HK 302 Exam 3
A space or cavity within bone is called a ____________.
sinus
The primary type of impulse transmitted by the accessory (XI) nerve is _____.
Motor
Feeling bones and bone details through the skin is called _____.
Palpation
Identify the functions of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve. Select all that apply.
Regulates blood pressure. Transmits taste, touch, pain and temperature information from the tongue Controls secretion of saliva. Controls swallowing
Name the bones that provide protection to the contents of the thoracic cavity and the superior portion of the abdominal cavity.
Ribs
The posterior wall and the part of the base of the cranium is formed by the __________ bone.
occipital
The muscle that is responsible for extending the neck as when you tip your head back to look up at the ceiling is the ______.
trapezius muscle
There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves.
12
There are _____ intervertebral discs.
23
An injury resulting in a "broken neck" would involve ______ vertebrae.
Cervical
Identify the term for a rounded knob that articulates with another bone.
Condyle
Describe the actions of the trapezius muscle.
Extends and laterally flexes neck
Where does the motor portion of the vagus (X) nerve originate?
Medulla oblongata
Name the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
The bone that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity is the _______.
Sacrum
The vertebral foramen is the passageway for _____.
Spinal Cord
Select two of the functions of the ribs ______.
To protect the thoracic organs To protect the liver, kidney, and spleen
The foramen that are unique to the cervical vertebrae, and not found in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae are the _________ foramen.
Transverse
The mandibular condyle meets with the temporal bone to form the ______ joint.
temporomandibular
The number of scalene muscles on each side of the neck is ______.
3
The vertebral column (spine) consists of _____ vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
33
The facial nerve conveys motor innervation to muscles of facial expression via its ______ branches.
5
There are _____ lumbar vertebrae.
5
Identify functions of the quadratus lumborum. Select all that apply.
Aids in respiration Flexion of the lumbar vertebrae Extension of the lumbar vertebrae
Memory loss associated with atrophy of the hippocampus and lowered levels of acetylcholine is one of the first symptoms exhibited in ______.
Alzheimer's disease
Describe the carotid canal.
An opening through the floor of cranium for the internal carotid artery
The action of moving your head straight forward and down is produced by _____ contractions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Bilateral
Match the type of vertebra with the correct descriptions given.
Cervical: Have transverse foramina Have transverse foramina Thoracic: Have costal facets for rib articulation Lumbar: Thick, stout body and superior articular processes face medially
Identify the functions of the facial nerve. Select all that apply.
Controls muscles of facial expression Transmits taste sensation from the tongue Controls secretion of tears Controls secretion of saliva
Which feature is unique to the thoracic vertebrae?
Costal facets
Collectively, the bones of the skull that enclose the brain are called the _______.
Cranium
Describe the action of the diaphragm when it contracts.
During inspiration, it depresses the floor of thorax
Name the action of the erector spinae.
Extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column
Which muscle compresses the abdominal contents, maintains posture, and, with unilateral contraction, causes contralateral rotation of the waist?
External abdominal oblique
A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface is called a __________.
Facet
Both sets of splenius and semispinalis muscles (cervicis and capitis) acting bilaterally would produce the movements needed to look down at your feet.
False
Ribs 8-10, that lack independent cartigage connections to the sternum are called _____ ribs.
False
The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and dura.
False
Unilateral contraction of the scalene muscles produces extension of the neck.
False
Major parts of the brain are separated from each other by dura mater folds. Match the fold with the parts of the brain that it serves to separate
Falx cerebri: Right and left cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebelli: Right and left cerebellar hemispheres Tentorium cerebelli: Cerebellum and cerebrum
The ribs that do not have cartilagenous connections to the sternum are the _____ ribs.
Floating
A hole through a bone that allows passage for nerves and blood vessels; usually round is called a _________.
Foramen
Identify the cranial nerves that control movements of the eye. Select all that apply.
III. Oculomotor nerve IV. Trochlear nerve VI. Abducens nerve
Regarding the internal intercostal muscles, match the part of the muscle with the correct breathing action.
Intercartilaginous: Inhalation Interosseous: Exhalation
The intercostal nerves provide motor innervation to the following muscles (Mark all that apply.)
Internal intercostal muscles (intercartilaginous part) Innermost intercostal muscles Internal intercostal muscles (interosseous part) External intercostal muscles
Where does the accessory (XI) nerve pass through the cranium?
