homework questions
Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood? A. iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome B. Addison's disease C. Cushing's syndrome D. Cushing's disease
B. Addison's disease
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs. A. Ribosomes B. Hemoglobin molecules C. Components of the cytoskeleton D. DNA E. Mitochondria
B. Hemoglobin molecules
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except A. peaks at orgasm in both sexes. B. rises during sexual arousal. C. is responsive to osmoreceptors. D. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. E. promotes uterine contractions.
C. is responsive to osmoreceptors.
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called A. lymphoblasts. B. myeloblasts. C. megakaryocytes. D. normoblasts. E. erythroblasts.
C. megakaryocytes.
Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______. A. osteoporosis B. ovariectomy C. osteopenia and osteoporosis D. osteopenia
C. osteopenia and osteoporosis
A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______. A. adrenal gland B. hypothalamus C. pituitary gland D. thyroid gland
C. pituitary gland
Which of the following is not a function of blood? A. transport of body heat B. transport of nutrients and wastes C. produce hormones D. transport of gases E. defense against toxins and pathogens
C. produce hormones
The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of A. electrolytes. B. water. C. proteins. D. nitrogen wastes. E. glucose.
C. proteins.
The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as A. myeloid cells. B. band forms. C. reticulocytes. D. hemocytoblasts. E. proerythroblasts.
C. reticulocytes.
Which type of anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped erythrocytes? A. polycythemia B. pernicious anemia C. sickle cell anemia D. aplastic anemia
C. sickle cell anemia
Release of which of the following hormones results in higher levels of erythrocytes? A. erythropoietin B. estrogen and erythropoietin C. testosterone and erythropoietin D. estrogen E. testosterone
C. testosterone and erythropoietin
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters. A. 5 to 6 B. 6 to 8 C. 3 D. 10 E. 4
A. 5 to 6
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ? A. FSH - ovaries B. estrogen - ovaries C. calcitonin - thyroid gland D. All of the above are matched correctly.
A. FSH - ovaries
Compare oxyhemoglobin with deoxyhemoglobin. (Module 17.5C) A. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen. B. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen. C. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen only.
A. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen.
An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter? A. TSH B. thyroxine C. either thyroxine or TRH D. either TRH or TSH E. TRH
A. TSH
Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat? A. The rat is missing its thyroid gland. B. The metabolism of the rat is already too high. C. The metabolism of the rat is already too low. D. The rat is missing its pituitary gland.
A. The rat is missing its thyroid gland
Oxygen is attached to _______. A. an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin B. a calcium atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin C. an iron atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin D. a calcium atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin
A. an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces A. androgens. B. glucocorticoids. C. norepinephrine. D. mineralocorticoids. E. epinephrine.
A. androgens.
A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______. A. both TSH and TRH B. TSH C. TRH D. neither TSH nor TRH
A. both TSH and TRH
Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except A. decrease levels of calcium ions. B. decrease gene transcription. C. increase ATP production. D. decrease hormone release through negative feedback. E. increase levels of cAMP.
A. decrease levels of calcium ions.
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells? A. erythropoietin B. thymosin C. cortisol D. aldosterone E. atrial natriuretic peptide
A. erythropoietin
Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to A. form stacks. B. establish a large surface area-to-volume ratio. C. carry hemoglobin. D. squeeze through small capillaries smaller than their cell diameter. E. live without a nucleus.
A. form stacks.
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ______________ oxygen molecule(s). A. four B. one C. three D. two
A. four
Identify the components of the cardiovascular system. (Module 17.1A) A. heart, blood, and blood vessels B. heart and blood vessels C. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels D. heart and blood E. blood and blood vessels
A. heart, blood, and blood vessels
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the A. neutrophils. B. monocytes. C. lymphocytes. D. eosinophils. E. basophils.
