HMD 225

Leadership

A complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers, and the situation. Also, the definition, as used in the text, is "the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goal" (Roach & Behling, 1983 cited in Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2005 p. 8).

Role approach

An approach to understanding the followership which is seen as a role, or a part that is played, often if not always designated by a term like subordinate.

Constructionist approach

An approach to understanding the followership which views leadership as combined acts of leading and following by different individuals, whatever their formal titles or positions in an organization may be.

Active followers

Endpoint of Kelly's broad followership dimension indicating followers who are engaged in the task at hand—self-starters who have initiative.

Passive followers

Endpoint of Kelly's broad followership dimension indicating followers who do not engage, dodge responsibility, and need constant supervision.

Dependent, uncritical thinking

Endpoint of Kelly's broad followership dimension indicating followers who need to be told what to do.

Independent, critical thinking

Endpoint of Kelly's broad followership dimension indicating followers who think for themselves and offer constructive criticism.

Analytic intelligence is much more concerned with knowledge and experience than is practical intelligence.

False

Authentic leaders behave as they do to attain status, rewards, and other advantages rather than to achieve personal conviction.

False

Baby Boomers came of age during the Great Depression and World War II.

False

Being helpful, honest, and logical are examples of terminal values.

False

Effective leaders tend to score high on neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness and low on conscientious and openness to experience.

False

Ends-based thinking is consistent with Kantian philosophy and is characterized colloquially as "following the highest principle or duty."

False

Experience is just a matter of what events happen to you.

False

Feeling leaders tend to analyze, criticize, and approach decisions impersonally and objectively.

False

In mentoring, a mentor is the protégé's immediate supervisor and is necessarily a part of the organization.

False

In single-loop learning, individuals tend to learn about subjects outside the comfort zone of their belief systems.

False

Informal mentoring programs occur when an organization assigns a relatively inexperienced but high-potential leader to one of the top executives in the company.

False

Leadership practitioners have a tendency to concentrate on coaching their solid or top followers.

False

Mentoring is the same as coaching.

False

Most EQ researchers agree that emotional intelligence cannot be developed.

False

Rule-based thinking, known as utilitarianism in philosophy, is premised on the idea that right and wrong are best determined by considering the consequences or results of an action.

False

Glass cliff

Finding that female candidates for an executive position are more likely to be hired than equally qualified male candidates when an organization's performance is declining-a time when there is inherently an increased risk of failure. This may actually reflect a greater willingness to put women in precarious positions.

Management

Generally associated with words like: efficiency, planning, paperwork, controlling, procedures, regulations, and consistency.

Out-group

Groups that are characterized by low degrees of mutual influence and attraction as well as lack of commitment, loyalty, and trust toward the leader.

Followership

Idea of "one-man leadership" is a contradiction in terms; therefore, leadership and followership cannot be separated.

In-group

Interactions that are characterized by a high degree of mutual influence and attraction between leaders and followers—these groups can be distinguished by their high degree of loyalty, commitment, and trust felt toward the leader.

According to Myers and Myers, there are four basic preference dimensions in which people can differ. Identify a true statement about people exhibiting these dimensions.

Introverted leaders prefer to think things through and announce only final decisions.

Which of the following statements is true of informal coaching?

It takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.

Week 1

Key Terms

Interactive Leadership

Leadership style that enhances others' self-worth and believes that the best performance occurs when people are excited about their work and feel good about themselves.

Effective managers

Make real contributions to their organization's performance.

_____ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of a higher purpose.

Moral justification

Week 1

Quiz 1

Week 2

Quiz 2

Week 3

Quiz 3

Which of the following fundamental archetypes of leadership is most likely to take risks and action in a crisis?

The Warrior-Knight archetype

Heroic Theory

The assumption that leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the leadership was manifested

Leader

The first element of the interactional framework—includes concepts like personality, position, and expertise.

Interactions

The important distinction that leadership is not just about individuals and their characteristics but rather how these individuals leverage their characteristics within a particular environment or context—leadership is not context (or setting) free.

Followers

The second element of the interactional framework—includes concepts like values, norms, and cohesiveness.

_____ occurs when people's expectations or predictions play a causal role in bringing about the events they predict.

The self-fulfilling prophecy

Interactional Framework:

The text's underlying framework for studying leadership recognizes the impact and reciprocal influence of the leader, followers, and situation.

Situation

The third element of the interactional framework—includes concepts like the task, the environment, and stress/crisis.

Successful managers

These are managers promoted quickly through the ranks. They spend relatively more time than others in organizational socializing and politicking; and they spend relatively less time on traditional management.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Baby Boomers?

They are concerned about creating a level playing field for all.

Which of the following statements is most likely true of servant leaders?

They need to integrate present realities and future possibilities.

Which of the following statements is true of managers with the Theory Y orientation?

They reflect a view that most people are intrinsically motivated by their work.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Veterans?

They represent a wealth of lore and wisdom.

Ability-based EQ training programs make extensive use of videos and role plays to help participants better recognize, exhibit, and regulate emotion.

True

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, the reverence web provides a bridge for leaders to understand, embrace, and practice global citizenship and multiculturalism.

True

According to the A-O-R model, leadership development is enhanced when the consequences of actions and their significances are considered.

True

According to the dual-process theory, moral judgments dealing primarily with "rights" and "duties" are made by automatic emotional responses.

True

In the context of the building blocks of skills, knowledge and experience are easier components to change than intelligence and personality traits.

True

Instrumental values refer to modes of behavior, and terminal values refer to desired end states.

