homework14

Use the equation for the trend line in the figure above to match each of the scenarios described below with the amount of sea level rise predicted for that scenario. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. You do not need to use all labels.

179 322 608 93

From 400,000 to 50,000 years ago, the carbon dioxide levels fluctuated between ___________.

180 and 280

In the solar panel system presented in the video, which of the following was necessary to generate usable electrical current for a home?

DC power had to be converted to AC.

What is one assumption behind China's push for biogas production?

Forests should be protected.

What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming?

It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.

How is positive feedback affecting the arctic?

It is causing arctic temperatures to rise faster than areas of lower latitude.

How is Mauritius protecting its biodiversity?

It is growing and replanting seedlings of endangered trees.

What happens to the energy that the ground absorbs in the form of visible sunlight?

It is returned upward in the form of infrared light

How does the current fuel source used by many rural Chinese impact the environment?

It leads to soil erosion

On a cloudless day, what happens to most of the visible light headed toward Earth?

It reaches Earth's surface, where some is reflected and some is absorbed

What happened to the dodo bird?

It was hunted to extinction by European sailors

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration?

Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas

What is one obstacle to methane fuel production on rural Chinese farms?

Rural farmers are often poor.

When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator?

September and march

On a day with complete cloud cover, what happens to the visible light headed toward Earth?

The clouds reflect some of it back to space, and some still reaches the surface.

Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef?

To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health

Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year?

at the equator

What source of fuel is used by most Chinese farmers?

firewood

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

generator

The two main locations where ice cores are drilled are the Antarctic and __________ Ice Sheets.

greenland

What is an effect of biogas production?

improved educational opportunities

What is one effect of biogas production?

improved literacy rates

What are the criteria for Green Globe certification?

operation of a facility under environmentally and socially friendly guidelines

What poses the greatest threat to native wildlife in Mauritius

rodents

What is the December solstice?

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun

What is the June solstice?

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun

global warming is

the warming of Earth's atmosphere primarily caused by the production of greenhouse gases due to human activity

Why are researchers from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland setting off explosions in an area of the arctic?

to determine whether the Lomonosov Ridge is joined to the Canadian/Greenland continental shelf

In addition to glacial ice, what other natural climate recorder is discussed in the SmartFigure?

tree rings

Assume that you wanted to give the impression that, although CO2 levels have indeed increased over the past 50 years, they have not had a significant impact on average surface temperatures. Which of the scales shown in Step 3 would be the best choice?

scale3

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy

solar

In a conversation with a friend, he expresses skepticism about global warning. When you inquire about his reasons, he responds by saying that the weather in that area has been the coolest he can remember. Using the information you have learned, what information could you offer to encourage your friend to reevaluate his position?

"Global warming" means that the average global temperature is increasing. It doesn't mean that temperatures everywhere are hotter. Weather and climate are different. Cooler weather does not mean the global climate is also cooler

On average, how far do agricultural products travel from farm to plate in the United States?

1400

It has been estimated that confined animal feeding operations contribute to about _____ of world carbon dioxide emissions.

15

Which of the following explains why these climates are nevertheless found along the continental margins of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans? Select all that apply.

-The continental bodies on which these zones are found are too large for the whole land mass to be affected by the ocean. - Atmospheric circulation primarily occurs from west to east. These regions are more eastern; therefore, they are impacted by circulation from the west.

Determine whether each of the scenarios listed below is a cause of sea level rise, an effect of sea level rise, or is not at all related to sea level rise. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

1) Causes of sea level rise: climate warming, melting glaciers on land, thermal expansion of sea water 2) Effect of sea level rise: more frequent coastal flooding, greater rate of coastal erosion 3) Not related to sea level rise: depletion of the ozone layer

What two trends are commonly seen in modern monthly CO2 concentration charts?