A. neutrophils
Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland. (Module 16.12A) A. pinealocytes B. islets of Langerhans C. melanocytes D. alpha cells E. pineal islets
A. pinealocytes
Thyroxine is a _______. A. slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus B. hormone that works through a second-messenger system C. hormone that enters the nucleus D. slow-acting hormone E. slow-acting hormone that works through a second-messenger system
A. slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus
Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to A. the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs. B. the fetal immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs. C. spontaneous miscarriage of a woman's first baby due to blood incompatibilities. D. the fetal immune system producing antibodies against the mother's RBCs. E. the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the mother's RBCs
A. the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.
Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal? A. Body cells will increase the conversion of glucose into glycogen. B. There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue. C. Body cells respond by increasing the rate of glucose uptake into target cells. D. Beta cells in the pancreatic islets secrete insulin into the bloodstream. E. Amino acid absorption and protein synthesis are increased.
B. There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A. steroids. B. amino acid derivatives. C. lipids. D. peptides. E. derivatives of reproductive glands.
B. amino acid derivatives.
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except A. eicosanoids. B. carbohydrates. C. amino acid derivatives. D. peptides. E. steroids.
B. carbohydrates.
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells. A. mean corpuscular volume B. differential count C. hematocrit D. complete blood count E. reticulocyte count
B. differential count
With respect to ABO and Rh blood groups, there are __________ different blood types. A. ten B. eight C. six D. four
B. eight
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems. A. nervous; renal B. endocrine; nervous C. endocrine; lymphatic D. cardiovascular; nervous E. renal; endocrine
B. endocrine; nervous
Peptide hormones include which of the following? A. calcitonin B. follicle-stimulating hormone andcalcitonin C. follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen D. estrogen E. follicle-stimulating hormone
B. follicle-stimulating hormone andcalcitonin
Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin? A. mammary glands B. heart C. uterus D. prostate E. ductus deferens
B. heart
The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is evaluated using _______. A. cholesterol measurements B. hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements C. hemoglobin measurements D. hematocrit measurements and cholesterol measurements E. hematocrit measurements
B. hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements
Which of the following does NOT result in an increase in hemoglobin levels? A. congestive heart failure B. hyperthyroidism C. living at high altitudes D. polycythemia
B. hyperthyroidism
Which of the following is not true of basophils? A. contain dense blue stained granules in the Wright stain B. increased production during parasitic infections C. constitute about 1 percent of WBCs D. promote inflammation E. granules contain histamine
B. increased production during parasitic infections
A person's blood type is determined largely by the A. shape of the RBCs. B. presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane. C. size of the RBCs. D. chemical character of the hemoglobin. E. volume of the RBCs.
B. presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
The testes produce A. LH. B. testosterone. C. progesterone. D. FSH. E. estrogen.
B. testosterone.
With large numbers of erythrocytes dying and being replaced every day, what happens to the heme released from the erythrocytes? A. The kidney excretes heme in the urine, causing hemoglobinuria. B. The liver secretes heme with the bile into the digestive tract. C. Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin. D. The liver secretes heme into the bloodstream to be excreted. E. The macrophage returns heme to the bone marrow to enter newly formed erythrocytes.
C. Heme is catabolized into two pigments, biliverdin and bilirubin.
What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complementary effects? (Module 16.14C) A. permissive effects B. antagonistic effects C. Integrative effects D. additive effects
C. Integrative effects
Jaundice is a symptom where the patient exhibits a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. What causes jaundice? A. The kidney is damaged and is unable to excrete bilirubin. B. Macrophages increase their breakdown of erythrocytes. C. The liver is unable to process bilirubin, so its level in the blood rises. D. The colon absorbs bilirubin and secretes excess amounts in the blood.
C. The liver is unable to process bilirubin, so its level in the blood rises.
Blood type A- would give which of the following results? A. agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies and agglutination with anti-B antibodies B. agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies C. agglutination with anti-A antibodies D. agglutination with anti-B antibodies E. agglutination with anti-A antibodies and agglutination with anti-Rh antibodies
C. agglutination with anti-A antibodies
Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level? (Module 17.4C) A. reticulocytosis B. thrombocytopenia C. anemia D. erythrocytosis E. polycythemia
C. anemia
Which of the following terms can be used interchangeably? A. antigen and agglutinin B. antigen and antibody C. antigen and agglutinogen D. agglutinogen and agglutinin
C. antigen and agglutinogen
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they A. are produced by reproductive glands. B. are derived from cholesterol. C. are produced by the adrenal medulla. D. are lipids. E. bind to receptors within the cell.
