HRLR 313 Midterm (****)

Qualitative uncertainties and External Numerical Flexibilities

Skill obsolescence Loss of social status

Qualitative Uncertainties and Functional Flexibilities

Skill obsolescence Work intensification Work-life balance deterioration

Craft Union Skills

Skilled, Transportable, Union-Controlled

How do we classify workers in 2020?

Some states codify existing labor court rulings into law (New Jersey) Some states pass stricter requirements to classify as employees (California) Some states exempt gig workers from employment law (Texas) Dept. of Labor supports exemption

Welfare Capitalism

Sought to win worker loyalty Increased efficiency by improving supervisory practices w/ orderly hiring/firing procedures provided wage incentives, protective insurance benefits, positive culture improved physical work environment/safety provided employee voice

What are the 3 shortcomings that led to the Wagner Act?

Specifying a certification procedure for establishing whether a majority of workers want union representation Defining illegal employer actions Creating an independent agency, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), to enforce the act

Employee Payment Procedure (Union)

Standard rates (conflict) standard rates (new deal) pay-for-knowledge, contingent pay (Participatory)

Welfare Work

Strategy by employer to avoid unions Created harmony between employers/workers thru family-like company spirit Enhanced welfare of workers, evolved into creation of personnel management function Switched employers from aggressively suppressing unions to avoiding thru less confrontational tactics

PATCO Strike (1981)

Strike by the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization to which Reagan responded by firing all controllers not back to work within 48 hours (Taft-Hartley Act) and were banned from federal employment for life; ban lifted by Clinton in 1993, severely decreased union membership

Law of capitalist division of labour (Braverman)

Subdivision of tasks increases managerial control over workers and deskills the labour force which alienates workers/depresses wages Service/knowledge economy not immune to deskilling (Uber)

Business Unionism

Suppression of militant/communist trade unionism Against wildcats Limits itself to wages/benefits of members Pattern bargaining

Danbury Hatters Case

Supreme Court decision in 1908 that ruled trade unions were subject to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and union members could be held personally responsible for money lost by a business during a strike.

Non-standard work contracts (Atypical)

TAW, fixed-term, part-time Middles between flexible/secure

Pattern bargaining

Takes place when unions negotiate provisions covering wages and other benefits similar to those already provided in other agreements existing within the industry or region; also known as parallel bargaining.

Job Security (Non-Union)

Temporary Work (paternalistic) Cyclical insecurity (bureaucratic) career development (HR management)

Poverty Rate in America as compared to other countries

Tends to be on the higher side of the scale

Ecological movements concerned w/

The Environment

Who started the conspiracy doctrine in labor relations?

The Philadelphia shoemakers

Industrial Relations School

The labor problem is believed to stem from unequal bargaining power between corporations and individual workers. Need to increase workers' bargaining power. Sees unions as important agents to counter corporate monopoly over bargaining power.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms to counter business cycle.

Pluralist Perspective

There's at least some conflict of interest between workers and employers that can't be solved thru unitarist management policies Employee voice is important

Benefits of Collective Agreements for Employers

Transaction costs of employment relationships reduced Wages taken out of competition - price cartel conflict resolution formalized/ordered limited for trade union interference (managerial prerogative) Limits for statutory interference (managerial prerogative) Agreements tailored to company, unlike laws solves collective action problems among employers

Efforts to revitalize unions

Union Cities Project: revitalization of Central Labor Councils Worker Centers Militants within unions (i.e., people with background in social movements) Closer relationships between labor and academics

Is the AFL a union federation or a labor union?

Union federation

Consequence of business unionism

Unions are no longer social movement, but get benefits from bargaining Public attention to labor movement in 1950 (focused on union corruption allegations)

General Union Skills

Unskilled

Job Security (Union)

Unstable (conflict) Seniority-based layoffs (new deal) Employment security (participatory)

Strongmen

Use of undemocratic/coercive methods to maintain position of power

Logic of U.S. up to 1930s

Very anti-union legal climate (e.g. conspiracies, legal injunctions, etc.) Property rights > Labor rights Intellectual foundations: Mainstream economics (unions are monopolies)

Size of Platform/On-Demand Economy

Very small

Craft Union Political Action

Voluntarism, "Free Collective Bargaining"

Transition to a service economy entails a trade-off between what?

