HIWD 372 Exam 3 Review
Jose Gregorio Mon.
(1851-1855) signed an edict on March 24, 1854 ending slavery. But this resulted in a civil war... the 'Federal War' (1859-1863
Romulo Betancourt
"Father of Venezuelan Democracy" Elected president in 1958; one of few to actually complete a constitutional turn in office Returned the country to fiscal stability
Jose Tadeo Monagas
(1847-1851) started out as a 'Conservative' but became a 'Liberal'. He proved to be one of the most unpopular presidents in Venezuelan history 1. His authoritarian caudillo ways. 2. His frequent disregard for laws passed by the legislature
Alfonso Lopez
- Colombia - Liberal - Lots of reforms (promotion of labor unions and their demands; takeover and redistribution of private property; expanding industry and support for many industrial projects; WWII on Allied side)
Eloy Alfaro
- President of Ecuador (1895-1901/1905-1911) - Liberal Revolution (reduced power of clergy and opened the way for capitalist development) - After he attempted a coup to get power again, he was thrown in jail and then grabbed and dragged through the streets were he died
Juan Velasco
- President of Peru - power from 1968 coup - nationalized industry and reformed agriculture - reign resulted in inflation, unemployment, growing public debt
Francisco de Paula Santander
- Served as the first president after Bolivar of Republic of New Granada (Colombia) - "El Hombre de las Leyes" The man of laws - one of the ideological founders of the Colombian liberal party
Jose Pardo
- Ven. President 1904-1908 - Conservative turned liberal -unpopular - "brother" - authoritarian caudillo ways - disregarded laws passed by legislation
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Guillermo Billingshurst
1912-1914 Peruvian president
Ecuadorian Flower Industry
A bulk of the world's flowers come from
Guano
A highly effective fertilizer made from bird or bat poop. It became a major commodity traded globally in the 19th century. Peru sold to make bombs
Colombian Liberal Party Leadership Reforms (1930-1942)
A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945).
Hugo Chavez: Presidency Info
Anti-American parade (He drove down the streets of Caracas in a 'Cadillac' convertible limousine). In a matter of days, he kicked out around 300 American missionaries from Venezuela as suspected spies. The nation has struggled with increasingly lower wages and shortages in essentials. During Chavez's last year in power, Venezuela experienced an inflation rate of more than 50%. Not all Americans hated Chavez... Danny Glover and Shawn Penn were BIG fans of him. Chavez died of cancer (March 5, 2013). His V.P. and very loyal follower, Nicolas Maduro, took over as president and has continued Chavez's social, political, economic and anti-American policies.
Hugo Chavez: Presidency Info
Arguably to show off, in 2005, Chavez provided 25 million gallons of fuel for low-income New Yorkers at 40% off the wholesale price. Venezuela developed strong ties with Iran. Chavez violently put down numerous strikes and riots against his regime.
Venezuelan Flag
At that time the yellow represented the gold of the Americas, blue stood for the Atlantic Ocean which separated the new Americas from Europe & red represented the blood shed for freedom against Spain. The seven stars represent the seven original provinces that existed at the time of Venezuelan independence.
Alberto Fujimori
Became president of Peru in 1990; Fujimori managed to tame inflation and for a while, proved to be a popular leader improving the civil & economic aspects of Peru. ...However, he resigned in November 2000 after being hit with corruption charges. In 2009, Fujimori was given long sentences in prison for crimes against humanity, embezzlement & bribery
National Front
Between 1958 - 1974, out of reaction to Roja's rule, the two main political parties (Liberal Party and Conservative Party) agreed to let the opposite party govern for a period of four "inserted" alternating presidential terms (two each). Results... This movement was called - 'National Front' coalition. Bipartisan violence that had carried on for more than a century somewhat slowed & Liberal 'guerrilla' movements slightly demobilized. However, social, economic and political problems continued and new 'guerrilla' movements surged due to the general dissatisfaction and the adoption of new political ideas such as 'Communism'. In 1968 the Liberal & Conservative parties agreed to gradually dissolve the 'National Front' system. ...Free elections would be reestablished in 1974. ...Alfonso López Michelsen (a Liberal) won the presidency (1974-1978).
Indigenous Populations in Andean Nations
Bolivia: 55% indigenous Ecuador: 30% indigenous Peru: 45% indigenous
Galapagos Islands
Chain of islands near South America where Darwin developed his theory of natural selection by studying the unique life there.
Hugo Chavez: Presidency Info
Chavez was committed to following the 'Castro Model' of leadership for Venezuela. What does this mean? Castro's way of running and changing Cuba would be the model for Venezuela. Chavez often bragged about how Venezuela was a democracy although Chavez has professed to being a Socialist/Communist. Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas that was initially signed between Cuba & Venezuela in 2004 and others joined later. This measure tried to politically and trade-wise unite as many Latin American nations with Venezuela against the U.S.
