History Units 2-4 Test

Muslim diasporic communities region (3)and products(5)

- Africa,India, Southeast Asia region that produced slaves, gold, cotton, porcelain, silk

Commercial innovations from networks of exchange (5)

- Caravanserai - paper money - Hanseatic league - banking house - bill of exchange

Sogdian diasporic communities region and product

- In Central Asia region that produced silk

Merchants in Diasporic Communities

- Muslim - Chinese - Sogdian (in Samarkland) - Jewish - Malay

What allowed people to traverse the Silk Road despite its inhospitable terrain

- People could reverse the silk Road by traveling in caravans and resting at oasis cities along it - The Mongols also improved roads and punished bandits lurking around

What is the impact of Samarkand and Caravanserai(2)

- Samarkand was a center of cultural exchange in a trading center with artisans that helped spread knowledge through Islamic learning centers and made mosques. It was also a stopping point between China and the Mediterranean - Caravanserai benefited Silk Road travelers so they could rest and trade animals.

Description/ impact of Malaysia exchange in Indian Ocean

- became known as the spice islands cuz of its nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves exported

Temujin(6)

- birth name of the first Mongol leader better known as Genghis Khan - United the nomadic mongols and established the largest land empire in history - created tribal alliances and defeated neighbors one by one - appointed non family members over family members - was ruthless and slaughtered villages by siege warfare if they did not surrendur. - helped trade from his power

Influence of Buddhism on China

- came from India by silk roads - brought new thoughts and ideas - promotes development of philosophy, ethics, language, arts

What were we're the pack animals used (5)

- camel - ox - horse - llama - human caravan

Description/ impact of India exchange in Indian Ocean

- cities in the west coast of India began to thrive as centers of trade from interactions w merchants in Africa - became known for high quality fabrics like cotton

Conquest under Genghis khan (4)

- conquered Jin empire and zhongdu. - killed anyone who resisted. They would wipe out whole populations - conquered some central Asian and Islamic empires - constantly traveled so fear spred about them - incorporates military weapons of the conquered into their own

Who was Kublai Khan and what did he do?

- he was the grandson of Genghis khan He conquered China w/ the Mongols -Adopted many Chinese customs -Created the Yuan Dynasty - raised status of merchants, promoted foreigners to political powers like Marco Polo, lowered status of Chinese citizens

Genghis khan's khanate (political grouped ruled by him)(3)

- his empire was divided into khanates - reaches from north China sea to eastern Persia - each khanate was given to one of his four sons; Golden Horde, chagatai, ilkhanate, and the Yuan dynasty

What happened as a result of increased demand in the Indian Ocean trade

Increased contacts, manufactures, and tech developments

Drawbacks of human caravan

Lack of trade since they had no animals and could only carry so much between Inca and Aztecs

Location, benefits, drawbacks of camels

Middle East, Silk Road, africa, Asia. Could go long time without water and carried large amounts for trade.

What impact did Mansa make on Mali

- made Mali a great power by developing cities like Timbuktu and GAO as culture centers. He brought architects to design buildings. Turned the kingdom sophisticated of Islam learning. Helped spread Islam around the world

What fates were suffered by enslaved peoples within the Indian Ocean trade(3)

- male slaves were put to work as state officials, porters, craftsmen, miners harvesting salt, and laborers for estates or planters jobs - women worked as domestic servants and concubines - many had to make a dangerous journey across the desert to work in wealthy Islamic homes - slaves in the americas were treated worse - slaves in Islamic communities could have rights such as marrying

Long term impact of the Mongolian invasions (6)

- reputation: became one of the most feared by the empires - pax Mongolia's: helped increase trade and was a golden age of peace, increase in trade routes and spread ideas. Global communication - cultural exchange: unified trade routes which caused cultural diffusion and spreading to different places. - transfer of disease: as they conquered more places and went to Europe, they spread sicknesses like the Black Death and bubonic plague - centralized power: accepted or existing centralized government even after leaving which established russia - fighting techniques and tech: introduced gun powder and guns, arrows, siege warfare, surprise attacks

What expanded exchange in the Indian ocean (3)