C. are produced by the adrenal medulla.
Tropic hormones include which of the following? A. cortisol B. CRH C. both ACTH and CRH D. ACTH E. cortisol, ACTH and CRH
C. both ACTH and CRH
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions? A. FSH - stimulates ovarian follicle growth B. estrogen - provides protection against osteoporosis C. calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity D. All of the above are matched correctly.
C. calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity
A typical adult hematocrit is B. the same in both men and women. C. higher in males than females. D. higher in females than males.
C. higher in males than females.
An increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is termed A. reticulocytosis. B. macrocytic. C. hyperchromic. D. anemia. E. polycythemia.
C. hyperchromic.
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 9 E. 16
D. 9
A person with type AB blood has _______. A. A and B antigens B. neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies C. anti-A and anti-B antibodies D. A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
D. A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______. A. a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones B. often referred to as "steroid diabetes" C. physician induced D. All of the above are correct.
D. All of the above are correct.
Define hemocytoblasts. (Module 17.3A) A. Hemocytoblasts form from lymphoid stem cells and divide to become lymphocytes and monocytes. B. Hemocytoblasts form from megakaryocytes and produce platelets. C. Hemocytoblasts form from myeloid stem cells and divide to become erythrocytes. D. Hemocytoblasts form from hematopoietic stem cells and divide into lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells. E. Hemocytoblasts shed their cytoplasm in membrane-enclosed packets called platelets.
D. Hemocytoblasts form from hematopoietic stem cells and divide into lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A. TSH. B. ACTH. C. FSH. D. LH. E. GH.
D. LH.
Which of the following statements about blood is false? A. It contains buffers that control pH. B. It is more viscous than water. C. It is about 55 percent plasma. D. Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0. E. None of the statements are false; all are true.
D. Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0.
Overall, the most common blood type is A. A. B. B. C. AB. D. O. E. There is no common pattern of blood type distribution.
D. O.
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except A. LH. B. TSH. C. FSH. D. OXT. E. GH.
D. OXT.
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ? A. triiodothyronine - thyroid gland B. thyroxine - thyroid gland C. TRH - hypothalamus D. TSH - posterior pituitary
D. TSH - posterior pituitary
The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______. A. posterior pituitary B. hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary D. adrenal cortex
D. adrenal cortex
A person with A+ blood has _______. A. anti-B antibodies B. the A antigen on the surface of the red blood cells C. Rh antigen on the surface of the red blood cells D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats? A. saline B. FSH C. estrogen D. both calcitonin and estrogen E. calcitonin
D. both calcitonin and estrogen
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes. A. G protein B. receptor C. cAMP D. calmodulin E. ATP
D. calmodulin
Which of the following is mismatched? A. synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses B. direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions C. paracrine communication — molecules released in local area D. endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other E. autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal
D. endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A. growth hormone B. parathyroid hormone C. insulin D. epinephrine E. cortisol
D. epinephrine
The adrenal medulla produces A. glucocorticoids. B. androgens. C. mineralocorticoids. D. epinephrine. E. corticosteroids.
D. epinephrine.
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A. aldosterone. B. cortisol. C. testosterone. D. epinephrine. E. thyroid hormone.
D. epinephrine.
A hematocrit provides information on A. plasma composition. B. clotting factors. C. sedimentation rate. D. formed elements abundance. E. blood type.
D. formed elements abundance.
The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood? (Module 16.7B) A. melanocyte stimulating hormone B. thyroid stimulating hormone C. oxytocin D. growth hormone E. prolactin
D. growth hormone
Oxyhemoglobin _______. A. has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the iron atom B. has a dull, brick-red color C. has a dull, brick-red color and has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin D. has oxygen attached to the iron atom E. has oxygen attached to the polypeptide chain of hemoglobin
D. has oxygen attached to the iron atom
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the A. thymus gland. B. adrenal glands. C. pancreas. D. hypothalamus. E. thyroid gland.
D. hypothalamus.
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the A. platelets. B. albumins. C. transport proteins. D. immunoglobulins. E. fibrinogens.
D. immunoglobulins.
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it A. is a component of the epithalamus. B. secretes melatonin. C. contains pinealocytes. D. is a component of the hypothalamus. E. responds to light and darkness.
