Honor's Biology Cumulative Review

Simular bone structures suggest what?

A common ancestry

What is an emergent property?

A property that a system has but that its individual component parts do not have

The energy an organism requires to transport materials and eliminate waste is obtained directly from...?

ATP

What is not a principle of cell theory?

All organisms are made up of many cells.

What term best defines a bacteria that can survive without oxygen?

Anaerobic

In their early embryonic stages, a human embryo has a tail, and a whale embryo has limb buds for hind legs. But when they are born, the human does not have a tail and the whale does not have hind legs. What process in the cell cycle is responsible for these changes?

Apoptosis

What is a potentially renewable energy source?

Biomass

Glucose molecules are the building blocks of what class of marcomolecule?

Carbohydrates

How does carbon flow between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide from glucose generated by the process of photosynthesis.

Chromosomes can be described as..?

Coiled strands of genetic material

A drought leads to loss of much of the local vegetation. What measure would be best for preventing soil erosion?

Cover soil with stones or rocks

Before the genetic code could be understood, scientists needed to know that a codon is composed of three nucleotides. This situation is an example of the

Cumulative nature of scientific evidence.

Materials transported in a single-celled organism by the...?

Cytoplasm

How does the central dogma connect DNA, RNA, and proteins?

DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.

What type of selection most likely occurred in the rabbit population?

Disruptive

The removal of carbon dioxide and nitrogen wastes from an organism illustrates the life function known as..?

Excretion

Huntington's disease affects how the brain functions. Individuals who have this disease are not able to control the movement of their bodies. Additionally, they experience emotional problems and loss of cognitive ability. This disease is caused by a trinucleotide repeat involving CAG. How would you describe the protein that results from this mutation?

Expanded

The product of alcohol by yeast cells is the result of...?

Fermentation

What is the relationship between a food chain and trophic levels?

Food chains illustrate the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next.

Watermelons are exposed to a mutagen to produce a variety that has four sets of chromosomes. The new variety is then allowed to mate with a normal watermelon to produce seedless watermelons. What type of mutation is involved in the growing of seedless watermelon?

Gene duplication

What best describes how genes relate to traits?

Genes code for the production of specific proteins. These proteins lead to different traits.

An energy-rich organic compound need by organisms is...?

Glucose

What does the process of Photosynthesis produce?

Glucose

By examining the fin of a primitive fish, scientists have found similarities in bone structure to that of modern day reptiles, birds, and mammals. What type of evidence does this describe?

Homologous structures

What can be answered by Mendel's Law of Segregation?

How can a plant that is heterozygous for height (Tt) have both tall and short offspring?

Which term describes the resting phase of the cell cycle?

Interphase

How does deforestation affect climate change?

It increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

What has happened to Earth's human carrying capacity?

It is increasing due to improved technology and medicine

What does all matter have in common?

It is made up of atoms.

In photosynthesis, chlorophyll functions in changing..?

Light energy to chemical bond energy

In a scenario where the human population has exceeded Earth's carrying capacity, what kind of growth would the human population experience?

Logistic

The response of the body to lower body temperature is an example of..?

Maintaining Homeostasis

The convection currents responsible for moving tectonic plates in which Earth layer?

Mantle

What is the reproduction process of gametes?

Meiosis

What organelle does aerobic respiration occur?

Mitochondrion

Why is monitoring an important part of controlling invasive species?

Monitoring can identify new populations of invasive species while they are still small.

How do mutations lead to genetic variation?

Mutations produce random changes in an organism's DNA.

Which life process is classified as autotrophic in some organisms and heterotrophic in others?

Nutrition

Energy found in ATP molecules synthesized in animal cells comes directly from...?

Organic Molecules

Widowbirds are members of a bird species found in the southeastern part of Africa. The females have dull brown feathers and the males have black feathers, including tail feathers that measure an average of 41 centimeters long. Studies have shown that females prefer and choose to mate with males that have longer tails. What outcome can be expected to occur in this scenario?

Over time, there will be more males with tails longer than 41 centimeters.

How do the two photosystems work together to capture energy from sunlight?

