History test chap 10 and 11
Describe the architecture, literature and culture of the middle ages?
(Gothic style cathedrals, Chaucer -Canterbury Tales, Universities, Scholasticism) Another type of vernacular literature was known as the chanson de geste, or heroic epic. The earliest and finest example of such literature is The Song of Roland, which appeared around 1100 and was written in French. The chief events described in heroic epic poems are battles in which knights fight courageously for their kings and lords. In the fourteenth century, the English author Geoffrey Chaucer used the English vernacular in his famous work The Canterbury Tales. This work consists of a collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims, representing a range of English society, as they journeyed to the tomb of Saint Thomas á Becket at Canterbury, England.
Why did the Christians believe that Jerusalem was controlled by religious, political, and economic motivation behind the Crusades?
(help Alexius I of Byzantine empire fight off Seljuk Turks invasion, protect Christian pilgrims being attacked in Jerusalem, Pope's request of Christians, Remission of Sins, to show political leadership in a great cause, pursuit of personal wealth and adventure, for kings, to tax trade with the East
Identify each Crusade and the result of each:
1st: 4 crusader states dependent on Italian states. 2nd: failure. 3rd: pilgrims given access to Jerusalem. 4th: Reduced power of Byzantines. Children's: Enslaved children.
What was the Hanseatic League?
An alliance of more than 100 northern European cities that banded together for mutual trade protection and economic opportunity.
Who ruled England before William the Conqueror?
Angles and Saxons
Describe the innovations in agriculture in the Middle Ages
Changes in technology also aided the growth of farming. The middle Ages witnessed an explosion of labor-saving devices. People harnessed the power of water and wind to do jobs once done by human or animal power. Many of these new devices were made from iron, which was mined in various areas of Europe. Iron was crucial in making the Carruca, a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare.
What was the outcome of the crusades?
Christians managed to control Jerusalem for some time, before being overtaken by Muslims. Christians sacked Constantinople. Nobles lost power to the kings, many had to sell their lands and free their serfs, growth of the Catholic church's power in Europe, rise in anti-Semitism. The Crusades led to widespread attacks on Jews, broke down feudalism, created stronger central governments, and paved the way for new nation states.
By the mid 1400s, which strong nation states had emerged in Europe?
England, France, Spain
Which modern day country was the seat of the Holy Roman Empire?
Germany
What is heresy? Infidels? Heretics?
Heresy- denial of basic church documents. infidels are non believers. Heretics- relating to heresy's and infidels
Describe how the Carolingian Empire split into East and West
In 843 the Carolingian Empire was divided into three sections. One of them, the west Frankish lands, formed the core of the kingdom of France. The other part was Germany. They split because he had children and grandchildren and they just spilt it.
What was the cause of the libels against Jews in medieval Europe?
It was easy to blame the Jews. The cause was a need to blame other people for their problems.
What were the vernacular languages?
Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization. However, in the twelfth century, much new literature was being written in the vernacular— the language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German
What internal and external factors after Charlemagne's death weakened kingdoms in Europe?
Local nobles gained power while the Carolingian rulers fought each other. Invasions in different parts of the old Carolingian world added to the process of disintegration.
What were the patricians?
Nobles and aristocrats
Describe the social and economic effects that the Black Death have on Europe?
Population decrease; entire villages disappeared; anti-Semitism; trade declined; rising labor prices and lower food prices, people thought they were being punished by God. Extreme anti-Semitism developed as Jews were blamed for the plague. Many serfs were freed
What took place in Ukraine this past week?
President overthrown by protests. Russia is potentially going to have military action in Ukraine.
What were sacraments and relics?
Sacrament are Christian rights or rituals. Relics are what the saints wore. It could be an object that symbolizes something religious.
Describe the life of serfs
Serfs had to give labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control
Describe the manorial system (including typical life and responsibilities of nobles, serfs, what they did for economic activities, what they ate)
Serfs had to give labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control. Peasants used the rest of the estate's land to grow food for themselves. Serfs usually worked about three days a week for their lords and paid rents by giving the lords a share of every product they raised. Peasants' cottages had wood frames surrounded by sticks, with the spaces between sticks filled with straw and rubble and then plastered over with clay. Roofs were simply thatched. The houses of poorer peasants consisted of a single room. Others had at least two rooms—a main room for cooking, eating, and other activities and another room for sleeping. A good harvest of grains for making bread was crucial to survival in the winter months. The meat would be salted to preserve it for winter use.
Shirley Temple (1928-2014). What was her contribution to the world during the time of the Great Depression?