Hugo Chavez: Presidency Info
Chávez' 'social revolution' (The Bolivarian Revolution). What were his goals for Latin America? This was a movement to transform Venezuela into a 'leftist' country and politically and trade-wise unite as many Latin American nations with Venezuela against the U.S. Chávez set about rewriting the constitution. The new document was approved in a referendum in December 1999, granting him new and sweeping powers along with the ability to run time and time again as president. Due to his excessive show of power, massive and violent strikes occurred in April 2002. It culminated in a coup d'état run by military leaders sponsored by a business lobby... Chávez was forced to resign. But he regained power two days later, which only intensified the conflict.
Poverty Levels in Andean Nations
Colombia: 49 million population, 34% in poverty Ecuador: 16.5 million population, 45% in poverty Peru: 32.2 million population, 31% in poverty Bolivia: 11.1 million population, 58% in poverty Venezuela: 32 million population, 80% in poverty
War of the Pacific
Conflict over the Atacama nitrate fields led in 1879 to this war, which resulted in the humiliating defeat of Bolivia and Peru by Chili. It also resulted in Bolivia becoming a landlocked country. (1879-1883): Chile vs. Peru & Bolivia... Fought over land disputes
Differences in Conservative and Liberal movements
Conservatives: Catholic and Landowners Liberals: Middle and lower classes (merchants) Differences escalated into civil wars sometimes
Venezuela and Oil
Discovered in 1910, led to job creation and the country became the third largest exporter by the 1930's (led to the neglect of agriculture) Produced oil for the allies in WWII
Results of Indigenous Populations
Diverse cultures and traditions
Death of Che Guevara
Executed by Bolivian special forces; made to look like he died in battle (1967)
Evo Morales
First indigenous president Leftist policies Change of the Constitution Has manipulated the political system to remain in power much longer than the average previous president, has joined Hugo Chavez's campaign. Many disagree with the return to socialism, and his support to recreational coca use.
Charles Darwin
He visited the galapagos islands in Ecuador. discovered several species of finches that varied from island to island, which helped him to develop his theory of natural selection.
FARC
Fueled by the drugs The 1970s also saw the growth of 'Leftist' rebel groups s/a the May 19th Movement (M-19), the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN). ...The violence continued, and many journalists and government officials were killed. The 1980s saw the rise of 'right-wing' paramilitary groups, which were organized to oppose 'leftist rebels' but also made attacks on civilians. The 'guerrillas' of the 'left' and 'right' both eventually became involved in the drug trade, which provided a ready source of funding ($$$).
Sanchez Cerro
In 1931, Haya de la Torre ran for president, but his opponent, a military hero named Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, defeated him in the election. ...The APRA claimed the election was fraudulent. Virtual Civil War began between APRA and the government. Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933
Letician Incident
In 1934 a border clash with Peru over the town of Leticia was settled by the 'League of Nations' in Colombia's favor was the result of dissatisfaction with the Salomón-Lozano Treaty of 1922 (over a border dispute) and the imposition of heavy tariffs on sugar. ...Sánchez Cerro sent an invading army into southern Colombia. All the while, Civil War & instability raged on in Peru. -Sánchez Cerro's death occurred in the midst. The war with Colombia ended shortly thereafter
Andean Community
In 1969, five Andean nations... Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru founded their own trade bloc, the Andean Pact (Andean Community). In 1973, this community was joined by Venezuela. In 1976, Chile withdrew after their president Augusto Pinochet declared the 'Pact' incompatible with his right-wing authoritarian views. In 1996, the Pact was renamed the Andean Community of Nations.
Carlos Andres Perez
In 1989, President Carlos Andrés Pérez (CAP), in his 2nd non-consecutive term in office, enforced government cut-backs that triggered a wave of protests, street demonstrations, strikes & riots. The results?... ...The loss of more than 300 lives in three days of bloody riots known as 'El Caracazo' {violent shakes}
Alan Garcia (Peru)
In 2006, the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) was signed by Peruvian President Alan Garcia & U.S. President George W. Bush. By 2009, positive effects from this agreement could be noticeably felt
Guyana and Venezuela Border Disputes
In the 1840s, Venezuela raised the question of its eastern border with British Guiana (present-day Guyana), claiming as much as 2/3 of Guiana, up to the Río Essequibo. The issue was a subject of lengthy diplomatic negotiations and was eventually settled in 1899 by an arbitration tribunal, which gave rights over the questioned territory to Great Britain
Rafael Correa (Impact)
Infrastructural improvements & greater stability for Ecuador
Cultures in Bolivia
More than 36: Pueblos de la Amazonia: Afroboliviano, Araona, Ayoreo, Baure, Canichana, Cavineño, Cayubaba, Chaboco, Chiman, Chiquitana, Esse Ejja, Guarasugwe, Guarayo, Itonama, Joaquiniano, Lecos, Machineri, Maropa, Móre, Mosetén, Movina, Moxeño, Nahua, Pacahuara, Sirionó, Tacana, Toromona, Yaminahua, Yuqui, Yuracare
Velasco Ibarra
José María Velasco Ibarra was Ecuador's president... 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, and 1968-1972. ...He was deposed time & time again
Events in Ecuador 1952-1960
José María Velasco Ibarra was Ecuador's president... 1934-1935, 1944-1947, 1952-1956, 1960-1961, and 1968-1972. ...He was deposed time & time again His third term (1952-1956) was a time of progress for Ecuador... 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 845 miles of roads were constructed, and 650 miles more were improved In 1960, Ibarra nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru in 1981 and the Cenepa War (1995)
Pink Tide and Impact
Leftist gov. Causes strain on relations with the US.