D. is a component of the hypothalamus.
A person with type O blood has _______. A. neither anti-A nor anti-B agglutinins B. O agglutinins C. O antigens D. neither A nor B agglutinogens
D. neither A nor B agglutinogens
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism? A. thyroxine B. TRH C. TSH D. oxytocin
D. oxytocin
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the A. lymph tissue. B. heart. C. thymus. D. red bone marrow. E. spleen.
D. red bone marrow.
The normal pH of blood is A. slightly acidic. B. extremely alkaline. C. neutral. D. slightly alkaline. E. extremely acidic.
D. slightly alkaline.
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except A. catecholamines. B. leukotrienes. C. peptide hormones. D. steroid hormones. E. prostaglandins.
D. steroid hormones.
The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except A. the lymph nodes. B. the spleen. C. red bone marrow. D. the kidney. E. the thymus.
D. the kidney.
The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in A. the zona reticularis. B. the zona fasciculate. C. the zona glomerulosa. D. the medulla. E. the cortex.
D. the medulla.
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except A. deep red color. B. the ability to absorb heat from active skeletal muscles. C. the ability to neutralize acids. D. viscosity about the same as water. E. a built-in system for clotting.
D. viscosity about the same as water.
Define hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). (Module 17.8A) A. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a result of abnormally shaped hemoglobin molecules. B. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a result of delayed bone marrow development. C. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is due to a deficiency in the numbers of red blood cells produced, resulting in anemia. D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a congenital defect in the development of the heart. E. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition in which maternal Rh antibodies attack and destroy fetal Rh-positive red blood cells, resulting in anemia.
E. Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition in which maternal Rh antibodies attack and destroy fetal Rh-positive red blood cells, resulting in anemia.
Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones? A. calcitriol B. estrogen C. thyroid hormone D. insulin E. MSH
E. MSH
What is the most common blood type in the United States? (Module 17.7B) A. A+ B. B+ C. O- D. AB+ E. O+
E. O+
Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma? A. gamma globulin B. fibrinogen C. hormone-binding protein D. steroid-binding protein E. albumin
E. albumin
When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except A. antagonistic. B. synergistic. C. permissive. D. integrative. E. apoptosis.
E. apoptosis.
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry? A. increase of insulin B. decrease of blood glucose C. decrease of insulin D. increase of blood glucose E. both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose
E. both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose
The function of hemoglobin is to A. aid in the process of blood clotting. B. produce antibodies. C. defend against bacterial infection. D. distribute nutrients. E. carry oxygen.
E. carry oxygen
The primary function of ADH is to A. delay urination. B. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. C. decrease blood pressure. D. increase digestive absorption. E. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
E. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes? A. become macrophages B. often elevated in allergic individuals C. release histamine D. kill bacteria using cytotoxic chemicals E. defend against specific pathogens or toxins
E. defend against specific pathogens or toxins
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________. A. thymosin; thymus B. erythropoietin; liver C. renin; kidneys D. angiotensin; lungs E. erythropoietin; kidneys
E. erythropoietin; kidneys
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A. respond specifically to stimuli. B. respond with motor output. C. respond rapidly to stimuli. D. communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. E. function independently of the endocrine system.
E. function independently of the endocrine system.
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A. parathyroid hormone B. cortisol C. insulin D. epinephrine E. growth hormone
E. growth hormone
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except A. excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma. B. destruction of hemoglobin. C. extensive breakdown of RBCs. D. blockage of bile ducts. E. hematuria.
E. hematuria.
The waste product bilirubin is produced from A. globin chains of hemoglobin. B. abnormal proteins found in red blood cells. C. iron found in hemoglobin molecules. D. heme molecules plus iron. E. heme molecules lacking iron.
E. heme molecules lacking iron.
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood? A. lymphocytes B. platelets C. neutrophils D. erythrocytes E. reticulocytes
E. reticulocytes
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______. A. anterior pituitary B. the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus C hypothalamus D. posterior pituitary E. the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
E. the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called A. serum. B. lymph. C. extracellular fluid. D. packed blood. E. whole blood.
E. whole blood.