History Unit 3 Test.

Betsy Ross

Considered essential to the American Revolution, Betsy Ross is credited with sewing the first United States flag. A symbol of patriotism, Ross is often celebrated as the woman who helped George Washington finish the design. Although there is no historical evidence that she created this flag, her story has made her a national icon.

Green Mountain Boys

Vermont colonial militia led by Ethan Allen that made a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga

Nathan Hale

One of the first American spies who was caught and hung by the British.

What is the law of coverture?

"By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law: that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband; under whose wing, protection and cover, she performs everything; ...and her condition during her marriage is called coverture." (1771)

Declaration of Independence

*You need to study the declaration of independence, identifying principles, virtues, rights, views on tyranny, grievances and the role of government. There will be an essay question on the Declaration of Independence. Officially, the Continental Congress declared its freedom from Great Britain on July 2, 1776, when it voted to approve a resolution submitted by delegate Richard Henry Lee of Virginia After voting on independence on July 2, the Continental Congress then needed to draft a document explaining the move to the public. It had been proposed in draft form by the Committee of Five and it took two days for the Congress to agree on the edits. That is why the Declaration has the words, "IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776," at its top, because that is the day the approved version was signed in Philadelphia. On July 8, 1776, Colonel John Nixon of Philadelphia read a printed Declaration of Independence to the public for the first time on what is now called Independence Square. (Most of the members of the Continental Congress signed a version of the Declaration on August 2, 1776, in Philadelphia. The Introduction: "declares" the "causes" that have made it necessary for the American colonies to leave the British Empire. Why are they expressing their independence. Independence from what? The Preamble: The preamble sets out principles that were already recognized to be "self-evident" by most 18th- century Englishmen, closing with the statement that "a long train of abuses and usurpations . . . evinces a design to reduce [a people] under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security." Grievances against King George III: The first section of the body of the Declaration gives evidence of the "long train of abuses and usurpations" heaped upon the colonists by King George III. The second section of the body states that the colonists had appealed in vain to their "British brethren" for a redress of their grievances. Conclusion: Having stated the conditions that made independence necessary and having shown that those conditions existed in British North America, the Declaration concludes that "these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."

Bennedict Arnold

A General in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Benedict Arnold served with distinction in several battles but was passed over for promotions several times. Arnold was also investigated by the Continental Congress during his service and faced various accusations from opponents. Frustrated by the opposition he encountered, Arnold eventually started working for the British even while continuing to serve in the Continental Army. Ultimately his betrayal was discovered and Arnold fled to New York City, accepting a commission in the British Army. Arnold's name has become synonymous with treasonous behavior and is perhaps one of the most infamous figures in American history.

What is the Olive Branch Petition?

A final attempt by the colonists to avoid going to war with Britain during the American Revolution. It was a document in which the colonists pledged their loyalty to the crown and asserted their rights as British citizens. Adopted by Congress on July 5, 1775. "We therefore beseech your Majesty, that your royal authority and influence may be graciously interposed to procure us releif [sic] from our afflicting fears and jealousies occasioned by the system before mentioned, and to settle peace through every part of your dominions... and that in the meantime measures be taken for preventing the further destruction of the lives of your Majesty's subjects; and that such statutes as more immediately distress any of your Majestys colonies be repealed..."

Mercy Otis Warren

A gifted playwright, poet, scholar, and historian. Symbolized and promoted the ideas and principles upon which the United States was established during the American Revolution. Published at least five plays, a collection of poems, a political pamphlet, wrote History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, in 1805 one of the two most important contemporary histories of the American Revolution. Quotes: "Our situation is truly delicate & critical. On the one hand we are in need of a strong federal government founded on principles that will support the prosperity & union of the colonies. On the other we have struggled for liberty & made costly sacrifices at her shrine and there are still many among us who revere her name to much to relinquish (beyond a certain medium) the rights of man for the dignity of government." "The rights of the individual should be the primary object of all governments."

Anna Strong

Anna Strong arranged clothes on her clothesline as a means to signal fellow Culper spy Caleb Brewster regarding the location of hidden documents to be transported.

Nathanael Greene

Appointed to command the southern army during the American Revolution. Engineered a series of victories over the British in the Carolinas at Cowpens, Guilford Courthouse, Hobkirk's Hill and Eutaw Springs, turning the tide of the war and setting the stage for Washington's crowning victory at Yorktown.

James Armistead Lafayette

Armistead served as a double agent working for the Patriots. Armistead posed as a runaway slave who agreed to work with the British, though in actuality he was collecting intelligence from the British and reporting back to Patriot forces. The intelligence reports from Armistead's efforts were instrumental in helping to defeat the British during the Battle of Yorktown.