Medellin Cartel
Most infamous and powerful of Colombia's drug cartels emerged during the late 1970s... the Medellín Cartel, headed up by the notorious Pablo Escobar By the 1980s and 1990s the Medellín Cartel gained a huge amount of power and exerted a massive amount of influence in political, economical and every day life in Colombia Colombia-based drug groups have allowed Mexico-based trafficking organizations to play an increasing role in the U.S. cocaine trade. Throughout most of the 1980s, the criminals in Colombia used the drug smugglers in Mexico to transport cocaine shipments across the U.S. border
Leon Febres-Cordero
Of the 'Social Christian Party' (PSC) became president (1984-1988). Febres-Cordero introduced free-market economic policies, took strong stands against drug trafficking and terrorism, and pursued close relations with the U.S
Raman Castilla (Key Events)
Peru prospered by selling 'guano'. Also, the first railway in Peru was built in 1851. In 1854, Black slavery ended and former slaves became wage earners. By 1880, the guano supply began to run out and some economic hardships followed For most of the period between 1845-1862 General Ramon Castilla held the presidency of Peru and he restored order
Cenepa War
Peru vs. Ecuador: Fought over land disputes
Nicolas Pierola
Peruvian President 1885-1899
Thousand Days War
Political instability continued throughout the late 19th century &, between 1899-1902 caused it In 1899 the ruling Conservatives were accused (by Liberals) of maintaining power through fraudulent elections. The situation was worsened by an economic crisis caused by falling coffee prices in the international market The war was won by the Conservative government. At least 100,000 casualties occurred before it was ended
Rafael Correa's Rule in Ecuador
President: 2007 - Present) of the PAIS Alliance Party 1. Declaring Ecuador's national debt illegitimate. 2. Promoting 'nationalism.' 3. Censoring the Press. 4. Changing the Constitution. 5. The cutting off of ties with the United States & follow up alliances with Venezuela, Cuba & Bolivia ('Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas') along with other enemy nations of the U.S.A. 6. Building relations with China. 7. Gay Civil Union Adopted - 2014 8. Infrastructural improvements & greater stability for Ecuador. * Lenín Moreno has been president since May 2017
Former Titles of Colombia
The Republic of New Granada (1831-1858) The Granadine Confederation (1858-1863) The United States of Colombia (1863-1886) The Republic of Colombia (1886 - present)
Free Trade Agreements with the US
The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA) 'aka' the "Colombia Free Trade Agreement" as well as the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) or the "Peru Free Trade Agreement" were both signed in 2006. ...These agreements have eliminated tariffs or other barriers to trade in goods and services between the U.S. & these two countries. ...As a result, economists argue each of these nations (at some level) have benefitted from these agreements.
La Violencia
The era (between 1948-1958) was known as "La Violencia" proved to be one of the darkest chapters in Colombian history. In 1948, the assassination of Liberal/Populist Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (former Minister of Education & Labor) increased tensions between social groups and plunged the country into a decade of civil strife, political corruption, violent rule, coups, martial law, & tremendous increases in the national debt. Rural areas were affected the most. At least 200,000 lives were lost
Pablo Escobar
Tyrannous reign over Colombian life was both devastating and complicated. Escobar worked hard to cultivate a "Robin Hood" image, giving a great deal of money to vulnerable communities and developing educational and healthcare facilities. However, he was simultaneously ordering the execution of politicians, police and innocent citizens Worth around 25 billion by his death
Eduardo Santos
Under the leadership of the Liberals, Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López (1934-1938), and Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), wide-ranging reforms were enacted such as... A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945).
Olaya Herrera
Under the leadership of the Liberals, Olaya Herrera (1930-1934), Alfonso López (1934-1938), and Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), wide-ranging reforms were enacted such as... A. The promotion of labor unions & their demands. B. The takeover & redistribution of private property. C. Expanding industry & support for many infrastructural projects. 4. Colombia participated in World War II on the Allied side (1942-1945).
Nations with Pink Tide Leaders
Ven. Bolivia, Ecuador
Cipriano Castro
he was a Venezuelan soldier and dictator. His nickname was the Lion of the Andes, and he was the first person to rule from the mountains. He ruled for nine corrupt years from 1899-1908. During those years he embezzled fast sums of money and lived as an extraordinary libertine. He was deposed by his lieutenant Juan Vicente Gomez who was even more ruthless then he was. His rule was marked by frequent rebellions, the murder or exile of his opponents, his own extravagant living, and trouble with other nations. When he refused to make payments on foreign debts, British, German, and Italian ships set up a blockade in 1902 to force payments. This issue was eventually resolved through arbitration.
Caudillo
military dictator in Latin America
