History Unit 10

Paris

Capital of France

Hugh Capet

He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power

House of Lords

House of parliament made of up nobility and clergy

House of Commons

House of parliament made up of knights and burgesses

Henry II

In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John 12th century English king who made important changes such as the introduction of the jury system

Lackland

King johns nickname

why didn't Spain have strong centralized kingdoms

Muslim South had Cortes powerful nobility crusading knights and their independent organizations catholic church

scuttage

Payment out of military duty

Battle of Bouvines

Philip wildly successful at this battle. Defeated Guelf candidate Otto and King John of England. Conquest of much of John's continental holdings. 1214

eyres

Royal justices on trips throughout England.

Provisions of Oxford

Signed by Henry III, because he fought expensive wars, didn't consult his nobles, rarely Curia Regis council of 15 royal council summoned 3 times a year Henry goes to the Pope and the Pope revokes it

nation

culture or linguistic identity doesn't need to have a government

Louis VI the fat

establishes the idea of a king in Paris, aided by Abbot Suger during his reign works to extend royal authority and systemize royal administration established new towns built bridges and had toll on them

Eleanor of Aquitaine

powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him

Exchequer

treasur

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom A charter of liberty and political rights obtained from King John of England by his rebellious barons at Runnymede in 1215. vital step in development of representative government provided for justice through the courts and protected some rights for free citizens Over time provisions were extended and interpreted to protect the rights of all citizens

Model Parliament

(1295) English Parliament where bishops and abbots, peers, two knights from each shire, and two representatives from each town all met in modern format for the first time.

Explain the structure of the Estates General. How did its structure later lead to the French revolution? Mention the fact that one must die in the same class they were born.

- Burgesses became restless. Especially with the absolute monarchy that was established with the succession of Phillip Augustus and eventually King Louie. They lost all political power. After the American war, France was broke. This led to the calling of the Estates General to tax more. The third estate included the bougies who were taxed immensely. This led to the French Revolution calling for breaking of power of the French Monarchy.

Explain the timing of the inquisition. Name some of the reasons why the Spanish monarchy established the tribunal?

- The timing of the inquisition was right after the unification of Spain and Portugal. The was to enforce more power for the new centralized government by getting rid of non-christian jews and arabs left after the success of the reconquista. Many were killed with the notion that they were heretics and witches.

Oath of Salisbury

1086 oath of direct fealty to king from all prominent land owning men all vassals in England called to Salisbury to personally swear allegiance to William directly

the Anarchy

1135-54. The civil war following Henry's death. Henry's only successor was Matilda, who many people did not want to become king. This war was between her and cousin Stephen, who was actually ruling.

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

jury

A group of people sworn to abide by the laws to determine the truth

common law

A legal system based on custom and court rulings

Domesday Book Domesday account of Hambleden

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth

nation state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality culture and linguistic identity with government

Bayeux Tapestry

A tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England.

reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

1492

Columbus/Reconquista of Spain

absolute monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies. A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Chambre des Comptes

Developed under the rule of Philip IV, it was the treasury dept of France, created 200 yrs after the Exchequa.

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Who was Edward the confessor? What was his role in the Norman invasion? Explain the Norman invasion.

Edward the confessor was the last anglo saxon king of England. His death in 1066 sparked the preemptive moves for the battle of hastings. Edward had no heir so after his death Harold Hardrada, William the Conquerer, and Harold Godwinson laid claims for being the english king

How was England before the Norman invasion?

England was ruled by anglo-saxon, wessex kings. Earls would elect and advise these kings. After each king died, they would elect another one. The king would also use sheriffs which were royal officials to the king. They would collect taxes and regulate things.

Estates- General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Philip Augustus

French king who waged war against the English rulers in order to regain land and worked to strengthen the French monarchy; went on the 3rd Crusade two main goals expand territorial demesne consolidate royal power expands royal territory: (Artois flanders normandy anjou) 1214 battle of bouvines appoints officials from the middle class (bailiffs and seneschals amasses a sizable treasury and standing army transforms paris true royal capital of france (notre dame)

Edward I

He defeats Simon and puts his father, Henry III back into power. He then became king after his father died. He fought expensive wars in Wales, Scotland and France; he needed money. He summoned parliaments regularly and in 1295 he summoned Model Parliament Created parliament when he needed to raise taxes to finance his war against France; provided a check on royal power

St. Louis IX

He was from France who led two major crusades and cared for the poor and was a just ruler and is noted for being a holy man. His devotion to the faith was instilled in him at an early age by his mother. He attended two masses a day and spent much of his time at prayer. He ate meals with his family and taught his sons to love their faith. He died to keep the faith remaining. much revered by the French as a good administrator, judge and 'just father' to his people canonized by the Roman catholic church aka st. Louis

How did William the Conqueror change England with his rule? What were the key factors that played into his ruling? Also, mention the Harrowing of the North.

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066 defeating Harold King of the Saxons. He extended tight feudal system to England establishing administrative system based on sheriffs. He established centralized monarchy. This brought a blending of Latin (French) and German (Anglo-Saxon) based cultures he ruled by: Norman "barons" Salisbury Oath Blended Anglo-Saxon systems of government with Norman French one Controlled the church

William the Conquerer

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066 defeating Harold King of the Saxons; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. This brought a blending of Latin (French) and German (Anglo-Saxon) based cultures he ruled by: Norman "barons" Salisbury Oath Blended Anglo-Saxon systems of government with Norman French one Controlled the church

John I

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta. expensive and unsuccessful wars; lost territory conflict with church conflict with his barons conflict with Philip Augustus of France Lost Normandy and Anjou in 1204 He had conflict with the church Pope Innocent III and Archbishop Stephen Langton John is excommunicated and England under interdict (1208-1213) Rebellious nobles force King John to place his seal on the Magna Carta in June 1215

Statue Law

Laws made by parliaments

How did the Muslim south, cortes, powerful nobility, crusading knights and their independent organizations, and the catholic church prevent Spain from having strong centralized kingdoms?

