HLT 230 chapter 7

Select common signs and symptoms of food allergies.

abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea difficulty swallowing scaly skin rash (eczema)

Each amino acid contains a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom along with which three groups?

acid group amino group R group

Food manufacturers must identify _____ on the food label.

any of the most common food allergens that might be present in the food

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for food allergies?

avoidance of the allergenic food

Mixtures of certain plant foods that provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins are called _____ combinations.

complementary

High-quality proteins may be referred to as _____ proteins whereas low-quality proteins may be referred to as _____ proteins.

complete; incomplete

_____ is an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide chains.

pepsin

A _____ is a chain of two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

polypeptide

As a result of the immune response to gluten, villi in the small intestine are damaged, which results in _____.

poor nutrient absorption

A food additive commonly added as a preservative to wine, potatoes, and shrimp is _____.

sulfites

Select the option that accurately describes plant food sources of protein.

the best plant sources of protein include tree nuts and legumes

What are some concerns related to children who consume vegan diets?

they may get full too quickly may not consume adequate energy/protein

The amino group of unneeded amino acids is ultimately converted to _____, which is a waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in urine.

urea

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a(n) _____.

vegetarian

If a person with celiac disease consumes something containing gluten, the body responds with an immune response that damages _____.

villi in the small intestine

Women who follow a vegan diet and breastfeed their infants may produce milk that is deficient in _____.

vitamin B12

What is the amount of protein that would meet a 70 kg healthy adult's RDA for protein?

56 grams (70 kg x 0.8)

_____ contains coded instructions that specify how amino acids should be arranged to make proteins.

DNA

Which component varies across amino acids?

R group

A chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together is called _____.

a peptide bond

If the DNA code contains errors, what effect can this have on protein synthesis?

abnormal proteins will be produced that may cause chronic health conditions

In severe cases, allergic reactions to a food can result in _____.

anaphylactic shock

Convenience foods, such as those purchased from vending machines, conveniences stores, and fast food restaurants, are typically _____.

energy dense

_____ amino acids are those that must be consumed from foods because the body cannot make them or produce large enough quantities to meet needs.

essential

Which condition do children tend to outgrow by the time they are young adults?

food allergies

_____ do not involve the immune system but cause negative side effects from consumption of certain foods.

food intolerances

Vegans can obtain many micronutrients, such as vitamin B-12, vitamin D, iron, and calcium, by consuming _____.

fortified soy beverages

People with celiac disease cannot tolerate foods that contain the protein _____.

gluten

Treatment of celiac disease requires _____.

gluten free diet

A good way to save money is to routinely buy foods _____.

in bulk

Buying produce that is _____ is typically a good way to reduce food costs.

in season

A dietary recommendation for protein intake is to _____.

include more plant sources of protein

Combining weightlifting with a well-balanced diet is a safe and effective way to _____.

increase muscle mass

celiac disease is diagnosed by ordering a blood test and _____

intestinal biopsy

Allergic reactions to food occur when a protein _____, which results in an immune response.

isn't digested and instead is absorbed intact

An effective and recommended way to safely increase muscle mass is to perform muscle-strengthening exercises and _____.

maintain a nutritionally adequate diet

Convenience foods are generally _____ what it would cost for you to prepare it yourself.

more expensive than

Choose the statement that appropriately describes enzymes.

nearly all enzymes are proteins

Many children tend to outgrow food allergies by the time they are adults, with which two exceptions?

peanuts tree nuts

A _____ bond links two amino acids together.

peptide

Vegetarian diets generally provide more _____ than typical American diets.

phytochemicals

One way to lower food costs is to _____.

plan upcoming meals and snacks before shopping

Quinoa and soybeans are _____.

plant sources of high quality protein

Select the nutrients for which vegetarian diets tend to provide more of than the typical American diet.

potassium vitamin C fiber

Select the types of protein-rich foods that are recommended.

poultry, fish, dried beans

How do proteins help maintain acid-base balance?

serve as buffers that help sustain the proper H+ concentration in body fluids

An 8 oz bag of shredded cheese is on sale for $1.99 while a 16 oz bag is not on sale and costs $3.75. Which bag of cheese has the cheaper unit cost per ounce?

the 16 oz bag

Producing breast milk that is deficient in vitamin B-12 is especially a concern for women who follow a _____ diet.

vegan

Why is it difficult to completely attribute improved health to a vegetarian diet?

vegetarians often practice other healthy lifestyle behaviors in addition to diet

Which grains contain gluten?

wheat barley rye

What is a typical healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8g/kg of body weight

How many amino acids are considered nonessential?

11

A dipeptide is formed when _____.

2 amino acids are linked together

Select reasons why having a grocery shopping list can help you save money.

Can help you avoid making impulse purchases Can help you avoid making unnecessary purchases Can help you avoid needing to make a return trip to the store for forgotten items

What are some reasons buying food in bulk may not be the best choice?

