responsibility for?
Officer who was responsible for maintaining the census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances.
Marius
One of first to proclaim himself dictator of Rome
The little coastal village of ______ at the mouth of the Tiber served as Rome's port of entry (Refer to a map for help).
Ostia
What does the phrase "crossing the Rubicon" mean, and from what event did that phrase originate?
Passing the point of no return, and it came from Caesar's army passing the Rubicon River.
Who were patricians, and who were plebeians?
Patricians were men from the oldest, most well-established, and distinguished Roman families. Plebeians were lower-class Roman citizens who can be divided roughly into two groups, the farmers and merchants, both of whom held a subordinate position within the Roman Republic.
Which of Jesus' disciples does the Roman Catholic Church regard as the first bishop of Rome and hence the first pope?
Peter
Which Near Eastern people founded Carthage in about 800 BC?
Phoenicians
Which leader met with Attila the Hun outside of Rome in an effort to prevent Rome from being attacked?
Pope Leo
Pompey
Popular, wealthy general and politician who challenged Caesar's leadership, fled to Egypt
Paterfamilias
Powers of male heads of households
double monastery
Residence for male and female inhabitants.
Romans established prototypes of what have become hospitals. However, "the first public doctors in Rome were attached to the _____________."
Roman Army
the first Roman doctors were those who served the needs of the
Roman military units
How does 509 BC in Rome's history compare to 1776 in US history?
Rome declared independence from the Etruscans.
Conferring imperium meant what?
Rome granted power to rule to individuals or to collective representative bodies
What caused the First Punic War 264-241 BC?
Rome sent an army to Sicily to intervene in a struggle between two Sicilian cities and the Carthaginians regarded it as a just cause for war.
What caused the Third Punic War 149-146 BC? What were the results of that conflict?
Rome wanted revenge, burnt Carthage to the ground and salted the land. Carthage was destroyed, and became a province known as Africa.
What was the result of the First Punic War?
Rome won and took control of Sicily because Carthage didn't have enough mercenaries.
What was the root cause of the First Punic War?
Rome's desire to seize southern Italy and Sicily from Carthage
In what is now called Great Britain, where were the Picts, Scots, and Celts located in the early Middle Ages?
Scotland
Hebrews, Assyrians, and Arabs all were of which language group?
Semitic
St. Benedict's Rule
Series of vows required of full members.
Ex-consuls and ex-praetors subsequently became proconsuls whose new assignments were to...
Serve as provincial governors
Name the individual who led the Roman slave rebellion in 73-71 BC, the most significant in all Roman history. How did that rebellion end?
Spartacus, and slaves gained more rights.
Who became the patron saint of Ireland?
St. Patrick
Adopted from Persian Zoroastrianism, Mithras became the Roman sun god called Unconquered Sun. On which day of the week was this god especially revered?
Sunday
confederati
System for making allies of other Italian city-states.
As Prof. Weber notes, "diplomacy is cheaper than war" was a major belief and practice of whom?
The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
To which branch of the US government did ancient Rome's consuls (and to a lesser degree praetors) compare?
The Executive Branch, they were chief magistrates, a pair of whom were elected in the Roman Senate and only held office for a year.
What did Romans mean by their concept of paterfamilias?
The powerful head of the large Roman family was the extended family's nominal father or master of the house. He was generally the senior male member of the family, perhaps a grandfather or an uncle, and his powers and responsibilities were far reaching.
What did the Romans think of Greek religion and mythology? Explain.
They admired it.
What role did dictators play in Roman politics?
They held absolute power for a maximum of six months only in a time of crisis.
Why were the Twelve Tables of Law of 450 BC.
They were Roman Laws that treated predictable matters: rules for trials, debt and property, rights of the Roman father over family members, and crime. They showed the laws and consequences.
Where was Carthage located, and how important did it become?
They were located on the Coast of North Africa and became a large place for trade especially in the Western Mediterranean.
How did upper class Roman and Greek women compare? (See the caption under the picture at the top of page 123.)
They were more educated and lived longer.