- sea based trade routes connecting people all across the eastern hemisphere - the ability to carry more heavier and luxury goods on ships - monsoon winds helped timing be predictable to schedule when to travel for trade - innovations of tech - Islām to India and dar Islam of diasporic communities

Description/ impact of africa exchange in Indian Ocean

- slaving paced a role in exchanges since African slaves were transported to America's, Middle East, and India - African words, musical styles and customs were spread

Chinese diasporic communities region and products(2)

- south eastAsia region that produced porcelain and silk

What changed because of mongol rule (2)

- the Islamic faith; it went inward cuz of conflict between faith and reason and it became more conservative - improved the economy; set up charities and taxes for organization and. Increased paper money availability to increase Europe trade.

What stayed the same during the Mongolian rule (4)

- they allowed conquered people to be involved in government; Persians kept lower level positions and mongols allowed rulers to stay in place - trade continued to grow; they encouraged trade and used the routes - mongols need assistance from people so they kept politics the same; natives served as local officials and peasants were usually used as slaves - tolerant of other religions and didn't force anyone to change

What impact did the rise of the Mongol Empire have in trade along the Silk Road?(2)

- they facilitated world wide trade networks if exchange and communication through effective relat shstem for rapid communication thet fostered trade. - the mongols increased their population which increased more trade

What environmental knowledge did sailors need when trading in the Indian Ocean

- they had to know wind direction if winter months compared to spring and summer - they had to time voyages carefully do when they stopped at a port for a while, they would know when to find favorable winds again

Genghis khan at war

- used siege warfare, weapons, and cannons - had strong riders and proficient bows with highly disciplined soldiers - armies had special units mapped of terrain so they knew how to attack enemies - deployed small band of warriors pretending to be defeated till their big army came out to slaughter - has groups offer 10,10,1000 warriors w a person in charge so none could rebel since they were in small groups

Who was Zheng He and what dynasty did he sail for

A Chinese Muslim admiral picked by emperor yongle to lead seven voyages to explore Europe for the Ming Dynasty and sought to enroll distant people and states in the Chinese tribute system

Paper money def

Money developed instead of copper coins that took place of bartering

Banking house def

A place where a person could give a bill of exchange and receive money. A holding place of money

Bill of exchange def

A written order used primarily in international trade that binds one party to pay a fixed some money to another party on demand or a certain date

Hanseatic league

Alliance between cities in north Germany and Scandinavia controlling trade in north and Baltic Sea

Significance of the Epic of Sundiata

An epic poem of the Malinke people and tells the story of the hero Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Mali Empire

What caused the downfall of the Mongols

By kublai khans death, the empire became corrupted due to feuding within the khanate causing decline. The yuan dynasty became weaker while Russia and the Ming dynasty grew. Mongols began losing control over the khanate s. They also failed to expand beyond China

Chagatai khanate

Mongol empire in Central Asia. Ruled by chagatai khan and later became the turkicized khanate. Was rarely ever stable and constantly at war. Most nomadic that controlled the steppes

Description/ impact of southwest Asia exchange in Indian Ocean

Benefitted from being towards the center of the Indian Ocean.

Il khanate

Mongol empire that ruled over Iran (Persia) & the Middle East. It was established by khans grandson Hulegu. Encouraged trade in Middle East region. Adopted Persian bureaucracy

Explain the cause and effects of growth networks and exchange after 1200

CAUSES: 1. rise of the mongal empire - improved roads and punished bandits to increase safety and established trade channels like the Silk Road in Middle East Africa and Europe 2. Improved technologies - magnetic compass, rudder, junk made trade easier and helped roads reach farther distances. Junk made sinking less likely and mult sails EFFECT: 1. Growth of cities - Samarkand became a cultural exchange center that people depended on for food water and textiles. There was diverse cultural exchange trade and religion like Christianity Buddhism and Islam spread. 2. Commercial innovation: - China got a money economy with paper money and bills of exchange used in banking houses 3. Increased demand of luxury goods - Crusaders awakened Europeans in luxury goods from East Asia. Increased demand meant an increase in supply - led to expansion of iron and steel.

Why were camel and oases needed to participate in the trans-Saharan trade?