Wage inequality (productivity = wages) and employment Could be solved w/ public sector expansion, but this comes with a cost.

The 1920s were characterized by _____

Welfare Capitalism

What were the Industrial Workers of the World called?

Wobblies

Qualitative Uncertainties and Wage Flexibilities

Work Intensification Work-life Balance Deterioration

Qualitative Uncertainties and Internal Numerical Flexibilities

Work intensification Work-life balance deterioration

Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932

Workers should be able to unionize to balance corporate power (decent wages/working conditions!) Seeks to remove courts from labor relations Forbids injunctions on strikes, payment of strike benefits, publicizing a dispute, peaceful picketing, and workers joining unions

Revolutionary Unionism tries to create

Working-class solidarity vs. solidarity by occupation Wants to overthrow capitalism Form "one big union"

Closed Shop

Workplace closed to everyone but union members, union controlled who became a member

Does the IWW still exist?

Yes, still helps organize Starbucks and JJ's

Does the Wagner Act establish exclusive representation?

Yes, uniquely to North America

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

a law enacted in 1933 to establish codes of fair practice for industries and to promote industrial growth Fair competition in each industry code - employees can now collectively bargain/organize and be free of interference, restraint, and coercion of employers

The Women's Emergency Brigade

a militant expression of the United Auto Workers (UAW) Women's Auxiliary movement, on 24 hour alert for picket duty, with red berets and armbands played key role in rest of strike, played a crucial role in a battle that enabled UAW members to seize control of the plant that produced all General Motors engines, "We will form a line around the men, and if the police want to fire then they'll just have to fire into us."

Social Democratic Model

a model of conflict management that advocates government intervention to regulate and manage capitalism in order to ensure both economic stability and justice. Focuses on earnings equality and employment growth

Stages of social movements

emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization (success/failure/cooptation/repression/go mainstream), decline

Employers only work w/ trade unions if...

forced to

Statutory Law

laws (statues) passed by legislatures Business law, labor law, employment law

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

legislation passed in 1930 that established very high tariffs. Its objective was to reduce imports and stimulate the domestic economy, but it resulted only in retaliatory tariffs by other nations

The Treaty of Detroit

nickname for a 1950 agreement between the United Auto Workers and GM where the two parties peacefully negotiated for health insurance, pension plans, COLAs. Chrysler and Ford followed suit thru pattern bargaining 5 yr contract Set the new standard that stability raises wages, not strikes

Fordism

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

Enterprise Union Security

"Enterprise Community"

Enterprise Union Structure

"Enterprise Community"

Union density of fast food

1%

Representation Gap

1/3 of nonunion workers want a union in workplace

First union convicted of being an illegal conspiracy when?

1806

When were labor injunctions applied to yellow dog contracts?

1900s

The New Deal

1932 - FDR Created active gov't role in guaranteeing welfare Security of pop, including federally mandated minimum wages + overtime premium

Wagner Act

1935 - Encouraged Unionization, enacted legal protections for workers, outlawed company unions

When was Wagner Act found constitutional?

1937 - Supreme Court ruling in NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1938 35 affiliated Industrial unions, growth thru the roof By end of decade, CIO unions became centralized (necessity w/ big corporations, grassroots initiatives pushed aside for leadership control, aggressive tactics such as sit-down strikes morphed into collective bargaining)

Taft-Harley Act

1947 Union certification less flexible, outlawed "closed shops", permits "right-to-work" laws

When did the AFL and CIO merge?

1955

Why is 1955 important for unions?