True

Leaders tend to have higher extraversion scores than nonleaders.

True

Leaders who can empathize and get along with others are often more successful than those who cannot.

True

Leaders who score low in conscientiousness tend to be more spontaneous, creative, and impulsive.

True

Managers with Theory X orientation rely heavily on coercive, external control methods to motivate workers, such as pay, disciplinary techniques, punishments, and threats.

True

Stress is often defined as the result of conflicts with superiors or the apprehension associated with performance evaluation.

True

The Forer effect occurs when people give high accuracy ratings to descriptive statements that are personally flattering but so vague that they could apply to virtually anyone.

True

The most productive way to develop as a leader is to travel along the spiral of experience.

True

The strength of the relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness is often inversely related to the relative strength of the situation.

True

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental factors when others fail is called the fundamental attribution error.

True

The times when people most need to break out of the mold created by past learning patterns are the times when they are most unwilling to do so.

True

Through a distortion of consequences, people minimize the harm caused by their behavior.

True

Useful information about a leader's strengths and development needs is most likely provided by 360-degree feedback.

True

Leadership development is enhanced when an experience involves three processes, which are

action, observation, and reflection.

According to Reuven Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence, reality testing, flexibility, and problem-solving relate to

adaptability

In the context of perception, which of the following terms is best described as the explanations people develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which they attend?

attribution

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, which of the following web is the foundation for leaders to function in complex, uncertain, and changing environments where leadership solutions to challenges depend on mutual trust and respect among parties?

authenticity

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, leaders who score high in openness to experience tend to

be big-picture thinkers.

Raymond scores high on practical intelligence and has extensive knowledge and experience in leading a pharmaceutical research team. He is likely to feel uncomfortable and unprepared when asked to organize a major fund-raising activity for a charitable institution. This example illustrates that practical intelligence is most likely

domain specific.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, the Millennials

doubt the wisdom of traditional racial and sexual categorizing.

Terrorists may call themselves "freedom fighters," and firing someone may be referred to as "letting him or her go." These are both examples of

euphemistic labeling.

According to Goleman's conceptualization of emotional intelligence (EQ), the "change catalyst" attribute most likely corresponds to the _____ dimension of the OCEAN model.

extraversion

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, which of the following dimensions primarily involves behaviors that are highly likely to be exhibited in group settings and are generally concerned with getting ahead in life?

extraversion

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, which of the following webs of belief undergirds how one balances active participation in the events of one's life with alternating periods of observation, reflection, detachment, and rest?

flaneur

Leaders who score low in neuroticism tend to

hide their emotions.

Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters from a fictitious manager's in-basket?

in-basket exercises

Dr. Jonathon realizes that his patient is suffering from a highly contagious disease that is likely to pose a threat to the entire city. However, he is uncertain about sharing this information with city officials to protect his patient's privacy. In this scenario, which of the following ethical dilemmas does the doctor most likely face?

individual versus community

According to Myers and Myers's basic preference dimensions in which people can differ, the thinking-feeling dimension

is concerned with the considerations leaders prefer when making decisions.

The _____ states that if one simply works hard and achieves superior results, then good things will happen.

just world hypothesis

Which of the following best describes attribution of blame?

justifying immoral behavior by claiming it was caused by someone else's actions

A personal relationship in which a more experienced mentor (usually someone two to four levels higher in an organization) acts as a guide, role model, and sponsor of a less experienced protégé is known as

mentoring

Which of the following terms is most likely defined as the ability to intentionally pay attention to the present moment while letting go of judgment?

mindfulness

In the context of moral potency, the belief or confidence in one's capability to mobilize various personal, interpersonal, and other external resources to persist despite moral adversity is referred to as

moral efficacy.

People do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do they hear everything; instead they are selective in what they attend to and what they, in turn, understand. A phenomenon that demonstrates this selectivity is called

perceptual set.

Which of the following is an approach, developed and popularized by Covey, which postulates a fundamental interdependence between the personal, the interpersonal, the managerial, and the organizational levels of leadership?

principle-centered leadership

Unlike leaders who score low in conscientiousness, those who score high in conscientiousness

rarely get into trouble.

Kyra, a 16-year-old high school girl, is skeptical about her first day at a new school. She believes that nobody will talk to her and that her new teachers will be rude to her. She enters the class in a negative mood and speaks rudely to everyone. Eventually, she sees that her beliefs about the new school and teachers come true. Which of the following is most likely exemplified in this scenario?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following terms describes a kind of learning between an individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?

single-loop learning

In the context of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, leaders and followers who possess high levels of analytic intelligence

tend to be quick learners and do well in school.

Which of the following generation of workers tends to be technologically savvy, independent, and skeptical of institutions and hierarchy?

the Gen Xers

Which of the following theories explains the interesting relationships between leader intelligence and experience levels, and group performance in stressful versus nonstressful conditions?

the cognitive resources theory

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail is called

the fundamental attribution error.

Leadership behavior enacted by individuals who take action to maintain ethical standards in the face of questionable moral behaviors by higher-ups is referred to as

upward ethical leadership.

What are the four qualities of leadership that engender trust according to Bennis and Goldsmith?

vision, empathy, consistency, and integrity

Hall and Donnell reported findings of five separate studies involving over 12,000 managers that explored the relationship between managerial achievement and attitudes toward subordinates. Overall, they found that managers who strongly subscribed to Theory X beliefs

were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group.

Leaders who pull people together on the basis of shared beliefs and a common sense of organizational purpose and belonging are most likely the ones

who create a compelling vision.