Jugular foramen
Where does the vagus (X) nerve pass through the cranium?
Jugular foramen
The superior articular process of the sacrum articulates with _____.
L5
The opening where the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity and the dura mater is attached is the foramen _____.
Magnum
Name the bony bump that can be palpated behind the earlobe.
Mastoid process
Identify the term for a bone marking that is an opening into a canal.
Meatus
The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell is the _____ nerve.
Olfactory
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Protects the spinal cord Supports the skull and trunk Allows for movement of the skull and trunk
Flexing the lumbar region of the vertebral column as when you bend forward at the waist is produced by what pair of anterolateral abdominal muscles?
Rectus abdominis
Name the muscle that attaches to the pubic symphysis and superior margin of the pubis and to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7.
Rectus abdominis
List the flexors of the neck. Select all that apply.
Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior neck muscles which are responsible for neck extension include (Mark all that apply)
Splenius cervicis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Trapezius
Where does the abducens nerve pass through the cranium?
Superior orbital fissure
The olfactory (I) nerve originates where?
The mucosa of the nasal cavity
Considering the direction its impulses travel, where does the optic nerve originate?
The retina
List the names of the vertebral curvatures. Select all that apply.
Thoracic Pelvic Cervical Lumbar
What are the components of the thoracic cage? Select all that apply.
Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum
Name the muscle that works to compress abdominal contents, maintain posture, and increase intra-abdominal pressure (to facilitate urination, defecation, childbirth, etc.). This muscle does NOT contribute to movement of the vertebral column.
Transversus abdominis
List the extensors of the neck. Select all that apply.
Trapezius Splenius muscles Semispinalis muscles
Progressive loss of memory seen in Alzheimer's disease patients is the result of greatly reduced levels of acetylcholine.
True
The corner of the mandible, where the ramus meets the body is called the _____.
angle
The joint that occurs between the base of the skull and the top of the vertebral column is the _____ joint.
atlanto-occipital
The joint between the atlas and axis is called the ______ joint.
atlantoaxial
The first cervical vertebra (C1) is also called the ________.
atlas
The rough, ear-shaped surface on each side of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium is the _____ surface.
auricular
Vertebra C2, which allows for rotation of the head, is also known as the .
axis
The weight bearing portion of the vertebra is the _____.
body
The PART of a vertebra that is a mass of bone acting as the weight-bearing portion of the vertebra is the _________.
body or centrum
The mandible consists of two parts: a ______ that supports the teeth and the ______ that articulates with the cranium.
body, ramus
Cranial nerves that convey motor pathways have cells bodies located in _____.
brainstem
A tubular passage or tunnel through a bone is a ________.
canal
Posterior neck muscles nicknamed the "bandage muscle" which cause head extension are termed the splenius _______ and the splenius _____ muscles.
capitis, cervicis
The major blood supply to the brain is carried by an artery that passes through the _____.
carotid canal
Contraction of the muscle fibers of the diaphragm causes the _____ tendon to flatten slightly producing inspiration during breathing.
central
The small triangular bone made up of four or five small fused vertebrae at the very end of the vertebral column is the _____.
coccyx
The smooth processes on either side of the foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas are called occipital ___________.
condyles
The oculomotor nerve terminates in the ______. (Mark all that apply)
constrictor of the iris ciliary muscle of the lens external eye muscles
Twelve pair of nerves that arise from the base of the brain, exit through skull foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs primarily of the head and neck are classified as _____.
cranial nerves
A narrow ridge is a _________.
crest
The part of the ethmoid bone that is perforated and forms the roof of the nasal cavity is the ___________ plate.
cribriform
Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to a ______.
degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons of the substantia nigra
A heavy blow to the cranium that causes the bones to cave inward would be a _____ fracture.
depression
The _____ is the prime mover of inspiration.
diaphragm
The pair of phrenic nerves provide innervation to the _____ muscle.
diaphragm or diaphgram
Parkinson disease results from a degeneration of the neurons of the substantia nigra that secrete the neurotransmitter ______.
dopamine
The action produced by bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscles is to ______.
draw the head straight forward and down
The external intercostal muscles ______.
elevate and protract ribs during inspiration
The action of the external intercostal muscles is to ______.
elevate and protract the ribs during inspiration
A projection superior to a condyle is called a ___________.