1) an up-and-down seasonal trend, and 2) overall increasing CO2 levels through time

Factors that influence global climate change Fill in the sentences below to explore the factors that influence global climate change. Note that one term can be placed in two different sentences. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Note that some terms may be used more than once. 1) although their concentration in the atmosphere is much less than carbon dioxide,______ absorb Earth's outgoing radiation and cause warming of the troposphere 2) When a component of the climate system is altered, the possible responses are known as ______ feedback mechanisms. 3)Effects that reinforce initial climate system change are called _____ feedback mechanisms. 4)Because they reflect sunlight back into space, ______ have a net cooling effect on the climate system. 5)Effects that produce the opposite results from the initial climate change are referred to as _____-feedback mechanisms. 6) Reduced sea ice causes surface reflectivity (albedo) to decrease and surface solar energy absorption to increase; this an example of a _____ feedback mechanism.

1) trace gases 2) Climate 3) positive 4) aerosolos 5)negative 6) positive

Chinese rural residents have access to about _____ the energy made available to city dwellers.

1/2

Approximately how much of the world's oil and natural gas reserves are believed to be in the arctic?

1/4

If the USA adopted and maintained a policy of minimal control of CO2 emissions, what level would we expect its emissions to be in 2020?

2716 MMT

The Vostok ice core curve shows CO2 concentrations over the last __________.

400,000

At the current rate of wood use, in _____ very little of China's natural forests will remain.

50 years

Today, it takes about ______ Calories of energy to produce about 1 Calorie of food.

55

China is home to _____ cows, pigs, and chickens.

9 billion

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period?

A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.

How do biogas digesters work?

Animal waste is broken down, producing methane gas, which is then piped into homes.

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 concentrations?

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than 15% over the past 50 years

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply?

Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink

Which of the following solutions would best address the threat posed to arctic wildlife as a result of drilling for oil?

Create a comprehensive arctic treaty that oil companies must obey.

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? Choose all that apply.

Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars. Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day.

Polar and subarctic climates generally have small precipitation totals. However, these climates are classified as humid rather than dry. Which of the following statements help to explain this apparent paradox? Select all that apply.

In these climates, net precipitation is greater than the evaporation, even though there is little precipitation. In cold climates, low temperatures mean there is little evaporation.

Where is Mauritius located?

Indian Ocean

Transfer of heat, gases, and sunlight have important roles in the relationship between biota and climate. Albedo is the portion of sunlight that is reflected from Earth's surface back into space. •Dark surfaces, such as asphalt, have low albedo indicating that they absorb much of the incoming sunlight. •Light surfaces, such as snow, have high albedo, which explains why snow is white as it reflects all light. Which of the following are ways in which the climate system is affected by the biosphere? Select the two that apply.

Methane, a greenhouse gas, is released from the digestive system of cattle. Trees take up carbon dioxide from the environment and release oxygen.

How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?

Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmostphere

When does Cognito Farm use antibiotics on its cattle?

Only when they are sick

Which of the following best describes the energy conversion sequence in the solar panel system described in the video?

Photons carrying energy from the sun chemically react with silicon crystals to generate a flow of electrons

What is one result of the changing conditions in the arctic?

Polar bears must swim farther to find food.

What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins?

Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.

Today, geologists and climatologists analyze trends in climate from measurements of regional mean annual temperature. However, the technology or ability to measure temperature was not present during much of the world's natural history and changes. Fortunately, different climates create different environments and those environments leave clues of their existence. For example, geologists can use landforms or deposits left by glaciers and sand dunes as indicators that past environments were cold or arid, respectively.

Rainwater and rivers once flowed from the Canadian Rockies into the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. The mean annual temperature of the location shown in the Gigapan image was once much lower than it is today. There is evidence that the location shown in the Gigapan image was once near a shoreline.

What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?

Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.

What is the relationship between soil erosion, pollution, and fishermen in Jamaica?

Soil erosion and pollution in the hills flows out to sea, damaging fishing livelihoods

Which set of statements is correct?

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Human activity has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past 250 years.

How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year?

The inclination of Earth's axis does not change.

What is one problem with China's large-scale energy projects, like the Three Gorges Dam?

They ignore the needs of rural areas.

How will increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect oceans?

The oceans will be more acidic

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.

Which of the following is true when comparing the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station and Barrow, Alaska CO2 concentration curves?

They show opposite seasonal curves

Why are countries like Russia, Canada, and the United States interested in securing legal rights to the arctic?

They want to access oil and natural gas found in the arctic.

Which of the following is the best statement regarding the graph of atmospheric CO2 and surface temperature changes over the past 50 years?