What various purposes did Roman roads serve?
They were often built for military purposes and allowed trade. They also built roads for communication and to rule effectively and efficiently.
What was the significance of Romulus and Remus?
They were the mythical founders of the city of Rome.
On which river is Rome situated?
Tiber River
Who succeeded Augustus as the next of the Julio-Claudian emperors? Who was emperor at the time of Jesus of Nazareth's crucifixion?
Tiberius
What was the purpose of the missi dominici?
To assure that Charlemagne's nobles and their vassals paid their taxes and obeyed his laws
What justification did Caesar's assassins give for their action?
To restore Republican liberties and didn't want the government to be turned into a monarchy.
How did Romans use the concept of confederation as part of their policy of expansionism?
To spread the Roman thought
The Muslims met defeat at the Battle of ________ (also called the Battle of __________) in AD 732 (some say 733) in central France. What was the result of that battle?
Tours; Poitiers; it halted the Muslim advance into western Europe
How did Romans use auspices? How are the terms auspices, auspicious and inauspicious used today?
Used them as signs. The terms are used as divine, favorable, and unpromising.
What is the name of the most famous of all Roman roads, which is pictured on page 122?
Via Appia
Who composed "the final wave of Germanic migration" according to the text?
Vikings
Known as __________ or Northmen, from where did the Vikings originate?
Vikings; Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
To what parts of the Western Roman Empire did the following Germanic tribes relocate? German Tribes Relocated and Settled Down in... Visigoths Burgundians Alemanni Ostrogoths Franks Angles, Saxons, Jutes Lombards
Visigoths=modern day Romania, Jutes=Denmark, Angles and Saxons=England, Burgundians=Gaul, Alemanni=south-western Germany, Ostrogoths and Lombards=Italy, Franks=netherlands
How justified do you think was Horace's statement, "Captive Greek took captive her rude conqueror"? Explain.
When Rome captured Greece, they welcomed and admired their culture.
Scipio Africanus
Won second Punic War
Is Rome a seaport? Explain.
Yes, it was located at the mouth of the Tiber River.
Did Augustus expand the boundaries of the empire? Explain. Note: Upon first seizing it, Augustus considered Egypt his personal property. Did he eventually add it to the Roman Empire as a province?
Yes, to both, he added Egypt, Spain, Judaea, Gaul, and Germany as provinces. He was known as the second Romulus and Rome blossomed under his rule.
One of Rome's major legacies to Western civilization lay in her legal and judicial systems. Which one of the following principles is directly traceable to Roman law?
an attempt to provide equality before the law and equal justice for all
rhetoric
art of public speaking
Who was Tiberius?
at first an efficient, uninspired ruler, who restored some of the Senate's powers, held power but delegated Roman affairs to a conniving soldier named Sejanus
How does our text portray Roman treatment of slaves in general?
badly
The sacrament of ________ symbolized initiation into Christianity and the believer's beginning his or her personal relationship with _______.
baptism; Jesus
kabba
black stone, holy to Muslims, housed in Mecca
In early church history, St. Paul and St. Augustine had which one of the following in common?
both wrote works that became quite influential in early and subsequent Christianity
Christians frequently had to worship in secret, often in the ____________(underground cemeteries) largely because of the view they took of Roman state gods.
catacombs
Inspired by the Egyptians, what major reform did Julius Caesar initiate that, with modification, is still used in the Western world today?
chariot
Cenobitic (communal) monasticism soon replaced hermitic monasticism. The famous Rule requiring vows of poverty, ________, and __________ was written by St. ______________.
chastity; obedience; Augustine
bishop
church leader with authority over elders
Quran
collection of holy, inspired writings (scriptures)
What motivated Augustus to attempt reforms of religious practices?
construction of monuments and wanting to dress Rome in marble
Treatment for illnesses typically consisted of taking herbs and letting the doctors __________the patient. How was this latter treatment administered?
diagnose; orally
A bishop's area of jurisdiction was known as a _______ or a _________.
