Homework 1

What level of structural organization is represented by the image numbered 5 in the figure? 1)tissue 2)organelle 3)cell 4)organ

tissue (Image 5 illustrates a type of tissue (in this case, muscle) consisting of a group of cells that work collectively to achieve a certain function.)

What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs? 1)to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall 2)to provide a protective outer covering for the organ 3)to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues 4)to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ

to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall (The two serous membrane layers are separated by a cavity containing serous fluid. This fluid allows organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions.)

Which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled 5 in the figure? 1)nutrients 2)carbon dioxide 3)oxygen 4)waste products 5)All of the listed responses are correct

All of the listed responses are correct (The set of arrows labeled 5 represents both the essential materials required for cellular metabolism (nutrients and oxygen) and the waste products generated as a by-product of cellular metabolism (including organic molecules and carbon dioxide).)

A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section. 1)True 2)Fslse

False (A transverse section creates a superior and an inferior section)

Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells 1)True 2)False

False (Cells are interdependent, which creates a division of labor within the body)

The knee is proximal to the thigh. 1)True 2)False

False (Proximal means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.)

The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes. 1)True 2)False

False (The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane that has folded back on itself.)

Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. 1)True 2)False

False (This is the definition of metabolism (not digestion). Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks (e.g., breaking down glycogen into molecules of glucose), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (e.g., building a protein from amino acids), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.)

Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function? 1)The liver, brain, blood vessels, and stomach are each responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform 2)Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. 3)Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. 4)The heart and blood vessels circulate blood continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells.

Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. (he principle of the complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits)

The ventral cavity includes which of the indicated subdivisions in the figure? 1)A and B 2)C and D 3)D and E 4)C, D, and E

C(Thoracic cavity), D(Abdominal cavity), and E(Pelvic Cavity) (The ventral cavity includes the thoracic (C) and abdominopelvic cavities (D and E).)

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology? 1)Anatomy can be described only by the underlying physiology. 2)Physiology is more concrete than anatomy, because it describes structures that can be seen 3)Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body. 4)Anatomy is form, which is more concrete than physiology because of the visible structures

Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body. (physiology is explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy of the body.)

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? 1)The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. 2)The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body 3)The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle 4)The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward.

The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. (In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body)

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a body cavity with its contents? 1)The cavity at D contains the urinary bladder. 2)The cavity at E contains most of the digestive organs. 3)The cavity at C contains the lungs. 4)The cavity at D contains the reproductive organs

The cavity at C contains the lungs. (The cavity at C contains the pleural cavities, which surround the lungs.)

Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system? 1)The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline 2)A central nervous system regulator is regulating the response. 3)The figure shows the detection of an imbalance. 4)The figure includes an efferent pathway.

The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline (Negative feedback, even though it sounds like a bad thing, is what keeps your body systems within a proper working range by reversing trends that wander away from a set point.)

Which of the following statements is correct? 1)The heart is posterior to the spine. 2)The sternum is posterior to the spine 3)The heart is dorsal to the sternum 4)The heart is dorsal to the sternum

The heart is dorsal to the sternum. (The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body," or behind.)

Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes? 1)responsiveness 2)metabolism 3)movement 4)reproduction

metabolism (Our cells are chemical factories. Chemical reactions (metabolism) are essential for cells to function and, thus, for the body as a whole to maintain boundaries, move, respond, digest, excrete, grow, and reproduce--all necessary life functions.)

Which of the following regional anatomy terms matches the anatomical description "anterior and most distal"? 1)metatarsal 2)carpal 3)popliteal 4)acromial

metatarsal (The metatarsal region is the most distal region on this list. Additionally, when you view the posterior plane, the metatarsal region is not visible (instead you would see the plantar region.)

Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells? 1)gross anatomy 2)systemic anatomy 3)developmental anatomy 4)microscopic anatomy

microscopic anatomy (Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells, which cannot be seen by the naked eye.)

Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities? 1)cardiovascular and endocrine systems 2)nervous and cardiovascular systems 3)nervous and endocrine systems 4)cardiovascular and digestive systems

nervous and endocrine systems (Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, the body's control systems)

Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level? 1)organ 2)cellular 3)organismal 4)chemical

organismal (The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being. Thus, the organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.)

Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? 1)the receptor, the control center, and the effector 2)the variable, the receptor, and the set point 3)the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor 4)the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector

the receptor, the control center, and the effector (Regardless of the factor or event being regulated--the variable--all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).)

The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions? 1)the vertebral/spinal and thoracic cavities 2)the thoracic, pleural, and abdominopelvic cavities 3)the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities 4)the vertebral/spinal, cranial, and pleural cavities

the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities (The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral, or spinal, cavity)

If the figure were used to represent a heating system in a home, which of the following would be most directly associated with the structure labeled B? 1)cooling of air 2)burning of fuel 3)thermostat setting 4)thermometer reading

thermostat setting (The structure represented by B is the control center of the homeostatic control system. In a home heating system, the control center stores the thermostat temperature setting and determines the appropriate response to deviations in the home temperature compared to that setting.)

Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities? 1)pleural 2)pericardial 3)thoracic 4)abdominopelvic

thoracic (The thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities, which in turn house the heart and lungs, respectively.)