This data is consistent with the hypothesis that increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may be causing an increase in average surface temperatures

Which of the following would indicate that a home is using solar power to generate electricity and is NOT using batteries?

There are solar panels on the roof and power lines going to the home.

What is the best way to conserve natural resources in Jamaica?

Use participatory approaches to bring locals into the conservation process.

Your roommate, who has not studied climate, says, "I thought the greenhouse effect was a bad thing. Isn't it what's causing global warming?" Which of the following statements might you use to help your roommate understand the true nature of the greenhouse effect?

When there are more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect is stronger. Some gases, like carbon dioxide and water vapor, "trap" the heat radiated by Earth, causing warming.

What is an "exclusive economic zone"?

a marine area where countries have the right to explore and extract resources

Which of the following arguments could be made for NOT adopting an aggressive control strategy worldwide?

all of the above

What could be considered by some a positive outcome of the changing climate conditions in the arctic?

an increase in coal mining profits on the islands near the arctic

What is one effect of Green Globe or Blue Flag certification?

an increase in tourism revenue

The accompanying table lists the monthly rainfall data (in millimeters) for three cities in Africa. Use the data in this table to determine the correct location for each city (1, 2, or 3) on the accompanying map. Be sure to consider the type of climate each city would have when making your determinations. Drag the appropriate label (City A, B, or C) to its correct location on the map (1, 2, or 3). Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

b,a,c

What source of fuel could sustainably provide electricity for China in the future?

biogas

Which of the following ferments animal and human wastes to produce energy in the form of gas?

biogas digesters

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

black

Cognito Farm avoids washing chicken carcasses with __________, which is done at many packing plants in the United States

bleach

What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?

burning of fossil fuel

How do Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) bring income into the community?

by encouraging tourism

Choose the list of predicted trajectories for CO2 concentration that matches them in order with the aggressive, moderate, and minimal control scenarios.

c,b,a

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

carbon dioxide

What is used at Cognito Farm to control fly larvae in the pasture?

chickens

Which country is the world's largest agricultural producer?

china

In the climate system diagram, modeling results show that observed changes in temperature closely align with __________.

combination of both natural and human effects

What is the main obstacle to the installation of solar water heating systems in rural China?

cost

The _____ refers to the portions of Earth's surface where water exists in solid form.

cryosphere

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

What activities are prohibited in the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of Samoa?

dynamite fishing

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

increases

The greenhouse effect raises Earth's surface temperature (from what it would be otherwise) because the infrared light radiated by Earth's surface __________.

is temporarily absorbed by greenhouse gases and then reemitted in random directions

What is one benefit of the new energy-efficient stove that has been designed for China's rural families?

it requires less wood

What is threatening the ecology of China's northwest Yunnan province?

loss of natural forests

When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night?

march and september

What gas is a byproduct of agricultural production?

methane

The temperature range of the past 7,000 years was __________ the temperature range of the preceding 30,000 years

more stable then

Assuming that increasing CO2 concentrations are directly linked to increased surface temperatures, which scenario should result in a reduction of temperatures to below their 1960-1990 averages by 2040?

none

For which of the scales shown in Step 3 is the increase in CO2 concentrations less than 10%

none

China is the second largest importer of which of the following resources?

oil

CO2 levels drop during spring and summer months because __________.

photosynthetic organisms are absorbing CO2

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

planted trees

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

In general, which two factors determine the overall temperature of Earth's atmosphere?

radiation coming into and radiation going out of Earth's atmosphere

If a home uses a large supply of solar panels to generate electricity, but has no battery system, surplus electricity that is produced is usually __________.

released into the power grid for others to use, generating a credit to the homeowner

Which of the following groups in China is leading the shift to biogas production?

students

Which of the following is a challenge to using solar-generated electricity in places not connected to a power grid?

the lack of efficient and inexpensive battery technology

The most recent spike of CO2 (over 280 ppm) in the atmosphere correlates to __________.

the onset of the Industrial Revolution

Which three gases are most important on Earth for inhibiting the release of longwave radiation back into space?

water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane

In general, what is the difference between the energy that comes into Earth from the Sun and the energy that Earth emits back to space?

wavelength

Who were the first people to profit from arctic waters?

whalers