Honors Bio Nova Missions

Two Key Ingredients of Natural Selection

reproduction and variation

humans did not evolve from

chimpanzees

what is a correct statement about human evolution

humans have evolved and continue to evolve

one change of nucleotides is

not enough to cause all of the changes between organisms

if flying squirrels were brought to Australia,

they'd compete with sugar gliders for resourses

when scientists compare DNA, there are

thousands upon thousands of nucleotide bases involved

the goal of the tree of life

to explain how all species are related to each other

when more traits are shared,

two organisms are more closely related

what percentage of DNA do humans have in common with a chimpanzee

99.8%

gorilla are equally and most closely related to

humans and chimpanzees

what is HIV

the virus that causes AIDS

interbreeding occurred between

Homo neaderthalensis and Homo sapiens

how can the presence of Neanderthal DNA in Africa be explained

Homo sapiens migrated back to Africa and carried the DNA of Neanderthals

birds are dinosaurs because

they are a part of the Clade Dinosauria

fossils do not provide

a complete record of past life on Earth

when did whale ancestors start living full time in water

after they nursed under water

amniote

an animal that develops inside an amnion, a membrane forming a fluid-filled cavity

bananas are more closely related to

an onion than a banana

parasite

an organism that can cause disease, gains energy and nutrients from another organism, and requires another organism to complete its life cycle

outgroup

an organism that is closely related to the group your interested in, but not a part of it

more accurate way to define tetrapods

animals that descended from a four-limb ancestor

tetrapods

animals that have four feet

evolution is

any change to the genetic composition of a population

clade

any group in a phylogenetic tree that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

distinguishment between bacteria and archae

archaen cell walls are made of different compounds than bacterial cell walls

how many Homo species shared the planet 500,000 years age

at least 3

for a mutation to affect evolution, it must

be able to get passed from parent to offspring

how do scientists think the common rosefinch came from Asia to Hawaii

blow to the Galapagos in a storm

blood flukes

common name given to parasitic flatworms

how can we know how closely related fossil organisms are to living organisms

comparing physical traits of the organisms can determine relation

green sea turtle fluke is more closely related to

crocodile's fluke than the freshwater turtle's fluke

amniote examples

dogs, kingsnakes

an outgroup is a way to

establish basis of comparison for a trait analysis

cells that have visible nuclei like mushrooms, plants, and animals

eukaryotic

chimpanzees and humans both

evolved from a common ancestor

the Galapagos finches are an array of species that

evolved from a single island species

is examining DNA or considering physical traits better

examining DNA

fossils DO provide

examples of transitional species, physical proof of extinction, and evidence that evolutionary changes are gradual

placental mammals

flying squirrel, elephant

the colecanth is most closely related to

frog and lungfish equally

on phylogenic trees, time moves

from root to branch tip

another name for a wishbone

furcula

marsupial mammals

give birth to emboss and develop in pouch; kangaroos and sugar gliders

shallow water animals with eyes on top of their heads

have an advantage in seeing above the surface of the water, anticipating predators, and stalking prey

how does seaweed reproduce

it uses spores

monotreme mammals

mammals that lay eggs; platypus

animals and fungi are

more closely related than plants and fungi

more mutations create

more opportunities for an evolutionary process to affect a population

two closely related organisms have

more similar DNA than less closely related organisms

which trait is shared among all species in genus Homo but no others

more upright face

Evolution is

neither entirely fixed nor entirely random

tetrapods are more closely related to

other tetrapods than non-tetrapods

what distinguishes feathers of modern birds and Archaeopteryx from the feathers of other therapods

shafts

whales are

tetrapods

finding A. fibrosia on modern-day Antarctica suggests

that Antarctica once had a much warmer climate

Yoruba people are most closely related to

the Dinka population

A. fibrosia likely went extinct because

the climate got too cold to survive because that mass drifted south

the lungfish

the closest living relative to amphibians

chimpanzees are

the closest living relatives to humans

a circled node represents

the common ancestor and a speciation event

how did a close relative of an African plant come to be living in the tropical pacific

the continents broke apart and the species' predecessor split into different populations

"the host and the parasite are always in this really intimate dance together"

the evolution of the host affects the evolution of the parasite and vice versa

the faster a virus reproduces

the more mutations occur

the more closely two snakes are,

the more similar their venoms tend to be

"the fittest" in an evolutionary sense

the most reproductively successful

A. afarensis

the oldest hominin on the timeline

gorillas are more distantly related to

the orangutan

sharks did not evolve from tetrapods, so

whales and sharks are not closely related

cophyly

when a parasite and host speciate together

convergent evolution

when two groups of organisms independently evolve similar adaptations

when do you have to rely on physical traits instead of DNA

when you're studying fossils

the rock layer at the top is the

youngest