epicondyle
Extension and lateral flexion of the spine is produced by three columns of deep back muscles referred to collectively as the ______ ______.
erector spinae
Both splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles function to ______.
extend the head
The semispinalis thoracis muscle is responsible for ______.
extension and contralateral rotation of the vertebral column
Elevation and protraction of the ribs producing inhalation is produced by the 11 pairs of _____ intercostal muscles.
external
The intercostal muscles that elevate and protract ribs 2-12 causing expansion of the thoracic cavity and therefore inspiration are the _________ intercostal muscles.
external
The layer of intercostal muscles that slope downward and anteriorly from one rib to the next inferior one is the ______.
external intercostal muscles
The intercostal muscles that aid in inspiration include the ______.
external intercostal muscles internal intercostal muscles (intercartilaginous part)
Motor control to many of the muscles of facial expression as well as taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is provided by the _____ nerve.
facial
The dura mater fold that extends into the longitudinal fissure that serves to create a "vertical wall" between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is referred to as the ______.
falx cerebri
The spinal cord enters the cranial cavity by passing through the _____.
foramen magnum
Both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck and thoracic regions controlling salivation, swallowing, gagging and regulation of blood pressure and respiration are conveyed by the _____ nerve.
glossopharyngeal (IX)
The rib structure that articulates with the body of a thoracic vertebrae is the _____.
head
Heavy lifting most often resluts in _____ injuries.
herniated disc
The nerve passageway beneath each occipital condyle is the _____ canal.
hypoglossal
With regards to breathing, contraction of the diaphragm muscle causes the central tendon to flatten resulting in ______, whereas relaxation of the diaphragm muscle causes the central tendon to rise back into the thorax resulting in ______.
inhalation, exhalation
The internal intercostal muscles have two "parts"; the intercartilaginous part causes ______ while the interosseous part causes _____.
intake of air, expulsion of air
Motor innervation to the 11 pairs of external intercostal muscles is provided by the _____ nerves.
intercostal
Motor innervation to the 11 pairs of intercostal muscles is provided by the _____ nerves.
intercostal
The external intercostal muscles receive motor innervation from the ______.
intercostal nerves
The vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the cranium in the ______.
internal acoustic meatus
Bilateral contractions of this abdominal oblique muscle compresses abdominal contents, while unilateral contraction (one side only), causes ipsilateral rotation of the waist. This description applies to the _____ abdominal _____ muscle.
internal oblique
The openings between the pedicles of two successive vertebrae that permit the passage of the spinal nerves are called the _____ foramina.
intervertebral
Within the vertebral column, a cartilagenous pad consisting of an inner gelantinous nucleus surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage is called the __________ disc.
intervertebral
The optic canals are located on the _________ wing of the sphenoid bone.
lesser
The type of vertebrae that have a thick stout body, and blunt square spinous processes are the _____ vertebrae.
lumbar
The opening of the cranium, where the spinal cord meets the brain, is the foramen _________.
magnum
The broad superior portion of the sternum is the ____________.
manubrium
The regions of the sternum from most superior to inferior are the
manubrium, body and xiphoid process
The sternocleidomastoid muscle has origins from both the _____ and the ____.
manubrium, clavicle
An attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle is the process of the temporal bone.
mastoid
The prominent bony process posterior and inferior to the ear that is filled with small air sinuses and serves as an attachment for a major neck muscle is the __________ process.
mastoid
The oculomotor nerve originates in nuclei of the ______.
midbrain
The trochlear nerve originates from a nucleus in the ______.
midbrain
The trigeminal nerve transmits what type of impulses?
mixed
The vagus (X) nerve transmits what type of impulses?
mixed
What type of impulses are transmitted by the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?
mixed
A memory-aiding phrase to help remember anatomy names and terms (like the order of cranial nerves) is called a _____.
mnemonic
The abducens nerve conveys primarily ______ fibers.
motor
The hypoglossal (XII) nerve transmits what type of impulses?
motor
The oculomotor nerve transmits _______ impulses.
motor
Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of ______.
motor function
Cranial nerves are traditionally classified as ______.
motor, sensory, or mixed
The olfactory nerve (I) originates in the ______ and terminates at the _______.
mucosa of the nasal cavity; olfactory bulbs
Stabilization of adjacent vertebrae is a function of the ______.