You are unable to use all of the food before it spoils You are not able to safely store the large quantity of food before it spoils

Edema refers to _____.

a buildup of fluid in tissues

Common signs and symptoms of _____ include hives, swollen or itchy lips, skin flushing, and/or wheezing and difficulty breathing.

a food allergy

Proteins are made up of nitrogen-containing units called _____.

amino acids

Poorly planned plant-based diets may provide inadequate amounts of which nutrients?

calcium vitamin D vitamin B 12

which of the following proteins are considered structural proteins?

collagen & keratin

_____ is defined as the accumulation of fluid in tissues.

edema

The carbon skeletons from excess amino acids can be used to form which products?

fat glucose nonessential amino acids

For whom are protein and amino acid supplements recommended?

generally not recommended for healthy people

Transport proteins in the body include retinol binding protein and _____.

hemoglobin

Animal sources are considered _____ proteins because they are easy to digest and contain all of the essential amino acids in amounts humans need for proper growth and overall health.

high quality

A food allergy is a reaction that occurs when the _____ system reacts to a harmless substance in food, such as a protein that does not undergo digestion.

immune

High-protein intakes may be contraindicated for individuals who have _____.

kidney diseases

People who have a history of _____ should check with their physician before eating a high-protein diet.

kidney stones

Which of the following foods are considered good non-animal sources of protein?

legumes, seeds, nuts

Produce grown in the United States is usually _____ when purchased in season compared to out of season.

less expensive

What is one reason chronically ill, older adults in the United States are at risk for protein deficiency?

limited incomes to purchase nutritious foods

A _____ protein lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids.

low quality

Vegetarian diets are often _____ than "Western diets" that contain plenty of red meat.

lower in fat and energy

Food intolerances are common with which foods?

milk, wine

which element is part of proteins but not part of lipids or carbohydrates?

nitrogen

Amino acid and protein supplements are generally _____.

not recommended because long-term safety is not known

Which of these nutrients could potentially be a concern if someone is consuming a poorly planned plant-based diet?

omega 3 fatty acids

A vegetarian eats a(n) _____ diet.

plant based

Which of the following are functions of protein in the body?

produce enzymes, lubricants and clotting compounds maintain proper fluid balance make antibodies and hormones

_____ from the pancreas and absorptive cells in the small intestine digest polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.

proteases

For healthy adults, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for _____ is 10-35%

protein

In the United States, chronically ill, older adults are often at risk for _____ more than young and middle-aged adults

protein deficiency

Amino acids are the basic building blocks of _____.

proteins

Gluten is a group of related _____ found in wheat, barley, and rye.

proteins

____ are involved in transporting substances, maintaining acid-base balance, making and repairing cells, and building structures in the body.

proteins

_____ are involved in transporting substances, maintaining acid-base balance, making and repairing cells, and building structures in the body.

proteins

_____ are organic nutrients made up of amino acids.

proteins

_____ help maintain the proper concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in body fluids.

proteins

_____ in cell membranes control the movement of substances in and out of cells.

proteins

Which of the following is an example of a dish that includes a complementary combination of protein?

red beans and rice

Select healthy lifestyle practices that vegetarians often adopt.

regular exercise, avoiding tobacco products, practicing relaxation activities

Anaphylactic shock is _____ that can occur when a person with a food allergy is exposed to the allergen.

serious drop in blood pressure

Which food sources contain some of the most common allergenic proteins?

shellfish peanuts wheat

What is the best way to diagnose food allergies?

skin testing

Which foods contain proteins that are at high risk of causing an allergic reaction?

soy eggs cow's milk

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

Choose the food mixtures that would provide complementary combinations of protein.

trail mix with peanuts, pecans, cashews, sunflower and pumpkin seeds black bean + corn salad

Compared to people who eat meat, being vegetarian has been associated with a lower risk of which of the following disease conditions?

type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease

which are signs/symptoms of celiac disease?

weight loss abdominal bloating chronic diarrhea

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein for healthy adults?

10-35%

The type of cereal you want to buy is available in three different box sizes: 12 oz for $2.98, 18 oz for $3.59, and 20 oz for $4.23. Which box size has the cheapest unit cost per ounce?

18 oz box

How is an intestinal biopsy important in diagnosing celiac disease?

can confirm presence of damaged villi

Which high-quality protein sources could be substituted for more expensive meat items in order to save money?

canned tuna eggs

If _____ is left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems including intestinal cancer, anemia, and infertility.

celiac disease

_____ is a chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune response in the small intestine to gluten.

celiac disease

Which population is at greatest risk of not meeting energy and/or protein needs when following a plant-based diet because they have the highest requirements for energy and protein per pound of body weight?

children

Match the type of protein on the left with the location where the protein can be found in the body on the right.

collagen - cartilage, ligaments and bone tissue keratin - hair, nails and skin contractile - muscles

Which of the following actions would help limit food costs without negatively affecting essential amino acid intakes?

Reduce the serving size of animal sources of protein Prepare meals that provide more plant proteins than animal proteins

Select two statements that correctly describe sulfites.

Sulfites are often added to certain foods/beverages as a preservative Sulfites can be found naturally in foods

In what two ways does the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach impact protein digestion?

converts the inactive form of pepsin to its active form causes proteins to unfold, making it easier for pepsin to break apart peptide bonds in proteins

Vegetarians who do not consume fish can still receive the omega-3 fatty acids by _____.

eating certain types of algae

What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products?

enzymes

Complementary combinations of specific plant foods allow for adequate amounts of _____ amino acids to be consumed without the inclusion of animal sources of protein.

essential