1st contested presidential elections w/in AFL-CIO John Sweeney eventually becomes president Important leaders such as Linda Chavez-Thompson come to forefront

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) U.S. Ranking of Inequality

4th Highest

Watershed GM sit-down strike - December 1936

6-week sit down strike Governor ordered Nat'l Guard in Flint to preserve peace GM agreed to recognize UAW, lead to unionization wave in auto industry

Theory of Industrialism (Tech Change)

Advanced industrial tech leads to higher skill levels/specialization, which leads to consensual employment relations Automation leads to higher skill levels/less alienation Optimistic Theory

When did GM Memorial Day Massacre occur?

After passage of Wagner Act

Why was SEIU able to grow in postwar?

Aggressive merger strategy In public sector: less aggressive campaigns against unions Sweeney had doubled dues to support increase in staff (from 20 to 200) New staff brought aggressive and innovative organizing techniques to SEIU SEIU more open and less aristocratic as union

Enterprise Union Skills

All skills - workplace-specific, employer-controlled

Digital Economy

An economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communication networks, computers, software, and other related information technologies; also called the Internet economy, the new economy, or the Web economy.

Employment at Will

Any employer can dismiss an employee at will w/o being legally in the wrong. Exceptions to this are protected classes in antidiscrimination laws.

High-Road vs. Low-Road

Are companies patient/impatient? Are workers seen as resource/cost? Are labor unions necessary to regulate competition between companies?

Gig economy - Independent Contractor perspective

Are their own bosses Flexibility to drive whatever hours they want Can drive for competitors like Lyft Can say no to trips, albeit to an extent

Engel's Law

As disposable income of a consumer increases, higher demand for manufactured goods

General Union Employment

At Will

The Great Strike Wave of 1945-46

At end of WWII, large strikes in auto, steel, coal, rail, oil refinement, longshoring, and meatpacking Wagner Act -> Taft-Harley Act of 1947

Push-button unionism

Automatic dues check-off system Business agents > organizers Servicing > mobilizing Grievances system

multiemployer bargaining

Bargaining that takes place when a union negotiates with more than one employer in an industry or region at a time.

Why is it hard to choose the high road as an HR specialist?

Because finance wants to constantly restructure!

Second New Deal, 1935

Began in 1935 after the midterm congressional elections in 1934 which further expanded Democratic majorities in Congress thus giving FDR a mandate to go further with the New Deal. Created Works Progress Administration which put over 3 million people to work paid by the government among many other programs. Most important legacies: Social Security & Wagner Act

Industrial Democracy

Belief that workers in a democratic society are entitled to the same democratic principles of participation in the workplace

General Union Work Organization

Bureaucracy job control + seniority

Industrial Union Work Organization

Bureaucracy, Negotiated flexibility

Enterprise Union Work Organization

Bureaucracy, autonomous working groups

What does employer strategy largely depend on?

Business strategy of company (Industry, Labor/capital input, Product/Service market competition, Size Corporate Governance, cf. Lazonick and O'Sullivan)

Requirements for HR Specialists

Business/analytical/planning skills Expertise in traditional labor relations activities and personnel/HR management activities Thorough understanding of business finance Ability to work as member of multidisciplinary team in implementing labor relations strategies/policies Skills in managing innovating labor-management organizational change efforts Expertise in web-based communications and service delivery

How did labor injunctions break strikes?

By turning public opinion away from strikers Draining the unions' financial and human resources thru legal proceedings Demoralizing strikes thru fear/confusion

Gig economy (Are they employees/independent contractors?)

Can be argued to be either! Do not yet know.

Self-employed work contract

Can be very secure or very flexible

Business Unionism accepts what?

Capitalism and need for employers to make a profit

Neoliberal Model

Capitalism could drive development through economic competition and free markets Emphasizes removal of barriers to the movement of goods, services, and capital Earnings inequality accepted Growth of low-wage services

Institutions that Empower Trade Unions

Certification Procedures Regulation of Industrial Action Extension Mechanisms Ghent-systems

Explanations of union membership decline

Changes in demographics, occupations, & industries Changes in workforce values Substantive employment law substitutes for unions Movement by employers toward union avoidance + resistance Limitations of union structure + internal loss Faster employment in southern states Young workers less likely to unionize Representation Gap

What outlawed discriminatory practices by employers/unions?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Core features of social movement unions