diocese; eparch
Donation of Constantine
document providing legality of the Papal States
presbyter
elder
Augustus was also called imperator ("victorious general") from which is derived the modern word __________
emperor
Charlemagne came to the physical aid of Pope Leo III, who then placed a crown on Charlemagne's head on Christmas day AD 800 proclaiming Charles to be ____________. What was the significance of that coronation?
emperor; gave his rule religious legitimacy and meant that he was equal in power to the emperor of the Eastern Empire
A new social class emerged at about this time called the __________ or __________ that for all practical purposes might be thought of as a middle class.
equestrian; proletariat
censor
established assessment for taxes
Which one of the following practices did Roman law NOT provide for? ? __all citizens being considered equal before the law at least in theory __accused persons being considered innocent until proved guilty __accused persons being permitted to defend themselves before a judge __evidence to be weighed by judges __trial by a jury of one's peers
evidence to be weighed by judges and all citizens being considered equal before the law at least in theory
Peter
first bishop of Rome according to Petrine Doctrine and Catholic tradition
Mars
god of war
gospel
good news
Why is St. Peter especially significant in Christian history and in the history of the Catholic Church in particular?
he is traditionally considered the founder of the church in Rome and hence what became the Catholic Church which was then headquartered in Rome
abbess
head of monastery for females
abbot
head of monastery for males
Donatism and Arianism were considered early examples of __________ within the Christian church.
heresy
In 123-122 BC Gaius Graachus attempted to empower the equites and to provide government subsidies to lower the price of grain for the proletariat. What fate befell Tribune Gaius?
his head was cut off
Carolingian Miniscule
innovation of using lower case letters
The romans coined the term "Pyrrhic Victory", a term still used today which means a victory.....
is a victory that comes at a great cost, perhaps making the ordeal to win not worth it.
The impressive Pantheon still stands today. It is an example of Roman architectural genius because of which particular feature?
its dome
Prof. Weber notes that as the empire weakened. Christianity gained strength. Why?
its tight-knight organization and claiming to be merely another of Rome's many "burial socities"
What were latifundia?
large farming estates
Latifundia
large plantation-like landed estate
In the Middle Ages, the chief male virtue was __________to one's lord.
loyalty
What was considered the chief virtue among males in the feudal period of the Early Middle Ages?
loyalty to one's lord
Missi Dominici
messengers of the lord, auditor-like agents of the emperor's
The Greek word Christos (anointed one) means essentially the same as the Hebrew word _________.
messiah
Church leadership in the first century was often given to boards of presbyters (or ____________). But by the second century leadership usually passed to ________ and thus the founding of the episcopate (bishopric) system.
ministers; bishops
Who was Caligula?
monstrous, was popular at first but was deranged, he seduced his sisters, wanted to make his favorite horse a senator, dedicated a shrine to himself where he was worshipped as a god, made sure that the clothes on his statue were changed to match the ones he was wearing that day, was assassinated
The select, powerful families of both plebeian and patrician background were termed nobiles, a name that could be translated as _________.
nobles
Auspices
omen, sign
Muslim
one who submits
After the year (AD 68-69) of the four emperors, stability returned under the Flavian dynasty of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian each of whom practiced increasing autocracy. Then Rome experienced an upswing in its Pax Romana (the Roman ______) under the so-called Five _______ Emperors.
peace; good
Technically jihads were not carried out to convert because conversion was supposed to be __________.
personal
Emperor Augustus was associated with all the following EXCEPT
placing statues of himself in nearly all Roman temples so that he might be worshipped as a god in his lifetime
Consul
political executive appointed by Senate
What does the Latin word papa mean?
pope
Pope Leo I was associated with all of the following EXCEPT
presiding over the Council of Nicea
To reinvigorate Roman character and society, what reforms did the patrician noble Tiberius Graachus propose in 133 BC?
reforms to help the poor
The focus of most of the Europeans during the early Middle Ages primarily lay in the area of which one of the following?
religion and surviving from one day to the next
While a land commission was formed and some redistribution did occur, nonetheless what fate befell Tribune Tiberius, the "father" of this reform, and why?