Newburg Conspiracy

Attempt made by some of Washington's officers to stage a coup on Congress. Major John Armstrong wrote a letter to the officers recommending either that the army march on Congress and take over with military force, or they lay down their weapons and return to their homes, leaving America vulnerable to future attacks by the British. As Washington wanted no part in this effort, those in favor of such a move agreed on Horatio Gates as the one to lead them. Washington countered their attempt to form opposition to Congress through in a meeting on March 15, 1783. He unexpectedly entered the door to the meeting and addressed his officers. After offering strong support for his officers and army, he strongly opposed the idea of going against Congress, or of laying down weapons to return home. He suggested patience, and that he would continue to do all in his power to obtain an assurance of pay for the officers and the army. Quote from Washington to his officers during his Newburgh Address: "Gentleman, you must pardon me, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in service to my country." The disarming hint of vulnerability from their otherwise stoic leader so deeply affected the officers that some wept openly. After Washington left, they resolved to present him with "the unanimous thanks of the officers" and added that "the officers reciprocate his affectionate expressions, with the greatest sincerity of which the human heart is capable."1 Ironically, Washington scored one of his greatest triumphs as a military general with words rather than bullets or bayonets. His victory also testifies to the strength of the bond between Washington and the officers and soldiers of his army, without which the Revolution might have ended quite differently. The officers agreed to the counsel of their leader.

Who won the Battle of Bunker Hill?

British

Lord General Cornwallis

British General that harassed and defeated the American Army in the Southern states. Eventually he was harassed by Lafayette's division, and exhausted by Nathaniel Green's division. He digs in at Yorktown, Virginia awaiting strength in men and supplies, which never come. He is pinned, surrounded, and after a three week battle, surrenders. He has his second in command officially surrender. This is the surrender that will end the fighting in America.

Philis Wheatley

Brought to America in 1761 and sold into slavery to the Wheatley family of Boston. First African American and second woman in America to publish a book of poems. First Globally recognized female, African American poet. Her first name Phillis was derived from the ship that brought her to America, "the Phillis." The Wheatley's educated Phillis; she learned to read the Bible, Greek and Latin classics, and British literature. She also studied astronomy and geography. At age fourteen, Wheatley began to write poetry, publishing her first poem in 1767. In 1773, with financial support from the English Countess of Huntingdon, Wheatley traveled to London with the Wheatley's son to publish her first collection of poems, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral—the first book written by a black woman in America. Earned the respect and admiration of the likes of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.

John Adams

Delegate from Massachusetts. Powerful supporter of Independence in Congress. Enjoyed a good argument. Spoke his mind, often causing friends to become enemies such was the case with Mercy Warren and Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Paine

Englishman who was a British tax collector. He recognized the corruption of the English government and spoke out against it. He met Benjamin Franklin who recommended he come to America and use his talents for the cause of liberty. Shortly after arriving in America he wrote the pamphlet, Common Sense. He became the pamphleteer of the American Revolution, traveling with George Washington. Common Sense: Published in January 1776. Advocates American Independence from Great Britain. It speaks in language and terms familiar to the common American colonists of the day. As of 2006, it remains the all-time best-selling American title and is still in print today. American Crisis: Multiple essays written during the Revolutionary War, promoting a sense of patriotism and loyalty to the cause of freedom and independence. Washington had one of these essays read to his men before crossing the Delaware River, which encouraged many to sign on for more service, as their commitment was expiring. Quote: THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated.

Marquis de Lafayette

French noble with vast wealth. As a young man he sought for military service, in spite of his vast wealth and promise of an easy life. He had dinner with the Duke of Gloucester, who spoke of the American Revolution, prompting Lafayette to seek an appointment with the American Continental Army. He was recommended by Benjamin Franklin. He developed a close relationship with George Washington, almost that of a father-son relationship. Spent the winter of 1777-1778 in Valley Forge with Washington. While there he uncovered a plot (the Conway Cobal) to replace Washington as head of the Continental Army. He remained loyal to Washington. Helped secure an French alliance with the American forces. Key in the battle of Yorktown.

Agent 711

George Washington's code name in the American spy ring.

Nancy Hart

Georgia frontierswoman Nancy Morgan Hart was a legendary hero of the American Revolution who made it her mission to rid the Georgia territory of British Loyalists (Tories). According to various accounts, she captured six, killed one, and oversaw the hanging of five others. She also served as a spy.

Mary Ludwig (Molly Pitcher)

Hays decided to enlist in the 4th Pennsylvania Artillery and served in the Continental Army when the American Revolutionary War began. It was very common for soldiers' wives to follow their husbands when they enlisted in the army. Mary Hays decided to join her husband at the Continental Army camp where she often washed clothes and cared for the sick. Historians note that this is where the nickname "Molly Pitcher" could have originated from. "Molly" was a common nickname given to women that were named Mary. "Pitcher" represented the buckets women would carry for cleaning. During the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778, Hays allegedly solidified her legacy as an American hero.