Photosystem II absorbs energy from light, which energizes electrons. The electrons are passed along to photosystem I, which absorbs more energy and adds it to the electrons.

What geological era has been the longest?

Precambrian

How does the stability of an ecosystem depend on its producers?

Producers transfer energy from light to molecules that living things can eat.

What part of the replication process helps prevent the development of genetic disorders?

Proofreading completed DNA strands

What organic compound woild be best to analyze in order to determine if two species are closely related?

Proteins

Sexual reproduction in a species usually results in...?

Recombination of Genes

Wheatgrass is the young grass of the wheat plant, and it is used to feed livestock. What kind of resource is wheatgrass?

Renewable and biomass

Before a cell divides, an exact copy of each chromosome is made by the process of..?

Replication

What cell structure is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

What activitie would be the best way to reduce fossil fuel use?

Riding a bike to school

Replication is a critical process during the cell cycle. In which phase of the cell cycle does replication take place?

S, or synthesis

The similarity in homologous structures between different species is evidence that they

Share a common ancestor.

What factor would cause two specualized tissues that contain identical chromosomes to function differently?

Specific sections of DNA molecules in the chromosomes are activated

Two examples of carbohydrates are...?

Sugars and Starches

In which process are simple materials chemically combined to form more complex materials?

Synthesis

What knowledge did scientists gain based on the x-ray crystallograph taken by Rosalind Franklin?

The double-helix structure of DNA

A herd of zebras has 9 males and 62 females. During a one-year period, 22 foals that are born survive and 25 adults die. Six females join the herd. Three males and 11 females leave the herd. Has the ecosystem reached carrying capacity for the herd?

The ecosystem has reached its carrying capacity because the growth rate is negative.

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide. When you need more oxygen, how does the circulatory system respond?

The heart beats at a faster rate to match the rise in breathing rate.

Epidermolysis bullosa is a disease characterized by very delicate skin that easily blisters upon scratching or being exposed to the slightest friction. The disease is caused by a missense mutation. What describes the mutation that causes Epidermolysis bullosa?

The mutation is caused by a change in one of the amino acids.

Mendel's F1 generation of pea plants were heterozygous. What does this mean?

The plants had two different alleles for the same trait.

How do the properties of elements compare to the properties of the compounds they form?

The properties of the elements may differ from the properties of the compounds they form.

If the climate were to change in an environment, it is more likely that some individuals within a population will survive if

There is genetic variation within the population.

Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are ezactpy the same. This suggests that..?

These Species may have similar evolutionary histories

How do temperature and pH affect an enzyme that a chemical reaction depends on?

They can change the shape of the enzyme

A songbird has an equal chance of surviving at all stages of its life., which type of survivorship does the songbird exhibit?

Type II

A female salamander lays hundreds of eggs at a time. However, after hatching, few of the larvae survive to adulthood. Which type of survivorship does the salamander exhibit?

Type III

Astyanax mexicanus is a species of tetra fish that dwells in bodies of water deep inside caves. Even though they cannot see, these fish still have small, nonworking eyes. Their eyes are examples of what kind of structures?

Vestigial structures

A town is hoping to convert an old subsurface mining site into a regional park. What is one issue that the town must consider in order to ensure healthy biodiversity in the new park?

Water must be carefully monitored and treated for pollution

What is not an example of a point source pollution?

Water runoff from residential lawns

What would happen on a hot day if your brain did not receive input that your body was starting to heat up?

You would start to overheat.

A population of deer is displaced by a massive flood in their habitat following a severe rainstorm. The flood is an example of

a density-independent limiting factor.

An animal's stomach contains enzymes that break down food into smaller molecules that the animal's cells can use. Enzymes perform this function by:

decreasing the activation energy.

During which process is lactic acid formed when there is not enough oxygen present for cellular respiration to take place?

fermentation

Reproduction in humans usually requires..?

gametes with chromosomes that are not paired

Every single-celled organism is able to survive because it carries out...?

metabolic activities

A population of rodents is introduced on a remote island due to a shipwreck. Eventually, the population reaches the island's carrying capacity. At this point, the birth and death rates are

relatively equal.

In response to an increase blood glucose level, the human body will normally...?

release a hormone that lowers the blood glucose