Muslim South- Spain had a part of their country occupied by Arab muslims Cortes- this form of parliament divided up power among different regions of Spain Powerful nobility controlled Cortes and had much power over political sphere. Not leading to a centralized government but more power to the upper nobility. We have crusading knights that are not under the jurisdiction of a centralized power/ruler. They play the role of sheriff and police under their own autonomy. The catholic church was also very powerful - which led to a shared power

How did Henry Expand Royal Power

New Men Exchequer Strengthened justice system

What was Boniface's relationship with Philip the IV? How does his decree called the Unam Sanctum show his stance or view on politics and power?

Pope Boniface's relationship with Philip the IV is a strained one due to Phillip the IV's decision to tax the clergy. Unam Sanctum shows his stance on what the Catholic Church's power should be. Stronger than political officials such as temporal knights. However, the changing nature of the political power has reduced the Catholic Church's power.

Ile de France

Small territory around Paris Controlled by Hugh Capet Ile de France; 12th c —1550. It begins within a very small area of France - Ile de France - the domain of French kings in mid 12th c. It spread in the rest of Europe by the end of the 13th c and by 1550 disappeared.

What was the Reconquista? What was the result of the endeavor?

The reconquista was the retaking of regions controlled by Muslims. Eventually they were successful and this led to the emergence of Spain and Portugal. IN other words, a centralized government.

After centuries of Islamic domination Spain united with Portugal to form one centralized nation. Explain Ferdinand and Isabella's strategic political moves to strengthen Spain's power.

They weakened Cortes to receive funds for Christopher Columbus' trip to find a trade route to Asia. This was a move that strengthen absolute monarchy by weakening Cortes (parliament or in today's terms, Congress). Also, it was to push Spain's expansion of land.

Norman Yoke

Time period under the Normans (particularly William) oppression of Norman control

England before Norman Invasion

Wessex King Witan (Earls and thegn)- advisers to king and choose next king after the king dies. Shires and hundreds Sheriffs-royal officials of the king

capetian

When the last Carolingian king died in 987, an assembly of nobles chose Hugh Capet as king. Capet and his descendants began a dynasty called the:

Harrowing of the North

William destroys homes, farms, stocks, and crops against people in the North 1069-70

Henry I

William gave england to first son and normandy to second son. They both died so the 3rd son of William (Henry I) and takes over Normandy and England

Curia Regis

Williams new council (to replace the witan) A medieval king's advisory body made up of his major vassals Kings council ~ feudal body composed of vassals

Succession Crisis after Edward

Witan's choice: Harold Godwinson, Anglo Saxon Norman ClaimL William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy Danish Claim: Harold Hardrada, Vikings

angevin empire

a bitter rivalry between the French king and the English king. lasts fro 300 years and helps forge both nations

Seneschals

a district under a bailiff, steward, or majordomo of a great medieval lord or king representing the lord (as in the feudal courts, in the management of his estate, and in the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies) and in a royal household often becoming a high officer of state or military commander

Parelement

a royal court of justice

Cortes

assemblies made up of clergy, nobles and towns people with significant powers at early date.

parley

discussion between advisors to the king eventually became parliament

Philip IV "the fair"

grandson of St. louis ix expands royal bureaucracy chambe de comptes loyal middle class civil servants expensive wars with England and flanders requires constant search for money (borrowed from templars jews, lombards) he levied the tax on the french clergy but pope eventually excommunicated him

Grananda

in 1492 the city that ended arab rule

Constitutions of Clarendon

issued by Henry II; attempted to gain control over the revenues of episcopal sees and abbeys and sought to control the election of all abbots and bishops.

Edward the Confessor

king of England whose death in 1066 caused a competition between Harold II and William of Normandy he died childless

Bailiffs

made by Philip II; royal officials collected taxes, enforced feudal rights, and administered justice

motte & bailey

motte: flat-topped artificial mound with ditch, rest of buildings, wide ditches, bank A motte-and-bailey castle was made up of two structures, a motte, a type of mound - often artificial - topped with a wooden or stone structure known as a keep; and at least one bailey, a fortified enclosure built next to the motte. Relatively easy to build with unskilled, often forced labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales following their invasion in 1066. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, the Low Countries and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.

Boniface VIII

pope who was angered by Philip IV's demand that the clergy pay taxes to the national treasury.. he wrote a decree called the "Unam Sanctum" which declared his own supremacy over temporal rulers.. he was called to trial by Philip IV and held prisoner, dying soon after his quick release

Simon de Montfort

rebelled against Henry III and held him captive, to gain power increased government representation. He summons a council that includes in 2 knights from shires and 2 townsmen from every chartered town (basis of model parliament)

Torquemada

the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498)

Thomas Becket

the archbishop of Canterbury, close friend of Henry who later opposed his attempt to bring Church/clergy into royal court system. Murdered by Henry's knights, then declare a saint by the Church

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Battle of Bouvines

the triumph of Philip II Augustus of France against King John of England, even though John was not present at the battle. Philip has seized much of John's French lands, and in an attempt to recover them, John, and his ally Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, joined to invade France. King John and his allies defeated by King of France 1214