multifidus
Cranial nerves that convey motor pathways terminate on ______. (Choose all that apply.)
muscles glands
Bilateral contraction of the three scalene muscles will produce ______.
neck flexion
The ridge on the occipital bone that can be traced horizontally from the external occipital protuberance toward the mastoid process that allows for attachment for several muscles is called the superior _________ line.
nuchal
The ridge that provides attachment for several neck and back muscles to the occipital bone of the skull is called the _____ line.
nuchal
An inguinal hernia ______.
occurs when the part of the intestines poke through the inguinal canal
A hiatal hernia ______.
occurs when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thorax
Motor impulses which control movements of the eyeball, and upper eyelid as well as pupillary constriction and focusing are transmitted by the ______ nerve.
oculomotor (III)
The numerous small holes in the cribriform plate are called _________ (or cribriform) foramina.
olfactory
Transverse costal facets on vertebrae T1 through T10 are located _____.
on the transverse processes
The foramen that permit the passage of the optic nerve from the orbit into the cranial cavity are the _____ canals.
optic
Visual stimuli are transmitted by the _____ nerve.
optic
Where does the abducens nerve originate?
pons
Any bony prominence is called a(n) ___________.
process
It must be kept in mind that cranial nerves that are traditionally classified as motor not only stimulate muscle contractions but also contain fibers of _____ primarily from the muscles that they innervate.
proprioception
The prominent medial bump on the occipital bone is called the external occipital ________.
protuberance
The function of the mandible is to _____.
provide attachment for muscles that chew food and produce facial expressions
The posterior abdominal wall muscle that aids in respiration by fixing rib 12 and stabilizing the diaphragm muscle is called the ______.
quadratus lumborum muscle
Cranial nerves that convey sensory pathways originate in _____.
receptors
Flexion of the spine in the lumbar region is produced by the ______ abdominis muscle.
rectus
Transverse costal facets on vertebrae T1 through T10 are points of articulation for _____.
ribs 1 through 10
Rotation of the head to the left side requires unilateral contraction of the ______.
right sternocleidomastoid muscle
Unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle causes ______.
rotation of the head to the opposite side
The strong, immovable joint between the auricular surface of the sacrum and the hip bone is the _____ joint.
sacroiliac
The fused vertebrae that form the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity form the bone plate called the ________.
sacrum
On each side of the neck are three ________ muscles: the anterior, middle and posterior collectively responsible for head flexion
scalene
The muscle that is responsible for extension and contralateral rotation of the vertebral column is the ______.
semispinalis thoracis
The optic nerve (II) conveys ______ impulses.
sensory
The type of bone formed within a tendon due to stress is a _________ bone.
sesamoid
The superior orbital fissure is a slit in the superior posterior wall of the orbit within the _____ bone. It allows passage for nerves of the muscles that move the eye.
sphenoid
The neck muscle which has origins on both the sternum and the clavicle and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone is referred to as the _______ muscle.
sternocleidomastoid
L5 articulates with the sacrum at the _____ of the sacrum.
superior articular process
The trochlear nerve passes through the _______ to exit the cranium.
superior orbital fissure
The dural sinus that is located just under the cranium along the midsagittal line is the _____ _____ sinus.
superior sagittal
The sinuses found just underneath the cranium along the median line is called the:
superior sagittal sinus
Cranial nerves that convey sensory pathways terminate in
the brainstem
The spaces in all cervical vertebrae that provide passage for the vertebral arteries are the _____ foramen.
transverse
This cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing. It is the _____ nerve.
trigeminal
The multifidus stabilizes ______.
vertebrae
Sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear are conveyed by the _______ cranial nerve.
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
The small pointed inferior piece of the sternum that provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles is the _____ process.
xiphoid
Where does the accessory (XI) nerve originate?
Spinal cord C1-C6
The progressive loss of motor function typically beginning in a person's 50s or 60s is associated with degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain of Parkinson disease patients.
True
The sensory component of the glossopharyngeal nerve terminates in the medulla oblongata while the motor portion terminates in ______.
glands of the posterior tongue the parotid gland stylopharyngeal muscles
Sensory information arising from the pharynx, middle and outer ear, and the posterior one-third of the tongue is conveyed by the _____ cranial nerve.
glossopharyngeal
The rib structure that attaches to the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra is the _____.
tubercle
