history test 2
ocean levels dropped so low that land rose out of the water and formed a land bridge between North America and Asia
How was the land bridge created?
About 1.6 million years ago, much of the land on the world was covered in ice.
Ice Age
Know how the Ice Sheets were formed and what happened because of it?
Ice Sheets were formed by ocean freezing and because of the ice sheets ocean levels dropped lower than they are now
People built more permanent settlements/houses. people grow and harvest their own plants, (development of agriculture/farming) People also domesticated animals, used them for their own purposes.
Know the Changes of The Neolithic Revolution
Some of the effects are: population growth which leads to the creation of towns. could now focus on things other than food because survival was more certain. Using animals for milk, food, wool, carrying heavy loads, and pulling farming tools. Start of economies, surplus (extra) food which allows them to trade and have supplies to barter. Religion: as the population grows people gather for religious ceremonies. Government starts to develop.
Know the effects of the Neolithic revolution changes
to move to new places
Migrate
After the Middle Stone Age came a period of time that scientists call the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age. This era began much later and lasted much longer than it did there. During the New Stone Age, people learned to polish stones to make tool like saws and drills. People also learned how to make fire, before they could only use fire that had been start by natural causes such as lightning. The biggest changes came in how people produced food, that is also how to differentiate different eras. The neolithic Era started about 12,000 years ago and ended in 1900 BC.
What was the Neolithic Era? When did it occur? What did they learn to do with stone? What was the biggest change?
The process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans is called domestication. Historians call the shift from food gathering to food producing the Neolithic Revolution.
What was the Neolithic Revolution? What is domestication?
Farmers could keep sheep or goats for milk, food, and wool. Farmers could also use large animals like cattle to carry loads or to pull large tools used in farming.
What was the most important thing early people learned to do with animals
People created pits in the ground with roofs of branches and leaves, people also used caves as shelters to keep them protected from the elements. The only other type of shelter people used were permanent and were made out of wood, stone, clay, and even bones. The only reason you would make a permanent shelter is if you are confident that you have enough food and water to survive in that area. Permanent shelters became popular once humans started to farm so they no longer needed to move for food.
What were the different types of shelters people created? Why did people create them?
Early humans often migrated because of climate change and the need to find new food sources.
What were the reasons for migration?
Ice sheets melted 16,500 years ago causing the sea level to rise 120 meters
What were the? effects for the ice sheets melting
They turned attention to the coast in search of early sites. They did this because if there were more evidence of tools on the coast it could confirm their theory of traveling by boat around the coast.
Where are they searching for more evidence of coastal migration and why?
They created clothing by learning to sew animal skins together. The reason they created clothing is to have protection and keep warm in the cold
Why did Early people create clothing? how did they create Clothing?
People developed new technologies to improve their lives. For example, some learned to make canoes by hollowing out logs.
Why did they develop new technologies?
Until about 20 years ago the migration theory was that they Followed mammoths and bison across the land bridge to America
until 20 years ago, what was the migration theory?
migrating from North America to Asia
what was the land bridge used for?
Geographic features such as high mountains and cold temperatures delayed migration northward into Northern Asia
why did it take early humans longer to migrate into Northern Asia?
Due to the discovery of Clovis tools in Monte Verde Chile 1,000 years before Clovis travel, people were skeptical and thought that maybe there was a different migration theory that was correct because the time periods don't add up.
What new migration theory developed as a result of the discovery of Monte Verde Chile
The two new tools people created are canoes and pottery.
What two new technologies did they develop?
Many were places much colder and had new plants and animals. Also, the lands were in different areas farther away from east Africa
What was different about the new environments?
People would move to new areas when food sources were low, people hunted animals for food, and people gathered plants, seeds, nuts fruits, etc.
What was life like before the Neolithic Revolution/ Agricultural Revolution
The Mesolithic Era was the Middle Stone Age and began more than 10,00 years ago. The Mesolithic Era lasted until about 5,000 years ago and was the same Era that had the Farming revolution. The new tools that were created were smaller and more complex than tools from the stone age.
What was the Mesolithic Era? When was it? What new tools were created and what was different about them?
A barter system is a form of exchange where goods and services are traded for other goods and services
Definition of Barter
Megaliths are huge stones used as monuments or as the sites for religious gatherings
Definition of Megalith
No, ocean levels have rose causing the land bridge to fall underwater
Does the land bridge still exist today?
Evidence of human occupation was found in Monte Verde Chile 1,000 years before Clovis travel.
What new evidence was found?
No, even after the corridor had become ice free and physically passable, it was not yet capable of sustaining a human population
Was the land bridge useable right away?
Remains of societies can sometimes give clues about government and other social structures. A large wall surrounded the city. Building a structure like a wall requires many people to work together under the direction of another person or group, like a government
What are examples or clues of government that have been found?
With survival more certain people could focus on other activities other than finding food.
What could they focus on now that survival was more certain?
People created Fire to keep warm in cold areas, they also created clothing by learning to sew animal skins together to have protection.
What did early people created to adapt to new environments?
Having a surplus, or an extra amount, made trade possible, since farmers had a supply of food that others might want to purchase or gain through barter.
What did having extra food allow them to do
Once people were able to control their own food production the world's population grew
What did the control of food production lead to?
They created large pits for storage of food.
What did they create large pits for?
Hunters no longer had to follow wild herds anymore, due to the more advanced technology.
What did this change for hunters?
From northern Asia, people moved into North America. Scientists disagree on when and how the first people arrived in north America. Most scientists believed that they crossed the land bridge from Asia to North America. The land Bridge theory is the theory that states ocean levels dropped causing a natural land bridge to come out of the ground.
What do we know about migration in North America? is it agreed upon? What do we know about the land bridge theory?
Clovis people left around tools evidence of hunts. Evidence of human occupation was found in Monte Verde Chile 1,000 years before Clovis travel
What evidence has been found of early humans in North America?
After a warming trend brought an end to the ice ages, new plants began to grow in some areas. People began to settle where grains grew, people soon learned that they could plant seed themselves to grow their own crops.
What happened with plants at the end of the ice age? Where did people start to settle and what did the early humans learn to do?
The domestication of plants led to the development of agriculture or animals.
What is Agriculture? What did domestication of plants lead to?
They point to the distinct possibility that 20,000+ BP sites of ancient humans along the western coast of North America were submerged and therefore lost when the Ice Age ended and sea levels again began to rise. The settlements may be there; they are just now underwater and much harder to detect under thousands of years of sediments and mother nature's process of erosion and decay
What makes the new theory of migration more difficult to prove
The spear points are special because, they were easily attached to wooden shafts to create high tech spears used in hunting. The flute of a fluted point is the groovelike flaking scar purposely created by removing a flake from the base of a spear point. Also, these kinds of arrow points can only be found in North America.
What makes the spear points special?
a strip of land connecting two continents
land bridge