How did the spies send intelligence

Invisible ink clothes on clotheslines

what is the proclamation of Rebellion 1775

King George III refused to read the Olive Branch Petition. On August 23, 1775, King George issued a Proclamation on Rebellion aimed at the American colonies. On October 27 the king gave a speech to parliament stating that the two sides were at war. King George III: "The rebellious war now levied is become more general, and is manifestly carried on for the purpose of establishing an independent empire. I need not dwell upon the fatal effects of the success of such a plan... It is now become the part of wisdom, and (in its effects) of clemency, to put a speedy end to these disorders by the most decisive exertions. For this purpose, I have increased my naval establishment, and greatly augmented my land forces; but in such a manner as may be the least burthensome to my kingdoms."

George Washington

Leader of the Continental Army. Recognized and respected that his power came from the people. The military is under the civilian government.

The Lee Resolution

Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances. That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approbation. On June 11, 1776, the Congress appointed three concurrent committees in response to the Lee Resolution: one to draft a declaration of independence, a second to draw up a plan "for forming foreign alliances," and a third to "prepare and digest the form of a confederation."

Austin Roe

Served as the group's courier, transporting materials from Robert Townsend's New York City coffee shop all the way back to Setauket, Long Island, a trip of more than fifty miles.

Thomas Jefferson

Statesman and delegate from Virginia. Primary author of the Declaration of Independence. How does Jefferson feel about the words he used? Quote: "I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man."

Battle of Long Island

Strategic Loccation to control the port of New York and the harbor. First battle that took place after Declaration of independence. Washington guessed that New York would be the brittishes next target.

Battle of Lexington and Concord (Explain what it was.)

The Battle is known for the First shots of the revolutionary war. It is unclear who fired first, because all accounts are different. This is where the "shot heard round the world" happened. A phrase coined by Ralph Waldo Emmerson. The British were looking for munitions and the sons of Liberty Leaders. John Hancock and Samuel Adams.

Why did the Colonists consider the Battle of bunker hill a success after they retreated.

The British had twice as many casualties and were unable to break their defenses.

Culper Spy Ring

The information collected and passed on by the ring from 1778 to war's end in 1783 concerned key British troop movements, fortifications and plans in New York and the surrounding region. Perhaps the group's greatest achievement came in 1780, when it uncovered British plans to ambush the newly arrived French army in Rhode Island. Without the spy ring's warnings to Washington, the Franco-American alliance may well have been damaged or destroyed by this surprise attack. The Culper Spy Ring has also been credited with uncovering information involving the treasonous correspondence between Benedict Arnold and John Andre, chief intelligence officer under General Henry Clinton, commander of the British forces in New York, who were conspiring to give the British control over the army fort at West Point. Major Andre was captured and hanged as a spy in October 1780, on Washington's orders.

Battle of Yorktown

The last battle of the american revolution beginning on september 28 1781 and ending on october 19 1781. The french fleet led by Comte de Grasse, Engages the british fleet in the battle of Chessopeake, ending in a french victory. As a result of this victory, de Grasse blocked any reinforcement or escape by sea for Cornwallis and embarked the heavy siege guns required by the allied forces.

Siege of Boston

The seige of Boston was a convergence of over 20000 men coming to the aid of Boston. The Siege lasted from May 1775 to March 1776. The British burned down the town of Charlestown MA in order to prevent more militia men from entering. And to frustrate the militias attempt to take over. George Washington appointed Commander in Cheif of the newly formed Continental Army of America on June 14 1775. Washington Heads to Boston to form the various militias into one national Army

Why did the Americans retreat?

They ran out of ammunition (gun powder and Bullets.)

Committee of five

Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) John Adams (Massachusetts) Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania) Roger Sherman (Connecticut) Robert Livingston (New York)

Robert Townsend

Townsend was a Patriot who publicly presented himself as a Loyalist supporter of Britain, even writing for a Loyalist newspaper to build credibility. The guise worked as Townsend was trusted with sensitive information, even from British military officers.

Benjamin Tallmadge

Washington appointed him to oversee the formation of the Culper Spy Ring.

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

Washington plans an attack on Trenton, New Jersey by crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25-26 1776. Through the element of surprise. Washington brings over 2400 men, as well as horses and cannon. Not joined by officers. Washington goes it alone. They coome upon the German Hessians. The Americans don't lose any men from the battle, only from exosure to the weather.

Joseph Warren

Who warned Paul Revere the "British were coming", said "one if by land, two if by sea"

Abigail Adams

Witnessed the Siege of Boston and the Battle of the Bunker Hill. Appointed by the Massachusetts Colony General Court to question fellow Massachusetts women who were charged by either their word or action of remaining loyal to the British crown and working against the independence movement. During the war, Abigail helped by hiding soldiers in her house and allowing them to train on her property. Money and goods were scarce, so she made her own soap and ink, spun cloth, and even melted pewter spoons to make musket balls for the soldiers. Advocate for women's rights, education for all, and the abolition of slavery. Abigail Adams wrote over 1,200 letters during her life, often sharing her opinions on life and politics, including her belief that women should have a voice in the government. Quote: "Remember the ladies."

Abraham Woodhull

Woodhull was essentially the leader of the Culper Spy Ring, deciding what information was transmitted throughout the group, which would eventually make its way to George Washington. He operated under the pseudonym, "Samuel Culper Sr."