Pericarditis is a disorder in which pain is experienced in the_________. 1)thoracic cavity 2)abdominal cavity 3)pelvic cavity 4)abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity (Pericarditis is an infection or inflammation of the connective-tissue covering surrounding the heart. The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.)

Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident? 1)stomach 2)intestines 3)urinary bladder 4)liver

urinary bladder (The urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones)

Which of the following is the regional term that includes the head? 1)axial 2)superior 3)coronal 4)appendicular

axial (The axial part of the body, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.)

All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body? 1)respiratory system 2)circulatory system 3)urinary system 4)integumentary system

circulatory system (The circulatory system carries nutrients and gases that have been delivered into the body.)

Which numbered image in the figure would represent the level of organization corresponding to a protein molecule? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

2 (A protein molecule is formed from the combination of many atoms)

Which numbered arrow represents the net movement of carbon dioxide? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

2 (Carbon dioxide (CO2), a by-product of cellular respiration, is transported by the cardiovascular system and eliminated from the body by the respiratory system)

Which of the following best defines anatomy? 1)It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. 2)It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities. 3)It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. 4)It is the study of tissues

3 (Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another)

Which numbered arrow in the figure represents the net movement of nitrogenous wastes and excess ions? 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

4 (Excess nitrogenous waste and excess ions are removed from the blood and eliminated from the body by the excretory system)

One interaction in the figure could be considered the central interaction, one that is supported by the others. Which one? 1) 1 2) 2 and 3 3) 4 4) 5

5 (The cells of the body are what consumes the food and oxygen and generates the carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste--they are supported by the other interactions shown)

What is the mediastinum? 1)A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C 2)The structure that connects cavities A and B 3)The cavity formed by the combination of subdivisions indicated by the letters D and E 4)The structure that separates the cavities indicated by the letters C and D.

A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C(Thoracic Cavity)

Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes? I. Digestive system II. Urinary system III. Nervous system IV. Circulatory system V. Reproductive system VI. Respiratory system

I. Digestive System, IV. Circulatory System, VI. Respiratory System (The digestive and respiratory systems bring nutrients required for metabolism to the circulatory system to be transported around the body.)

Type I diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is TRUE? 1)Without insulin, the body is never able to detect changes in blood sugar. 2)Insulin controls blood sugar. 3)Insulin blocks a negative feedback mechanism involving blood-sugar levels 4)Insulin is the receptor that triggers a positive feedback mechanism, which controls blood-sugar levels

Insulin controls blood sugar (Insulin causes a negative feedback loop in response to high blood sugar)

Which of these would be an INCORRECT conclusion about the structure shown in image 3 in the diagram? 1)It would be found in the same organizational level as Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum 2)It is composed of several different macromolecular types 3)It could be found throughout the body as an independent entity. 4)It is a potential component of a living cell.

It could be found throughout the body as an independent entity. (Image 3 represents a cellular organelle, which would not be found wandering about the body by itself)

What is the function of serous fluid? 1)It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction 2)It helps the stomach and other organs maintain neutral buoyancy within body cavities, even during fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, or when gases, such as oxygen or methane, are present in varying ratios 3)It aids in the repair of damaged organs. 4)It prevents the organs from drying out when in contact with air.

It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. (The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach)

Which of the following statements regarding the umbilicus and the chin is true? 1)The umbilicus is superior to the chin. 2)The chin is caudal to the umbilicus. 3)The umbilicus is caudal to the chin. 4)The umbilicus is medial to the chin

The umbilicus is caudal to the chin (The terms caudal and inferior are synonymous, meaning "away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below." The umbilicus is caudal (inferior) to the chin.)

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment? 1)receptor 2)control center 3)stimulus 4)effector

receptor (Homeostasis refers to maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Receptors monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body and send this information (called input) to control centers for processing)

With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit. 1)decreases 2)increases 3)returns 4)There is not enough information to answer this question.

returns (Regardless of the direction of the initial disturbance, returning to the original set point or normal limit is negative feedback.)

Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? 1)coronal section 2)sagittal section 3)oblique section 4)transverse section

sagittal section (A sagittal section is a cut made through the sagittal plane--a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A midsagittal section would cross the nasal, umbilical, and pelvic regions.)

Which of the following is NOT an example of the level of structural organization represented by the image numbered 6? 1)stomach 2)smooth muscle 3)blood vessel 4)skin

smooth muscle (mage 6 corresponds to the organ level of structural organization. Smooth muscle is a type of tissue and is shown in image 5)

Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles? 1)deep 2)lateral 3)medial 4)superficial

superficial (The skin covers the outside of the body; thus, it is superficial, or external, to the skeletal muscles)

If the figure were used to represent the regulation of body temperature, the structures represented by the letter C would include __________. 1)temperature sensors in the brain 2)temperature controllers in the brain 3)hot and cold sensors in the skin 4)sweat glands in the skin

sweat glands in the skin (Effectors in the homeostatic control of body temperature include sweat glands and skeletal muscles.)

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback? 1)withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass 2)when your body is cold and triggers shivering to warm your body up 3)insulin's reducing blood sugar 4)the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting

the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting (In order to prevent blood loss, the body needs a mechanism that amplifies the action that leads to clotting in a short period of time. This cascade or enhancement of a process is a positive feedback mechanism.)