rich people would buy up or rent all the conquered land and left none for plebs
baptism
sacrament of initiation into Christian faith
What the Quran termed jihad ("struggle in the way of the Lord") got translated behaviorally into the Bedouins' engaging in military _________, or what Westerner's call ______ _________
service; holy war
What significant luxury item did the Romans import from Han China (that is, China under the rule of the Han dynasty)?
silk
When large landowners legally attached their coloni to their latifundia, they in effect turned the coloni into ___________ who by law thereafter were bound to the land.
slaves
Consul Marius militarized Roman politics 104-100 BC by changing the loyalty oath of Roman soldiers from being to ______ to being to the army's _________.
stare; general
The popes increasingly turned to the Franks as allies especially after the Donation of Pepin that in effect created the Papal ________ around Rome. This built upon the authority of the Donation of ________ of AD 313, which, as it turned out centuries later, was discovered to have been a forgery.
states; Pepin
Jihad
struggle in the way of the Lord, religious combat
Islam split into two major sects called the ________ and the ______ as a result of disagreeing over...
sunni; shia; succession after Mohammed's death
Muslims conquered Visigothic Spain between AD 711-722 and entered what is now called France, a land occupied by which tribe of Germanic barbarians?
the Franks
Which among the following disasters did NOT strike the Roman Empire during the reign (AD 161-180) of Marcus Aurelius (check those that apply): ? ___the Tiber flooding, ___famines, __plague, __barbarian invasions, ____the Great Fire
the Great Fire
Which Asian barbarian group invaded Europe in the AD 300s-400s thereby stirring up a hornets' nest of movement among the Germanic barbarian tribes?
the Huns
For what was the 732 (some authorities say 733) Battle of Tours significant?
the defeat of the Muslims by Charles Martel and his Frankish warriors
In the AD 330's, why did the Roman Empire establish a second capital in the eastern part of the empire?
the emperor felt it was needed for defensive purposes
As Rome developed its government, it created the position of consul. Consuls essentially were the equivalent of what?
the executive branch of government
The term Middle Ages is given to that period of European history that fell between
the fall of the Roman Empire in the West and the advent of the Renaissance
Another of Augustus' titles was pontifex maximus, which meant _______________________
the head of the principal college of priests
The decline of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT
the migration of numerous Franks to England
Islam translates as "submission to ______________________."
the will of God
Prof. Weber's lecture on the Vikings indicated that all the following were true of them EXCEPT
their raids were seldom devastating or violent, despite their image and reputation
How was this urban proletariat beginning to cause social problems for Rome in the 100s BC?
there was a shortage of work because of military service
In terms of overall standards of living and cultural achievements (fine arts, learning, etc.) rank from highest to lowest in the early Middle Ages the following: Western Europeans Byzantines (Byzantine Empire) Muslims (Islamic/Arabic Empire)
third second first
What was the purpose of the Praetorian Guard when it was first created?
to be a special military unit serving essentially as the emperor's bodyguards and protectors
Roman cities sometimes contained several fora (plural of forum). What was the purpose of a forum?
to serve as an area for open markets and public meetings
Pope Leo the Great met with Attila the Hun and convinced him not to attack Rome in AD 452. Three years later, however, the barbarian group called the ____________were not so persuaded, and they sacked the city in AD 455.
vandals
The nobles had become landed aristocrats, owners of large estates called ________ similar to plantations in the American Old South. Major "cash crops" produced on these estates included grapes, olives, and sheep. What is meant by the term cash crop?
villas; a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
Who was Nero?
when guided by his mother and advisors Rome thrived and Rome was in a renaissance, he was an arbiter of elegance, he committed a series of acts that defy belief, styled himself as a musician and locked the doors until he had finished playing, Rome got tired of him and as they closed in on him, he committed suicide
Meanwhile, the city of Rome experienced the growth of a significant proletariat. What does the term proletariat mean?
working class
John
writer of one of the four New Testament gospels
Sciptoria
writing rooms in monasteries and at Aachen
Did imperial Romans practice contraception (birth control)?
yes