She lifted people's spirits. She was one of the first movie stars of talking movies.
Who were the Slavs?
Slavic peoples were originally a single people in central Europe. Gradually, they divided into three major groups: the western, southern, and eastern Slavs.
What is happening in Venezuela?
Student protests.
What was the importance of William the Conqueror and his conquest of England in 1066. (Discuss impact of French rule over Anglo-Saxons (land distribution, language), Domesday book (census for taxation), and every British monarch has roots in William the Conqueror.
The Normans also took over existing Anglo-Saxon institutions, like the office of sheriff. William took a census known as the Domesday Book, the first census taken in Europe since Roman times and included people, manors, and farm animals. William also developed more fully the system of taxation and royal courts begun by earlier Anglo-Saxon kings.
Describe the origin of the Black Death in Europe?
The fleas, to the rats. The Black Death was a plague that killed 1/3 of the population.
Who were the bourgeoisie?
The middle class
why did the Christians believe that Jerusalem was controlled by infidels?
The muslims were in charge
Who were the Rus, what was their relationship to the Vikings, and to the Slavs?
The native peoples were eventually dominated by the Vikings, whom they called "the Rus". They were an ethnic group. They make up Slovakia, Bulgaria, parts of Russia. The Rus came and conquered the Slavs.
How did commercial capitalism arise in medieval Europe?
The practices during the trade in Medieval Europe between Northern and Southern Europe were part of the rise of Capitalism. For example, new trading companies and banking firms were set up to manage the exchange and sale of goods.
What was the Parliament?
The representative government that emerged; it was composed of 2 knights from every county, 2 people from every town, and all the nobles and bishops throughout England
How was European feudal society structured?
The vassals of a king, who were great lords, might also have vassals who would owe them military service in return for a grant of land taken from their estates. Those vassals, in turn, might likewise have vassals. At that level, the vassals would be simple knights with barely enough land to provide them income.
What was the Hundred Years War and who was Joan of Arc?
The war between that lasted a hundred years between France and England. Joan of arc was a French peasant girl who led the French forces to victory.
Describe medieval life in Europe
They were a Germanic people, whose great love of adventure and search for spoils of war and new avenues of trade may have led them to invade other areas of Europe. In the ninth century, Vikings sacked villages and towns, destroyed churches, and easily defeated small local armies. The Vikings were warriors, and they were superb shipbuilders and sailors. Long and narrow with beautifully carved, arched prows, the Viking dragon ships each carried about 50 men.
In the Winter Olympics in Sochi, what ethnic cleansing did the Circassians protest about?
They were kicked out of Sochi 150 years ago and there was a bunch of bloodshed. Now they have all the nations there in peace.
What was the inquisition?
When the catholic church persecuted non-believers
What was the papal monarchy?
When the popes were kings
Describe the growth of cities in Medieval Europe, and typical medieval city life (include professions, architecture, quality of life, sanitary conditions)
With the revival of trade, merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities. They were followed by craftspeople or artisans—people who had developed skills and saw a chance to make goods that the merchants could sell. Many new cities or towns were also founded, especially in northern Europe. Medieval cities were small in comparison with either ancient cities or modern cities. A large medieval trading city would have about 5,000 inhabitants. Townspeople needed freedom to trade. They wanted their own unique laws and were willing to pay for them. Lords and kings, in turn, saw that they could also make money and sold to the townspeople the liberties they wanted. Over time, medieval cities developed their own governments for running the affairs of the community. The physical environment of medieval cities was not pleasant. Often dirty, cities smelled from animal and human waste.
feudalism
political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
What was the Magna Carta?
the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215. Feudal custom had recognized that the relationship between king and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations. The Magna Carta gave written recognition to that fact and was used in later years to strengthen the idea that a monarch's power was limited, not absolute.
Describe trade in medieval Europe between Northern and Southern Europe
the revival of trade in Europe was gradual- By the 1100s, a regular trade had developed between Flanders and Italy. To encourage trade, the counts of Champagne, in northern France, initiated a series of annual trade fairs. Northern European merchants brought furs, woolen cloth, tin, hemp, and honey to trade for cloth and swords from northern Italy and the silks, sugar, and spices of the East. As trade increased, so did the demand for gold and silver coins.
Identify the ideals of chivalry
to treat captives as honored guests instead of putting them in dungeons. A knight was expected to treat aristocratic women with tenderness and respect.
fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief
vassal
under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity
knights
under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry
feudal contract
under feudalism, the written rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal