HN&F EXAM 1
4. Using Table 1-2 from the text, calculate Maria's average daily kilocalorie intake from carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Adding these figures together, what is her total daily caloric intake? a. 1420 b. 1520 c. 1320 d. 1720 e. 1620
1720
A person eats 8 grams of protein, 25 grams of carbohydrates, 6 grams of fat and 4 grams of alcohol. What is the total energy value (in calories) from these stated amounts? a. 244 kilocalories b. 224 kilocalories c. 204 kilocalories d. 214 kilocalories e. 254 kilocalories Hide Feedback
214 kilocalories
calories per gram for carbs
4 kcal/gram
calories per gram for protein
4 kcal/gram
calories per gram fat
9 kcal/gram
diet
:the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks.
A cohort research design involves collecting data from individuals once at a specific time and location.
false
A hypothesis is a definite conclusion that a scientist reaches after extensive research.
false
Having a risk factor for a disease means that the disease will occur. a. True b. False
false
Minerals are considered organic in nature. a. True b. False
false
Nutrient recommendations represent optimal intakes for all individuals.
false
Of the energy-yielding nutrients, protein has the highest number of calories per gram. a. True b. False
false
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals; the nutrients the body requires in relatively small amounts (milligrams or micrograms daily)
Which substance is found in the largest amount in both food products and human beings? a. water b. protein c. vitamins d. minerals e. carbohydrates
water
Order of steps in the scientific method
1) observation and questioning 2) hypothesis and prediction 3)experiment 4)results and interpretation 5)theory or new observations and questions
Number of vitamins
13
joule
A measure of work or energy.the amount of energy expended when 1 kilogram is moved 1 meter by a force of 1 newton
cohort study
A study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.
Which value can specify the point at which a nutrient could become toxic? a. UL b. BMR c. RDA d. AMDR e. EER
A. UL
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range ranges of intakes for the energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Protein Intake=10-30% Fat Intake = 20-35% Carb Intake=40-65%
AI
Adequate Intake the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined.
What percentages of Maria's daily calories are provided by carbohydrates, protein, and fat? a. carbohydrates: 56%; protein: 12%; fat: 32% b. carbohydrates: 36%; protein: 22%; fat: 42% c. carbohydrates: 46%; protein: 12%; fat: 42% d. carbohydrates: 56%; protein: 22%; fat: 22% e. carbohydrates: 36%; protein: 32%; fat: 32%
C
Consider Maria's typical evening meals and the factors that may influence her food habits. Which factor is likely to have the biggest impact on her choices? a. social interaction b. ethnic heritage c. convenience d. values e. regional cuisine Hide Feedback
CONVIENECNE
DRI
Dietary Reference Intake a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada. These values are used for planning and assessing diets and include: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).
Which of Maria's food habits is most influenced by her emotions?a. Putting cream cheese on a bagelb. Eating a salad for lunchc. Buying convenience foodsd. Heating a frozen meal for dinnere.
Drinking wine in the evening
Check My Work What is the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group? a. AI b. BMR c. EAR d. AMDR e. UL
EAR
In order to establish an RDA what must be established first?
EAR
EAR
Estimated Average Requirement the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group.
EER
Estimated Energy Requirement the average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity.
The recommended intake for a nutrient should be thought of as the minimum amount that an individual should consume for that nutrient. a. True b. False
False
misinformation
False or misleading information
Acceptable Marcnoturient Distribution Range
Protein: 10-35% Fat: 20-35% Carbohydrate: 45-65%
RDA
Recommenced Dietary Allowance the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals.
What might a person whose greatest motivation in dietary choices is convenience be most likely to eat? -TV dinner -Grilled fresh vegetables -Homemade lasagna -Blended smoothie with milk; yogurt; sliced bananas, strawberries, peaches, and avocado; and flax seed -Homemade chocolate chip cookies
TV dinner
Nutriention
The science of nutrient in foods and of their actions within the body
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake lEVEL (UL) The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects.
Placebo effect
a change that occurs in response to expectations about the effectiveness of a treatment that actually has no pharmaceutical effects.
nutrition assessment
a comprehensive analysis of a person's nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory tests.
risk factor
a condition or behavior associated with an elevated frequency of a disease but not proved to be causal. Leading risk factors for chronic diseases include obesity, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, and a diet high in added fats and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
systematic review
a critical and integrative summary of evidence gathered from multiple selected studies to answer a specific question and develop a qualitative review.
dietetic technician, registered (DTR)
a dietetic technician who has passed a national examination and maintains registration through continuing professional education.
experimental group
a group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the control group except for the treatment. The experimental group receives the real treatment.
control group
a group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the experimental group except for the treatment. Ideally, the control group receives a placebo while the experimental group receives a real treatment.
calories
a measure of hear energy. Energy provided by foods and beverages is measured in kilocalories (1000 calories equal 1 kilocalorie), abbreviated kcalories or kcal.
calorie
a measure of heat energy. One kcalorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water 1°C. The scientific use of the term kcalorie is the same as the popular use of the term calorie.
energy density
a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food
healthy people
a national public health initiative under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that identifies the most significant preventable threats to health and focuses efforts to eliminate them.
primary deficiency
a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient
secondary deficiency
a nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake, such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
subclinical deficiency
a nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake, such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
dietitian
a person trained in nutrition, food science, and diet planning. See also, registered dietitian nutritionist.
certified nutritionist, certified nutritional consultant, or certified nutrition therapist
a person who has been granted a document declaring his or her authority as a nutrition professional.
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)
a person who has completed a minimum of a bachelor's degree from an accredited university or college, has completed approved course work and a supervised practice program, has passed a national examination, and maintains registration through continuing professional education; also called registered dietitian (RD).
dietetic technician
a person who has completed a minimum of an associate's degree from an accredited university or college and an approved dietetic technician program that includes a supervised practice experience. See also, dietetic technician, registered (DTR).
anecdote
a personal account of an experience or event: not reliable scientific information
Peer Review
a process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed.
randomization
a process of choosing the members of the experimental and control groups without bias.
drug history
a record of all the drugs, over-the-counter and prescribed, that a person takes routinely.
diet history
a record of eating behaviors and the foods a person eats
theory
a tentative explanation that integrates many diverse findings to further the understanding of a defined topic.
The RDA is most useful for which group? a. healthy people b. schoolchildren c. military personnel d. groups known to have high levels of malnutrition e. cancer patients
a. healthy people
Interferes with growth, maintenance, and repair of the body even though it is an energy source
alcohol
Not considered a nutrient although it provides energy
alcohol
Yields 7 kcals per gram
alcohol
Placebo
an inert, harmless medication given to provide comfort and hope; a sham treatment used in controlled research studies.
health history
an account of a client's current and past health status and disease risks.
double-blind experiment
an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are members of the experimental group and which are serving as control subjects, until after the experiment is over.
blind experiment
an experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group.
meta-analysis
an objective and statistical summary of evidence gathered from multiple selected studies to develop a quantitativereview; often derived from a systematic review.
hypothesis
an unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationships between two or more variables.
Maria explains that she learned about the effects of coconut oil on the Internet, while reading an online article about a well-known movie star who claims it helped him lower his bad cholesterol. What are these types of testimonials called? a. anecdotes b. correlations c. controls d. theories e. hypotheses Hide Feedback
anecdotes
Malnutrition
any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients.
accredited
approved; in the case of medical centers or universities, certified by an agency recognized by the US Department of Education.
While reading a research article, you note a phrase that predicts that "individuals who exercise more will lose weight easier." How would you categorize this statement? a. cohort analysis b. experiment c. hypothesis d. data collection e. conclusion
c. hypothesis
macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats the nutrients in the body requires in relatively large amounts
The energy-yielding nutrients include:
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats)
Contains 4 kcals per gram is a major fuel source
carbs
The classes of nutrients that are organic are
carbs, proteins, lips, vitamins
nutrients
chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues. Nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases.
Maria Gonzales is a 57-year-old operating room nurse who works full-time at a local hospital. She is 65 inches tall and weighs 160 pounds. She has a family history of diabetes and heart disease, and was recently diagnosed with high blood cholesterol. Maria has declined the cholesterol-lowering medication that her doctor prescribed, explaining that she would like to explore other methods for lowering her cholesterol first. After reading an article on the Internet a few weeks ago, Maria has been taking a tablespoon of coconut oil every day in the hopes that it will lower her cholesterol. She says that she lacks time and energy for exercising. Her diet history reveals that she often skips breakfast or buys a bagel with cream cheese and flavored coffee on her way to work. While at work, she drinks at least one more cup of coffee with cream and sugar before noon. Lunch is a salad with crackers and iced tea with sugar in the hospital cafeteria. When Maria arrive homes, she occasionally drinks one or two glasses of wine, especially after a stressful day. She lives alone and relies on frozen dinners and other convenience foods for dinner. An analysis of her diet reveals an average daily intake of 200 grams of carbohydrates, 50 grams of protein, and 80 grams of fat. .