Camels can consume a large quantity of water at one time and don't need it for a while so they can travel better in deserts. They r the main form of transportation. Oases were water underground and placed to settle along the way and could replenish travelers

Paper money origin

China

Byzantine empire key figures (2)

Constantine the great who issued the edict it Milan that legalized Christian worship. He reunited the Roman Empire and established Christianity as main religion and founded Constantinople which would become the Orthodox Church. Justinian worked on major construction projects and started a legal system. He created a code of laws

Impact of Byzantine empire

Constantinople was the center of trade and culture that later influenced the renaissance. Kept Greek and Roman culture alive for many years. Shaped the modern orthodox religion. Also affected Russia wanted to follow them as a model and cultural diffusion

Genghis khan at peace

Created the pax Mongolica which was Mongolian peace that allowed the empire to technologically prove their capitals and government

Yuan dynasty

Mongol empire established by Kublai khan in China. Was the first foreign led dynasty there and first to use paper money. Adopted Confucian ideas and continued civil serve act. Chinese resented then for raising merchants in the system

Description/ impact of Swahili coastal cities exchange in Indian Ocean

Eastern Africa, Islam cities part of dar Islam. Traded gold, ivory, slaves

Byzantine empire region and major city

Eastern half of the Roman Empire and Constantinople

Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time

Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas replaced by new imperial states - Mongols expanded and conquered with political power

Banking house origin

England

Description/ impact of china exchange in Indian Ocean

Exported silks and porcelain world wide which is why people refer to their dishes as fine china

Origin of Hanseatic league

German

Products from India shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads (8)

Grain, ivory, stones, cotton textiles, spices, timber, tortoise shells

Characteristics of Songhai empire

Had a blend of religions of west African and Islam. Had slaves as an important part of the empires trade

What caused china to close off for a while after emperor yongle's death? What else resulted?

He had been the chief patron of the enterprise and many high ranking officials thought the expedition was a waste of time and resources since they thought China was self sufficient. The fleet deteriorated and China decided to not have a large scale maritime empire in the Indian Ocean

What impact on trade would the pax Mongolica bring

Helped develop commerce and communication along the Silk Road. Trade routes became safer which increased trade and expansion from East to west

Jewish diasporic communities region and products

In Europe, Africa,India, Southeast Asia producing everything

Where did the Mongols originate?

In the Steppes of Central Asia north of the Gobi desert

Influence of Buddhism on Korea

Influenced Korean art, literature, architecture, sculptures, printing when they adopted it

Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change

Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires including the Mongols encourage significant technological and cultural transfers - Religions and beliefs spread - numeric systems to Europe - adoption of uyghur script - maintained something's while changed others for the better

Al Andalus location and major city

Islamic Spain and Córdoba

What was the affect of the Kurliltai

It created a more egalitarian society that allowed for elections where everyone had equal opportunities to run or vote

How did the city-state of Melacca grow? What was it's downfall?

It grew from being a major port on the route between India and China by Muslim merchants, becoming the leading economic power in the region. And Muslim alliances. They'd also tax passing ships (junks). The Portuguese ended up conquering melacca to control trade.

What was the significance of the Indian Ocean trade route

It was able to carry bigger and heavier things that could not be carried on camels

How was the Ming dynasty founded

It was established by Zhou yuanzhang who was a poor Buddhist monk that led a revolt to overthrow the yuan dynasty and start the Ming

Bill of exchange origin

Italy and Silk Road

Products from Africa shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads(6)

Ivory, gold, iron goods, quarts, slaves, leopard skins

Key figures and impacts of Kievan Rus

King Oleg moved the capital to Kiev and led conquests against Byzantine helping it prosper. Vladimir the great created a golden age where there was peace and economic growth. He expanded, uniting Slavic states. Converted to Christianity helping ties w Constantinople It was the foundation of Russia.

What is a diasporic community? What impacts do they have?

Large communities developed in foreign areas. They introduce their culture and spread technology. They can promote new knowledge and help economy by increasing trade

Caravanserai def

Large guest houses/ inns to welcome traveling merchants and caravans along trade routes

Advances in maritime technology (4)

Lateen sails Stern rudder Astrolabe Dhow shios

Malay diasporic communities region and product

Madagascar and bananas

Mali Key figure and lasting impact

Mansa Musa. Had an abundance of gold and salt to expand its trade. Had Timbuktu City which was a center of knowledge

What European visited and described kublai khans court? What did he say?