Collective of workers and allies Change-oriented Some degree of organization Target Extra-institutional tactics Collective identity, solidarity Leadership Some sustainability

Worker-manager relations (unions)

Combative (conflict) Arms-Length (New Deal) Participatory (Overlapping roles)

Platform/Gig economy

Common in high-tech industries, with a corporation headquartered in the United States but most of the work on its products done overseas. Effective hourly wage under federal minimum wage Supplemental part-time income (40% of Uber drivers remain active a year after taking their first trip) No benefits linked to economic activity

Gig economy - Employee perspective

Company hires and fires (activates/deactivates) the drivers Company sets their fares Takes 20% commission from fares Gives drivers weekly ratings Orders them not to ask for tips

From workers' perspective, what is a labor union?

Concerns collective work-related protection, influence, and voice

Labor movements work for

Control of the workplace

Due Process

Core standards of legal treatment, such as right to fair trial and to hear and present evidence

Injunction

Court order requiring individual/organization to stop a proposed/current action on the belief that the action would case irreparable harm/damage (e.g. order to prevent picketing in 1800s) Frequently issued to stop/limit picketing during strikes Temp restraining orders/injunctions issued by judges w/o full hearings

What happens if we decide gig economy workers are employees?

Covered by minimum wage, overtime, anti-discrimination laws Uber would need to make contributions to Social Security, Medicare, workers' compensation, unemployment insurance Unionization

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Created by President Roosevelt with a tripartite structure Built to resolve labor disputes to keep war production moving - give up right to strike for job security Created fringe benefits (Holiday pay, shift differentials, health insurance around wage controls) Unwittingly drew women into factory work

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Created in 1886 - 25 National Unions Sometimes coordinated bargaining/strikes when multiple unions involved Provided financial aid to striking unions

Conspiracy

Crime for 2+ individuals to plot to derive someone else of their rights/property

Industry 4.0

Current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies

As manufacturing employment increases, manufacturing industrial production what?

Decreases.

Work Organization (Union)

Detailed classifications (Conflict) Detailed classifications (New Deal) Teams (Participatory)

Open Shop Movement

Drive by employers and employers' associations in early 1900s to create/maintain union-free workplaces Thoroughly nonunion operation of employees selected by employer Portrayed ideology of individual freedom (unions violate individual liberties, etc.) Renamed "The American Plan" in 1920s

Three Objectives for Employment Relationship

Efficiency Equity Voice

Goals of IWW

Emphasizes complete harmony of interests of all wage wages as against the representatives Seeks to unite skilled/unskilled Direct Action vs. signed contracts

What is essential for Industrial Democracy?

Employee Voice

Voice

Employees have meaningful input e.g. employee participation, autonomy, unions

Core of the Wagner Act

Employees shall have the right to self-organization. They may bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. They may engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.

Why were elections contested in 1955?

Employer and government assault on union Social contract no longer existed Members felt they had little to loose by not voting for traditional leadership Sweeney had shown that the SEIU was able to grow in membership during postwar

Precarious work

Employment that is uncertain, unpredictable, and risky from the point of view of the worker

Industrial Union Structure

Encompassing "class-based"

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Established by the Wagner Act to enforce its provisions Independent fed agency Conducts rep elections and adjudicating unfair labor practices Made up of general counsel's office and 5-member board of presidential appointees If individual believes unfair labor practice has occurred, can file w/ NLRB regional office - if merit in charge found, hearing before administrative law judge - violators can be order to cease/desist from illegal activities

Important Activity of AFL Unions

Establishing/maintaining job standards thru work rules Control over decision making seen as necessary to promote human dignity

Complaint Procedure (Union)

Excessive Delays (Conflict) Grievance System (New Deal) Continuous Problem Solving (Participatory)

AFL unions guided by principle of ____

Exclusive Jurisdiction

Industrial Union Labor Market

External - occupational and internal

Craft Union Labor Market

External, Occupational

Equity

Fairness in the distribution of economic rewards, administration of employment policies, provision of employment security e.g. dismiss employees only for valid reasons, benefit packages, decent wages

Informal Sector work contract

Flexible > Secure

Christian Democratic Model

Focuses on fiscal discipline and earnings equality

Mainstream Economics School

Focuses on the economic activity of self-interested agents, such as firms and workers, who interact in competitive markets Sees unions as interfering agents w/ free-market model

Memphis Sanitation Strike

For two months 1,000 black sanitation workers went on strike and demanded not only improved wages and working conditions, but also civil rights and respect. Signs read "I am a man."

Labor Union

Group of workers who join together to influence the nature of their employment

Relationship between prices, wages and demand under Fordism

Growing incomes leads to higher demand for manufactured goods (Engel's Law), which leads to lower prices of manufactured goods and higher demand. Eventually leads to Growing Incomes Positive link between productivity, demand and employment in manufacturing

Relationship between prices, wages and demand under Service Economy

Growing incomes leads to saturated manufacturing market (quality > quantity) which leads to lower prices of manufactured goods, so there's less demand which stagnates employment due to productivity increases. Eventually leads to transition to service work Negative link between productivity, demand and employment in manufacturing

Strategies for recalibration of flex/security

Have courts and NLRB rule that drivers are employees State legislation stipulating that they are employees (California) Have states and cities give Uber drivers collective bargaining rights as independent contractors (Seattle) Try to create a system of portable benefits

Work-manager relations (non-union)

Hierarchical + personal (paternalistic) Hierarchical (bureaucratic) Individual (HR Management)

Rise of shareholder value maximization

Holding management accountable to shareholders Shareholders react to 'bad management' + inflated companies Corporate restructuring resulting from companies being bought/sold on the market - efficiency in market of corporations Goes from "retain/reinvest" to "downsize/distribute"

Why is the labor problem such a big problem?

Human Perspective (people should have better lives than that) Economic Perspective (people should be able to afford decent living, etc.) Business Perspective (Keep employees loyal - raise wages to reduce turnover, make sure employees can buy business's product!)

How do politics affect the economy?

If tech change, there's skill gaps - might need intervention Floor under wages = Some jobs not created, so what other jobs can be? Training regimes Taxation

AFL and its affiliated unions emphasized what?

Immediate improvements in basic employment condition (wages, hours, working conditions)

IWW view on short-term improvements

Important for bettering workers for advancing alrger struggle against capitalists

Industrial Union Skills

Includes all skills - partly workplace specific, contested control

General Union Structure

Incompletely Encompassing

How to get out of the Trilemma

Increased productivity in services equals higher wages/less inequality/more tax revenue Traded services Technological change

Fast Food Franchising Structure

Increasing degree of fragmentation

Standard work contract

Indefinite, full-time Secure > Flexible

Individual attempts to influence wages/working conditions are consistent with what?

Individual freedom

Rules Management Style (Union)

Inflexible/aggressive (conflict) Formal/adversarial (new deal) Flexible/involvement (particapatory)

Rules Management Style (Nonunion)

Informal Managerial Discretion (Paternalistic) Formal, Rule-bound (Bureaucratic) Flexible, Strong Corporate Culture (HR Management)

Institutions that Requires Worker Voice

Information Consultation Co-Determination

Enterprise Union Labor Market

Internal

When did U.S. union density in private sector peak, and how much?

It peaked at 35% in the mid-1950s

Craft Union Work Organization

Job Control

Craft Union Employment

Job-by-job

Critical (Marxist) Industrial Relations School

Labor Problem stems from ruling class over means of production. Need to restructure capitalism w/ help of strong, militant unions, as collective bargaining isn't adequate. Sees unions as important but inadequate.

Unitarist

Labor as a managerial problem, interests of employers and employees can be aligned (HR/OB)

Principles of the Wagner Act

Labor is more than a commodity Labor and mgmt are not economic or legal equals.

bureaucrat

Labor leaders were older men who wore suits

HR Management School

Labor problems result from poor management, so need to align management skills w/ interests of workers and firms Sees unions as unnecessary; healthy companies shouldn't have unions, only company unions (which aren't independent)

Labour Market Segmentation (Piore, Rubery & Edwards)

Labour market divided into segments of good/bad jobs and there's virtually no mobility between the two segments Skill-biased technological change erodes the need for certain occupations through automation and/digitization

IWW biggest victory

Lawrence, MA. textile workers strike - 1912 Workers all walked out after wage reduction >3 days 20,000 workers on strike

Common law

Laws based on custom and judicial precedent Conspiracy, Contract, Injunction, Due Process

Employment Law

Laws written to establish minimum standards for the individual employment relationship (e.g. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Occupational Safety + Health Act 1970, FMLA 1993)

Business Law

Laws written to govern business activities (Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to prevent monopolies)

Labor Law

Laws written to govern collective employment relationship (unions/union activity) E.g. Wagner Act 1935

Industrial Union Security

Legal + political institutionalization

Grievances System

Legalistic procedures away from shop floor

Contract

Legally binding/enforceable agreement between 2 parties governed by common law

Fast Food Franchisees

Legally independent, but strong control from corporate

What job type has highest percentage of hourly paid workers at or below federal minimum wage?

Leisure/hospitality

Enterprise Union Employment

Lifetime

General Union Political Action

Limited due to voluntaristic tradition

The Labor Problem

Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions, insecurity, managerial dictatorship, workers as machines Extreme job specialization (no ownership in work, division of labor renders people "stupid/ignorant"

Quantitative Uncertainties and Wage Flexibilities

Loss of income

Quantitative Uncertainties and Internal Numerical Flexibilities

Loss of income Loss of benefits

Quantitative uncertainties and External Numerical Flexibilities

Loss of income Loss of benefits Loss of job's protection

Quantitative Uncertainties and Functional Flexibilities

Loss of income Loss of job protection

Work Organization (Nonunion)

Low skill (Paternalistic) Detailed Classifications (Bureaucratic) Teams (HR Management)

General Union Labor Market

Mainly External, general

4 Schools of Thought About Employment Relationship

Mainstream Economics School HR Management School The Industrial Relations School The Critical Industrial Relations School

Major Sector Productivity vs. Real Wages of Goods-Producing Workers

Major Sector Productivity much higher than real wages

Stages of Labor Movements

Market-enhancement, Counter-mobilization/revitalization, state-backed institutionalization, institutionalized governance, deregulation/competition & Tech change, REPEAT

Unions

Massive bureaucratic systems w/ huge financial resources

End of postwar social contract stemmed from

Massive contract concession

employment protection vs. stock market capitalization

More employment protection = less stock market capitalization

Fast Food Industry Franchising Rank

Most highly franchised industry in U.S.

Union density now vs. past

Much less union density than there used to be!

Problems with NIRA

National Labor Board created to help settle disputes, but had no specific enforcement powers - ineffective Employers established fake unions to "comply" w/o recognizing independent unions

Skill-Biased Technological Change (SBTC)

New Technological Requires Certain General Skills Technology Changes Relative Demand for Skill Sets (college degrees for computer skills rewarded, physical labor punished) Interacts w/ Off-Shoring

Do all employer preferences favor no unions?

No, some favor unions - can help employers collectively by taking wages out of competition, thus passing on higher labor costs to consumers

Complaint Procedure (nonunion)

None (Paternalistic) Written policies (Bureaucratic) Ombudsman (HR Management)

Enterprise Union Political Action

Nonpolitical

Exclusive jurisdiction

Only 1 union per craft AFL resolved jurisdictional disputes

Property Rights

Optimal for achieving efficiency (right of worker to quit job, no union needed!)

Fast Food Campaign

Origin: NYC/Chicago Role of SEIU/community organizations Demand $15 hr/unionization w/o retaliation Uses minority unionism, geographically coordinated 1-day strikes, workers fly in from other cities Class action lawsuits against corporations to target franchisor as joint employer Coalition builder w/ other groups such as BLM Helped elevate debate about inequality and raise min. wage in several states

Craft Union Structure

Particularistic, Fragmented by Trade

How would gig economy employment be described in the service economy?

Patchwork at best

Union density

Percentage of workers who are union members

Employee Payment Procedure (Nonunion)

Piece rates (Paternalistic) Job Evaluation (Bureaucratic) Pay-for-skills, performance-based pay (HR Management)

Democratic movements work for

Political Rights

Industrial Union Political Action

Political and Industrial action in different combinations, tripartism

General Union Security

Post-entry closed shop

Hard Work (Book by Fantasia and Voss)

Postwar bureaucratization of the labor relations system and De-radicalization (e.g., loyalty oaths) At the same time: powerful and large unions Dominant positions in U.S. economy (e.g., automobile, steel) Workers occupying critical nodes (miners, truck drivers) Trade away militant solidarity and radical political language for social legitimacy and institutional standing

Sources of labor movement turbulence

Postwar civil rights movement Economy

Only when trade unions have enough what will employers engage?

Power Also depends on what kind of power union has

Craft Union Security

Pre-entry closed shop

Private sector union density vs. public sector union density (2008)

Private < Public

Private sector union density vs. public sector union density (1950)

Private > Public

Efficiency

Productive, profit-maximizing use of labor to promote economic prosperity e.g. workplace policies that promote flexibility, productivity

Baumol's Disease

Productivity in services tends to increase at a lower rate, if at all, than in the production of goods Assuming equal wage developments across sectors, unit labor costs must then increase faster in the production of services than in the economy as a whole

Downsize and distribute

Profits used for shareholder dividends Short-term perspective External labor markets/poaching Downsizing/outsourcing Focus on Core Business and LEAN Shareholder view: Shareholders and financial markets

Retain and reinvest

Profits used on corporate growth Long-term perspective Internal labor markets/promotions Retention of Personnel Focus on diversification in other markets Stakeholder view: Owners, managers, workers, local economy

Yellow Dog Contract

Promise by a worker not to join/support a union Refusal to agree to such conditions meant either termination/not being hired Union's attempt to organize employees could result in injunction Union ignore = penalties for contempt of court

Before the New Deal in the 1930s, legal doctrine favored what?

Property rights + individual liberty

Legal rules and court decisions try to balance what?

Property rights and labor rights

Industrial Union Employment

Protected

Collective Bargaining

Reps of employer + employees negotiate terms/conditions of employment that will apply to employees (compensation, employee rights + responsibilities, etc.)

How did craft unions want to control standards of their crafts?

Restricting entry to skilled workers to maintain high wage levels Having workers > employers determine all aspects of work to maintain worker dignity

Creating shareholder value

Retain/reinvest Downsize/distribute

What kind of unionism did IWW promote?

Revolutionary Unionism

Intangibles such as the _______ are also part of an employer's property rights

Right to do Business

Theory of post-industrialism (knowledge economy)

Rise of services + knowledge economy leads to higher skills/tertiary ed needed R/D replaces production jobs in advanced capitalist countries Optimistic Theory

First president of AFL

Samuel Gompers

What section of the Wagner Act prohibits employers from interfering, restraining, or coercing employees?

Section 8 (a)(1) Only unfair labor practice technically necessary to enforce Wagner Act Also establishes that it's an unfair labor practice for employer to refuse to bargain w/ certified majority union

Industrial unionism

Seeks to organize all the workers in workplace/industry Significant force in mid-1930s

Craft Unionism

Seeks to win labor's fair share of profits thru collective bargaining backed up by threat of striking Unions divided along craft line by occupation/trade Hostile toward unskilled labor/represented only skilled labor Excluded minority/immigrant/female workers

As agriculture decreases, what increases?

Services

How is high skill work solved by collective action?

Sets wage ceiling so predatory wage premium does occur and only a few companies can afford employees w/ desired skill set

How is low skill work solved by collective action?

Sets wage floors so predatory wage dumping doesn't occur and jobs/labor productivity doesn't become too low

Non-standard work contract (Very Atypical)

Short fixed-term Short part-time No contract Zero hours/on call More flexible than secure