convenience
Check My Work What aspect of food choices is particularly important for professionals who help others plan healthy diets? a. lab work in physiology b. experimental research c. cultural competence d. rotations e. communications
cultural competence
Nutrient recommendations _____. a. should be followed strictly by all individuals. b. encourage the use of supplements to meet dietary goals c. are standardized to apply to all members of the population d. are not minimum requirements, and may not represent optimal intakes for all individuals e. apply to both healthy and nonhealthy individuals Hide Feedback
d. are not minimum requirements, and may not represent optimal intakes for all individuals
Check My Work Aretha's health history indicates that she may be anemic because she is excreting too much iron. What type of deficiency does this suggest? a. primary deficiency b. overt deficiency c. energy deficiency d. secondary deficiency e. subclinical deficiency
d. secondary deficiency
Aretha's blood and urine tests at a recent checkup show that her levels of iron are low. She is surprised by the results because she doesn't have any of the symptoms associated with low iron, such as fatigue and headaches. Why type of deficiency does this suggest? a. abnormal b. functional c. primary d. subclinical e. secondary
d. subclinical
Undernutrition
deficient energy or nutrients.
Public health dietitians
dietitians who specialize in providing nutrition services through organized community efforts.
chronic disease ex:
disease characterized by slow progression and long duration. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
. Compare the composition of Maria's diet with the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). How would you characterize her intake? a. adequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and high fat b. inadequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and adequate fat c. adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and adequate fat d. inadequate carbohydrate, inadequate protein, and high fat e. adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat
e adequate carbohydrate, adequate protein, and high fat
Which of the following pieces of information would NOT be part of a person's health history? a. Socioeconomic status b. Drug use c. Diet history d. Family history of major diseases e. Current height and weight
e. Current height and weight
Which of the following statements regarding risk factors for disease is accurate? a. Having multiple risk factors is the same as having only one risk factor when determining the likelihood of getting a disease. b. A risk factor means the disease will occur. c. Risk factors tend to dissipate over the course of a lifetime. d. The absence of a risk factor guarantees that a person will never develop the disease. e. Risk factors tend to cluster
e. Risk factors tend to cluster
Which study is most likely to use a cohort research design? a. Interviewing a randomly chosen group of people about their current eating habits and physical activity b. Comparing two group of individuals, one with diabetes and one without c. Running laboratory experiments to examine the effects of a variable on cells d. Surveying a group of individuals after one week of taking a specific amount of vitamin C e. Tracking a group of individuals who eat low-fat diets every six months over a two-year time frame
e. Tracking a group of individuals who eat low-fat diets every six months over a two-year time frame
Check My Work In a recent nutritional assessment, ten-year-old Gabby shows higher than average weight and height measurements compared to others in her age and gender group. What type of assessment provided these results? a. physical examination b. historical information c. laboratory tests d. diet analysis e. anthropometric data
e. anthropometric data
macronutrient are
energy yielding -carbs -lipids -porteins
diploma mills
entities without valid accreditation that provide worthless degrees.
Overnutrition
excess energy or nutrients
variables
factors that change. A variable may depend on another variable (for example, a child's height depends on his age), or it may be independent (for example, a child's height does not depend on the color of her eyes). Sometimes both variables correlate with a third variable (a child's height and eye color both depend on genetics).
Anthropometric measurements provide information about specific nutrients. a. True b. False
false relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight.
A primary deficiency occurs when the body is unable to efficiently use the nutrients consumed. True or false
false a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient.
Calorically dense, 20-35% of caloric budget
fat
ethnic foods
foods associated with particular cultural groups
processed foods
foods that have been intentionally changed by the addition of substances, or a method of cooking, preserving, milling or such
ultra-processed foods
foods that have been made from substances that are typically used in food preparation, but not consumed as foods by themselves (such as oils, fats, flours, refined starches, and sugars) that undergo further processing by adding a little, if any, minimally processed foods, salt and other preservatives, and additives such as flavors and colors.
Whole Foods
fresh foods such as vegetables, grains, legumes, meats, and milk that are unprocessed or minimally processed
cultural competence
having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures
validity
having the quality of being founded on fact or evidence.