Marco Polo. He wrote a book about his trip describing the golden age of culture for China. He describes its size, wealth, and wonders to be unbelievable

Golden Horde (where and impact)

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia after conquering its multiple parts and surrounding countries around Europe. They had existing Russian rulers send tributes. They were also taxed heavily causing slavery for Russians. Some Russian cities were ruined while others weren't. Brought centralized government to Russia

Origin: description: impact of lateen sails

Origin = Arabs Description= triangular sails that could catch winds coming from multiple directions increasing the potential of the ship to sail Impact= helped make ships more manageable and increase in size for more cargo and important for war

Dhow ships origin description impact

Origin= Arab Description= ships with triangular sails (lateen) that maximize monsoon trade winds on the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, transporting up to 5 tons of cargo

Stern rudder origin: description; impact

Origin= China Description= wood or metal part of the steering attached to the stern that gives ships more stability and makes them easier to maneuver when steering

Astrolabe origin: description; impact

Origin= Europe Description= an instrument consisting of a disc and pointer used to make astronomical measurements and navigating latitude to let sailors know how far north or south they r from the equator

Origin of Caravanserai

Persia

Kievan Rus location and major city

Russia and Novgorod

What was Zheng He's impact of his journeys

Served to establish Chinese pier and prestige in the Indian Ocean and exerted Chinese control over foreign trade in the region

What other things were often traded along silk roads (17)

Silk, teas, salts, porcelain, spices, cotton, ivory, wool, gold, silver, textiles, nuts, ideas, religion, culture, disease, systems of government

Products from china shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads(3)

Silks, porcelain, tea

Products from Swahili coastal cities shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads

Slaves,ivory, gold

What happened at the Kurlitai

Temujin was elected khan if the mongol kingdom and took the name Genghis khan

What empire was after Mali

The Songhai empire

What happens to the empire after Genghis khan died

The empire began to split due to disputes between his successors on who would rule

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time

The expansion of empires, including the Mongols, facilitated every region trade and communication as new people were down into the conquerors economies and trade networks - Mongolia expanded with army to better economy - build roads for trade routes and culture exchange - expanded and took resources to advance tech

What sort of landscape was where the Mongols were and how did it effect their lifestyle

The land was a semi desert dry flat plain with some treeless grasslands. It shaped them into aggressive and skilled pastoral nomads that were good horsemen, herded animals, and hunted and gathered.

In what ways were the Swahili city states involved in trade? Who and what did they frequently trade with? What did that trade bring to the East African coast

They were commercial centers that accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for products of distant civilizations like Chinese porcelain/ silk, Persian rugs, and Indian cottons . They traded slaves gold and ivory with Arabia, Persia, India. They adapted Islam. This brought mosques to East African cities.

Blending of Buddhism's and Daoism

This blend of ideas became based of Chinese government and society

What impact did the rise and prosperity of cities such as Timbuktu and Zhao have on the region

Timbuktu and Gao was the starting point for trans Saharan camel caravans and center of Religion and culture of west African Mali and Songhai empires. Helped make the Songhai empire wealthy cuz of trade

Products from southwest Asia shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads

Tin, wood, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon

Mali location, Major city,

West Africa, Timbuktu,

Al- Andalus Key figure and lasting impact

a place of harmony and tolerance between Muslim rulers and Christian and Jewish subjects. Eventually, Muslims were forced to emigrate turning Spain into Christian rule and eradicating Islam away

What did the increase in demand of silk trade goods lead to (6)

because Europe and Africa demanded more goods, - increase of supplies - Chinese, Persian, and Indian merchants and artisans expanded their textile and porcelain production for export - caravans were issued to make silk roads safer - Chinese developed a paper money system for the increasing trade - there were more ideas like religion Buddhism and Christianity and diseases spread - expansion of iron and steel

Kurlitai def

meeting of Mongol chieftains

Products from Malaysia shared on the Indian Ocean sea roads

nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves

Influence of Buddhism on japan

political structure, advanced tech, art, and schools

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism