HSDA 3240 ABUSE MIDTERM CH. 1-6 (NEW)*
family violence
"the intentional intimidation, physical and/or sexual abuse, or battering of children, adults, or elders by a family member, intimate partner, or care taker
Biting in children
- Common for children to bite each other - Bites without other children around, in combination with other injuries, or is in suspicious regions (genitals, buttocks etc.) is highly suspicious
Outcomes of neglect vs other forms of child maltreatment
- Neglect is associated with worse outcomes
human rights perspectives
- a priveledge granted by those in power to the less powerful - human rights are inherent in being human - entitlements that every human being has - connection between violence in the home and international peace -corporal punishment is a violation of the child's human rights (UN)
• adaptability and cohesion
- low adaptability and low cohesion; not flexible and not open o affectionless control
feminist theory
- patriarchy -power -prestige the more you can think of someone as less powerful/ less worthy, dehumanize them= more likely that they will become victimized and abused
attachment theory
- secure attachment -insecure attachment a theory about how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives
Clinical Assessment -what does this abuse include? -What is self neglect?
-Abuse can be failure to give meds,food, be bed/chair bound etc. -Also abuser can get money and spend it on their own stuff. -Financial,physical, neglect, and emotional abuse. -Self neglect- failure to provide him or her self.
Elderly ABUSE What is it? Whos at risk? Why is a elderly less likely to report it and what is the fear?
-Abuse of an older individual includes withholding medical treatment and is often done by relative or care giver. -Higher in women and elderly with chronic illness. -Less likely to report it because it involves a family member and they have fear that they might loose support.
Intimate partner violence psychological abuse Physical abuse Who's most likely to get abused?
-Abuse with in partners of intimate relationships.(physical,psy,emotional, sexual or combination). -Psychological abuse(emotional abuse)-VERBAL abuse includes making treats name calling and refusing to talk. -Physical abuse:mild to severe (shoveling to rape) 90% are women who are abused.
Cultural considerations.
-Although domestic violence can occur to ANYBODY. -Immigrant women are at high risk for Violence(new, fear immigration problems, economic and language barriers).
CHILD ABUSE What is its? -Which is the highest form? -Which incest is highest? -Sexual abuse high in?
-Any form of neglect to a child. -Highest form of abuse is neglect. -Highest is father daughter incest. -Women are are abused(sexually)-1/3 as children
Concerning children in school environment what is the major concern?
-Bullying.
FAMILY ABUSE What is it?
-Considers violence within the member of family. -Violence is tolerated that would not be tolerated by a strangers.
Intergeneration Transmission Process
-Idea that abuse is a learn behavior that is passed on by parents to children. -Children that abusive behavior are more likely to is learned pattern of behavior.
Neglected
-Ignorant withholding of physical, emotional(psy), or education necessities to children. -Disrigarred to children at any level including abandoment
-heterosexual, homosexual, and lesbian abuse?
-Less in lesbian abuse -hetero and homo sexual same rate. -Homosexual got that sodomy(anal intercourse) that is a crime in some states.
Types of child abuse
-Mild(punishing) to severe(burning,cutting) -Often occur for no reason behind it due to child crying.
How do victims of sexual abuse suffer?
-Often times they suffer in violence.
Treatment and prevention -What is some one that involving the caregiver help resolve the situation. -When is the removal of elderly necessary?
-Relieving care give stress and providing resources can help resolve the situation. -when the caregiver wants to exploid for finical resources .
Clinical picture
-Seen mostly as husband abusing wife. -Abuser has low self esteem is jealousy and will be threatened by any sign of independence by the partner that will lead to abusive behavior and eventually boost his self esteem. -Women also have low self-esteem and don't want to leave husband because they are dependent on them and feel as if they cant function in society. -also FEAR is a huge reason women don't leaver their abusive partner.
What is one characteristic of family abuse? What does the abuser convey?
-Social withdraw (keep to themselves and don't invite other people) -Power both social and economic power. Doesn't allow the partner to be independent which often leads to violence.
Is alcohol the problem?
-Violent abusers abuse alcohol which leads to worsting of violence. -An abuser gets more violent with alcohol -40% of rape occurs using alcohol.
emotional abuse
-abuser: belittles, criticizes, insults, undermines -victim: psychologically devastated and believes words
control through economic abuse
-abuser: controls money, makes victim account for all spent, calls at work excessively, refuses to share -victim: dependency, depression, loses job due to abuser, secret drug abuse
denial and blame
-abuser: denies it occurs, shifts responsibility to victim -victim: believes if she doesn't do anything wrong it won't occur.
control through isolation
-abuser: limits family, friends, stalks, takes everywhere -victim: loses sight of personal boundaries for self and kids, unable to blame without supportive network.
control through power
-abuser: makes all decisions, treats as servant -victim: loses sense of self, defines in terms of partner/children/job.
Treatment and interventions
-arresting the abuser tend to decrease short termviolence but increase long term violence. -Restrain order(protection orders)- can help but can only do so much abuser can violate it and civil orders more effective. -Even when the relationship has ended stoking is a HUGE issue. -Very severe can lead the patient PT SD.
suspected IPV assessment
-complete physical history -x-rays -neurological exam -rape evaluation -seen alone, without partner
legal/ criminal perspectives
-criminal act -punishment -deterrence -variation by state -english common law - marital rape exemptions
systems theories
-dynamics of relationship - multi-directional influences - complexity of interactions Theories of development holding that changes over the life span arise from the ongoing interrelationships between a changing organism and a changing environment, both of which are part of a larger, dynamic system.
tension-building phase: abuser
-edgy with minor explosions -verbally abusive -minor hitting, slapping, and other incidents begin
tension-building phase: victim
-feels tense and afraid (walking on eggshells) -feels helpless -becomes complaint and accepts blame
why they stay
-financial -no support system after isolation -think can't survive without partner -loss of psychological energy needed to leave -believe batterer in omniscient -deserve beatings-did wrong -can control beatings by behaving -kids -positively reinforced in honeymoon phase
questions that reveal
-have you been hit or otherwise hurt by someone within the past year? if so by who? -do you feel safe at home, in current relationship? -is there a partner from a previous relationship making you feel unsafe now?
biological theories
-head injuries -psychophysiological processes -neurochemistry -metabolism/endocrinology -genetic factors- probabilistic not deterministic -often a complex interaction of factors mediated by the evironment abnormal behavior is similar to physical diseases and is caused by the breakdown of systems in the body
cycle
-increases in intensity and escalates without provocation
social information processing theories
-judgements, attributions, meaning making behavior - limited response -social learning theories -rewards and punishments -role modeling - learned behaviors -intergenerational transmisson through social learning relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain information about each other and use that information to form impressions. (EX: cannot get to know someone without gaining information about them)
honeymoon phase: abuser
-loving behavior (gifts, flowers) -contrite, sorry, makes promises to change
info
-majority are women (25-37%) -50-60% during pregnancy -leading cause of female injury-related deaths and -homicide during pregnancy -70% deaths women. 30% men -leading cause of female homelessness -93% of women who kill partner were battered
teen dating violence
-men and women equally in teens -25-33% abused (including verbal) -1 in 11 physical
stress theory
-number, type, intensity of psychosocial stressors - correlational not causal -blames family violence on the lack of personal resources (money, intelligence, etc) and social support (support from family and friends) in dealing with a stressful life
sociocultural theories
-peer and broader context cultural/ societal influences - experience of African American women socialization of violenece, masculinity, culture, "tough guy" Theories based on environmental influences such as the economic system, cultural values, and the politics of the time.
Which type of rape occur mostly? At what age do 80% of rape cases occur? -Who's most likely to commit rape?
-stranger perpetrated 43%. -Females less than 20. -males between 25-44 years old.
serious battering phase
-tension becomes unbearable -victim may provoke incident to get it over with -victim may try to cover up injury or look for help
honeymoon phase: victim
-trusting -hoping for change -wants to believe promises
Rape and Sexual assult What is rape? Rape can occur between? What is date rape? Where do date rape occur mostly? What substance increases the chances of rape?
-violence and humiliation of the victom expressed through sexual means.(against will) -ANY one -date rape(acquaintance rape) is when rape occurs first date, ride home, when people known each other for a long time. -colleges or universities. -alcohol
How many children dies each year from abusive injuries?
1-2,000
SAFE questions
1-Stress/Safely: do you fell stress/safe with your partner?should I be concerned about your safety? 2-Afraid/abuse:How you been afraid or abused? 3-Friends and family-Do your freind/famm know about the abuse?,can you tell tem and will they be there to support you? 4-Emergency Plan- do you have safe place to go, need a shelter and need to talk to a social worker?
Cycle of abuse 3
1-Tension building 2-Violent behavior 3-Period of remorse and contribution(honey moon phase) -As time goes one the bevior gets worse
3 common findings of skin trauma
1. Bruises 2. Burns 3. Bites
Less likely body areas for toddlers to have accidental, exploratory bruises
1. Buttocks 2. Back of leg 3. Upper back etc.
Common body areas of toddlers to have accidental, exploratory bruises
1. Forehead 2. Forearms 3. Shins
Characteristics of neglectful parents
1. Maternal depression/ psychoses 2. Intellectual impairment 3. Substance abuse 4. Social isolation 5. Domestic abuse
3 big forms of child neglect
1. Physical neglect 2. Educational neglect 3. Emotional neglect
Main reasons children delay or never disclose sexual abuse
1. Psychological manipulation 2. Shame and guilt 3. Fear family will fall apart 4. Dissociation 5. Young children who have been manipulated may not realize it is wrong
Three basic categories of child physical abuse
1. Skin trauma 2. Abusive head trauma 3. Fractures
Risk factors for abuse/neglect in parent/caregiver
1. Unrealistic expectations for child's developmental ability 2. Substance abuse/ mental health disorder 3. Environmental stress eg. job loss, marriage etc 4. Domestic violence 5. History of abuse in own childhood
Risk factors for abuse/neglect in child
1. children 0-5 most likely to be abused/neglected 2. Boys more likely to be physically abused 3. Girls 3x more likely to be sexually abused 4. Medical conditions that predispose a child to abuse: ADHD, physical/mental disability, speech & hearing problems 5. Age-specific behavior
methods of abuse
1. power 2. control 3. coercison
Sexual abuse affects about _____ children each year in US
100,000
In 2011, _____ confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in Iowa
12,595
Child abuse/ homicide is the _____-leading cause of death for children 1-4
4th
Number of confirmed CPS child abuse cases each year in US
700-800,000
Clinical Picture- Child abuse
Abuser/s often have unmet needs and take out their frustration(financial and social) problems on children -Could be a perceptual cycle that is passed on from one generation to another
secure attachment
Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
Neglect
More children die from ______ than other form of child maltreatment _____ comprises majority of child maltreatment. Most common form of child maltreatment
sexual abuse in men vs. women
They found that 17% of women (roughly 1 in 6) and 8% of men (roughly 1 in 12) have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Clearly, childhood sexual abuse is a serious and widespread social problem.
More inclusive definition of child neglect
When children's basic needs are not adequately met
control through intimidation
abuser: instills fear, threats, breaks things, increasing abuse victim: constant fear and terror, suicide or murder possible
family environments associated with child physical abuse
adaptability & cohesion, problematic parenting behaviors, conflict, verbal aggressiveness
insecure attachment
attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence
expectation of victimization
children begin to develop expectations that they are going to be victimized- put themselves in situations and act a certain way where it will be more likely for them to be victimized; have come to accept that this will happen to them no matter what
family environments associated with child sexual abuse
cohesion, adaptability, family isolation, parental absences, boundary violation/role confusion/role reversal
medical perspective
define domestic and family violence as "pervasive public health problem" - gun violence, violence against women and children
"damaged goods" effect
due to stigma: they know they have been treated badly and they think that because these bad things happened to them, they are now damaged goods and are not worth anything anymore o our own self-image usually holds us back from involving ourselves with bad bejavior but abused children think that their self image is already damaged so they don't care about what behaviors they engage in
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- cohesion
is low; weak emotional bond between family members; lack of concern for the welfare of the family members o very dangerous to not care a whole lot about each other; it's just waiting to explode later on
Chapter 1: Issues in the Definition of Family Violence and Abuse
it is difficult to define family violence and abuse
ecological theories of abuse
neighborhood variables emphasize the interrelation of the actions of ancient people and their environment; civilizations developed as centralized governments began to control irrigation systems, trade networks, or scarce resources
conflict
o a lot of negative emotion and negative energy within the family
3 categories of abusive family processes
o child maltreatment o marital/intimate partner violence o elder abuse
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- family isolation
o don't have a lot of people focusing on you and your actions so you are free to act as you please without judgment; no surveillance; a family environment with no close ties do not have anyone stopping by and checking on them
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- boundary violation/role confusion/role reversal
o happens in families where roles get confused o younger child will often enter into these practices by the older adults trying to cultivate special relationships and making it seem like normal even though they are being victimized o family conflict are pretty high in these environments; not very good relationships within the family
parental verbal aggressiveness
o if they are willing to attack the self-concept of the child verbally, they are most likely willing to be physically aggressive—a real risk factor of physical abuse o an argumentation skill deficit; their own incompetence in handling problems through communication
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- parental absence
o no parental supervision so the young adults in the family can do as they please when home by themselves
• problematic parenting behaviors
o parents not handling the problems with their kids in the most effective ways o they get frustrated with their own kids even though they are really just frustrated with themselves because their parenting techniques are not working but they take out these frustrations on their children through violence
How sure do you have to be to mandate report?
only 51% sure
ecological model (environmental context)
ontogenetic - individual developmental level, genetics, biology microsystems- between systems ecosystems- larger systems macrosystems- cultural, society, political, neighborhood
family environments associated with child sexual abuse- adaptability
sometimes you'll see very high adaptability where the family roles get all mixed up o most abuse cases happen when there is low cohesion and low adaptability
accumulative effect of abuse and delinquent behavior
the more forms of abused they were in contact with, the higher the percentage that they would engage in delinquent behavior
definitional issues
the perspectives of: - effect/harm - motivations - commissions and/ or omissions - endangerment/ risk - frequency - duration - situational variables - definitions are ambiguous and require operationalizaton - objectivity or judgement
socialized into subservient role
twisted form of self-identity; internalize being someone else's servant and always have to please people that make them the victim
how common is family violence/abuse?
• Annual rate of intimate partner violent victimization is 5 per 1000 for women and .5 per 1000 for men • Some kind of violence transpired between spouses in the past year in 16% of households • Men experience intimate partner physical assault as frequently as women do • 25% of all couples report at least one act of physical violence at some point in their marriage • 10.1 per 1000 children were maltreated in 2009 • 11% of all females and 4% of all males age 15 or over have been victims of severe sexual abuse • these are fairly common phenomenon even though we would hope that this wouldn't be the case
intergenerational transmission of abuse
• abusive behaviors toward a child are modeled by parents • 20-30% of abused children become abusive parents • most abused children do not abuse their own children • 5% of parents in the general population abuse their children • a history of abuse creates a 6X increase in rates of parent-child abuse
the revictimization effect
• history of childhood sexual abuse= higher risk of subsequent abuse by other gamily members • =higher risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault in adulthood • unconsciously "seek out" abusive relationships because it is familiar and they are used to those types of relationships • people usually end up in abusive relationships if they were abused as a child because they are attracted to the familiarity of those relationships
association between marital violence and physical child abuse
• husband-wife violence leads—parent-child violence • adults who abuse their spouses often abuse their children • physical aggression toward wives—authortarian, controlling, negative behaviors toward children • risk factors for spouse and child abuse are the same (Age, race, income, poverty, family size, isolation, verbal aggression, etc.)
interaction behaviors in violent marriages
• negativity in their interactions; belligerence, criticism, contempt, putting each other down • husband and wife roles: husbands tend to be initiators of violence and wives are more reactors of violence o husbands violence is also harder to stop than wives • verbal aggression is higher
intergenerational transmission of spouse violence
• norm of violence in the family • small significant association between growing up in violent homes and perpetrating spousal abuse • modeling effect stronger for males • victims effect- stronger for females • witness spousal violence leads to positive attitudes towards marital violence • intergenerational effects are evident before marriage • parental verbal aggressiveness leads to young adult intimate partner violence; victimization and perpetration
sexual abuse, family violence, and female delinquency
• studied 141 mother-daughter pairs in the late 1990s in Tucson • recruited abused women and children o 39% of the girls witnessed marital violence o 31% had been victims of sexual abuse o 54% of the girls reported at least 1 nonviolent offence o of the three types of abuse (witness marital violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse) sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of delinquent behavior-motivating them to get in trouble with all kinds of things that are not good for them o the psychological damage is bad enough but it also acts as a motivator for bad behavior