Rank these leading causes of death in the United States that have relationships with diet in descending order of occurrence. Disease Diabetes mellitus Cancers Heart disease Strokes
heart disease cancer strokes diabetes mellitus
covert
hidden, as if under covers
organic
in chemistry, substances or molecules containing carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds that are characteristic of living organisms. The four classes of nutrients that are organic are carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and vitamins.
deficient
inadequate; a nutrient amount that fails to meet the body's needs and eventually results in deficiency symptoms.
Minerals
inorganic elements. Some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
registration
listing; with respect to health professionals, listing with a professional organization that requires specific course work, experience, and passing of an examination.
Contained in orderly arrays in the bones and teeth
minerals
Some are environmental contaminants that can disrupt body functions
minerals
These are inorganic and, thus, indestructible
minerals
Which class of nutrients does NOT contain carbon? a. proteins b. vitamins c. minerals d. carbohydrates e. lipids
minerals
What is the likely motivation for a person giving up soup after an extended illness? -Values -Habit -Positive associations -Social interactions -Negative associations
negative associations
Phytochemicals
non nutrient compounds found in plants. some phytochemical have biological activity in the body.
Inorganice
not containing carbon or pertaining to living organisms. The two classes of nutrients that are inorganic are minerals and water.
essential nutrients
nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients. About 40 nutrients are currently known to be essential for human beings.
the study of how human behaviors relate to food and eating
nutrition
If a person decides to switch from drinking freshly squeezed orange juice to calcium-enriched orange juice after a yearly checkup, what is the most likely motivation? -Weight loss -Nutrition and health benefits -Habit -Personal preference -Emotional comfort
nutrition and health benefit
vitamins
organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. Vitamins regulate body processes that support growth and maintain life. organic, micronutrient
overt
out in open and easy to observe
license to practice
permission under state or federal law, granted on meeting specified criteria, to use a certain title (such as dietitian) and offer certain services. Licensed dietitians may use the initials LD after their names.
Which of the following risk factors contributing to deaths in the United States does Maria seem to exhibit? a. illicit drug use b. poor diet/inactivity c. tobacco use d. dangerous use of motor vehicles e. sexual behavior
poor diet/inactivity
foods
products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of t tissues
Contains 4 kcals per gram and is a minor fuel source
protein
Its role as a fuel source is relatively minor compared to the other two energy sources
protein
The macronutrient least used for fuel
protein
anthropometric
relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight.
replication
repeating an experiment and getting the same results.
. Which of these seems to be the most whole food that Maria typically eats? a. Frozen dinner b. Salad c. Bagel d. Crackers e. Flavored coffee
salad
energy
the capacity to do work. the energy in food is chemical energy. The body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.
genome
the complete set of genetic material in an organism or a cell. the study of genomes is called genomics.
Requirement
the lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy.
critical thinking
the mental activity of rationally and skillfully analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach an informed conclusion based on evidence.
energy-yielding nutrients
the nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use: they are carbohydrate, fat protein.
subjects
the people or animals participating in a research project.
fraudulent
the promotion, for financial gain, of devices, treatments, services, plans, or products (including diets and supplements) that alter or claim to alter a human condition without proof of safety or effectiveness.
nutrition genomics
the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes (nutrigenomics) and how genes affect the activities of nutrients (nutrigenetics).
correlation
the simultaneous increase, decrease, or change in two variables. If A increases as B increases, or if A decreases as B decreases, the correlation is positive. (This does not mean that A causes B or vice versa.) If A increases as B decreases, or if A decreases as B increases, the correlation is negative. (This does not mean that A prevents B or vice versa.) Some third factor may account for both A and B.
most prominent risk factor for chronic disease in the US
tobacco use
A subclinical deficiency is the stage at which the body begins to use up its stores of a nutrient. a. True b. False
true
High-fat foods appear to be a universally common food preference. a. True b. False
true
In most cases, meeting nutrient recommendations can be done by eating diets composed of a variety of foods. a. True b. False
true
In order to establish an RDA for a nutrient, the EAR must be established first. a. True b. False
true
Malnutrition occurs when a person receives an excess or deficiency of food energy or nutrient intake or an imbalance of nutrients. a. True b. False
true
The human body is made of compounds similar to those found in foods. a. True b. False
true
All 13 of these play a role in the body
vitamins
Some aid in blood clotting after a cut
vitamins
The classes of nutrients that are inorganic are
vitamins and minerals
