HSS127 Post Midterm
what was the stance on lynching in 1910?1
"gov can't do anything about it" makes blacks want to get out of south and move north
Unamious Consent
"pass this unless someone says no" "i do not agree with moving this to unanimous consent"
contiguous
(adj.) side by side, touching
Civil disobedience in 1960s?
- A peaceful, well-publicized violation of a law designed to dramatize that law's injustice. - Had an effect, but still met strong opposition in South. Little desegregation took place there.
what are three requirements that NJ state legislative districts must meet?
- Districts must be contiguous - Districts "must be as nearly compact as possible." - Municipalities "must be kept intact, except where otherwise required by law."
examples of people in extended party network
- Gov workers - specific/special interests - lobbying - media - think tanks
examples of conservative think tanks
- Heritage Institute - Brookings Institution - American Enterprise Institute
examples of liberal think tanks
- Human Rights Watch - Guttmacher Institute - Center for American Progress
examples of independent think tanks
- Kaiser Family Foundation - Council on Foreign Relations - Rand Corporation
why are there three branches of government
- So one part does not become too powerful / checks & balances system - can work together but also independently from each other.
two facts about harlem renaissance
- Southern black musicians brought jazz - The area soon became a literary and artistic center alot of revolutionary work is done!
how are the 13 members of the NJ congressional redistricting commission decided?
- The majority and minority leaders of each chamber of the New Jersey State Legislature appoint two commissioners a piece (8 members). (Majority/Minority in NJ House/Senate) - The chairs of the state's two major political parties each appoint two members to the commission (4members). Commissioners appointed by the political parties cannot be members of Congress or congressional employees. - The first 12 commissioners appoint the last member.
key advances for women during 1900-1940s
- Women begin to be able to "own" property and their own wages around the turn of the century - Army and Navy nurse corp (WWII) - WWI has similar temps - Birth control science advances and politics follow - 1920 - 19th Amendment makes denying the vote by sex unconstitutional. - Women in the work place a mixed bag - "win" 10 hour work day, "lose" night shifts unless entertainers/bathroom attendants, "win" lower, but then established minimum wages
red cross significance
- black people first turned away (if i take black blood will i become more black?) - eventually allowed segregated donation and use (black get black or white, white get white)
why were reasons Rand Paul opposed the Emmett Till Antilynching Act
- can kill this bill and his people won't be mat at him. He is a Senator from Kentucky.. - says bill is not specific enough in defining lynching (says if you get slapped that can be considered lynching) -
think tanks
- different organizations that conduct public research - push ideas - push networks - evidence based research
three types of federal spending
- discretionary - mandatory - interest
some things to consider when running for office
- do you actually want that job - make sure to have "set of friends" - call professor cormack
importance of media
- get to pick what stories to focus on - plays to certain audiences
what causes some of the major shifts from how republican part went from Lincoln to trump?
- government spending during the war made many northern businessmen really rich, Gradually, these wealthy financiers and industrialists start taking more and more of a leading role in the republican party. they want to hold onto power and they don't think that fighting for black rights in a mostly white country is the best way to hold onto power. South is resisting these new racial reforms, often violently and most whitre republican voters and leaders now feel they have done enough for black citizens in the south. - in 1950s/1960s race comes back into place in politics. in 1964 democratic president Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law. The republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater opposes it, auguring that it expands government power too much. A massive switch over takes place: black voters, many of whom had already been shifting from Republicans, convert almost entirely to their new advocates the Democrats. The white votes in the south, who had been democrats, shift to the Republican party. SUMMARY - wealthy people start to control party and feel that they don't need to represent blacks anymore b/c white are majority in country - democrat Lyndon Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, and republican nominee opposes it. so blacks start to switch from D to R
think tanks
- institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas - a body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific political or economic problems.
Definition of gerrymandering
- is the drawing of political boundaries for partisan or narrowly political purposes. DISTORTS REPRESENTATION
what did the voting rights act used to say about racial gerrymandering?
- it is okay as long as it helps the minority population. - used to help blacks - this was okay until 1993 SC case.
potential jobs as a political science major
- lobbying - social media manager - lawyer (go to law school / graduate degrees)
typical occupations for D
- manicures / pedicures (mostly women) - teachers / pre school (mostly women) - bus drivers (urban cities, cities more D) - lawyers (D want more regulation, so then lawyers would have more work to do)
what is to come for women
- more women in office - narrow pay gaps
what is two ways tried to make it harder to vote for black people
- poll tax - literacy test
Definition of redistricting
- process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislate reps - allows districts to be rebalanced, ensuring to the greatest extent possible that all districts are both equally populated and representative.
packing
- puts as many of one group as possible into a super-district - They will win that district but at the price of losing other districts in which they are made the minority. - put all into 1 district., which makes the minority in all the other districts. 1 at least 1 district, now other ones are harder
North carolina 12th congressional district gerrymandering?
- racial gerrymandering by a HIGHWAY - low income housing near highways, blacks are usually in these low income housings
what are some rights of citizens
- right to vote - hold office - join the army - own property
examples of mandatory federal spending
- social security (MOST, 38%) - medicare - medicaid
what are disadvantages to using algorithms for redistrcting?
- sometimes split county boarders - more fair, but not usually helpful in terms of political gain for person making boundaries
why are state elections important?
- these people will be representing you - state legislators are important with influencing policy processes and are underappreciated. They have an impact! S.L. CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF THE POLICY PROCESS
Hoyt v. Florida (1961)
- upheld a Florida law that said women were not required to serve on state juries. The Court ruled that an all-male jury did not violate a woman's rights under the 14th Amend.
how to participate in politics
- vote - run for office (start locally) - talk to people
typical occupations for R
- welders, cutters, brazers - truck drivers - cooks
what causes some of the major shifts from how democratic party went from kkk to Obama?
- white voters leave the democrat party in part because of their support for race/black people, but also because of suspicion of big government and the desire to defend "traditional values" against liberal activists - democrats start to have comeback since landslide republican wins b/c of minority voters. the huge influx of Hispanic voters has especially benefitted democrats. this demographic shift helped the D party, who once liked white supremacy/slavery to elected the first black president in the U.S. in 2008. as America becomes more diverse, it is likely that the D party's appeal to minorities will continute to be its strength into the future. -1910-1930s D part become the main home for progressives, and republicans became more the party of business. The can be seen when FDR signed the New Deal and expanded the size of government.
why did some women not want to get the right to vote?
- women are too emotional - now they will be concerned with stuff outside house - would vote just like their husbands
some actions stated in declaration of sentiments that women believe should have
- women can't vote - women can't sit on governing bodies - men can work through world, women can't - women can't hold office - no standing in court of law - pay goes directly to husband - women can't go into theology, medicine, or law - all colleges won't allow women
why are 18 to 20-year-old females able to drink but not men?
- women won't do anything stupid - men want to drink with young women...
how many members in NJ state legislative redistricting commission?
10
current population % of black people
12.5%
how many members in congressional redistricting commission?
13
19th Amendment makes denying the vote by sex unconstitutional in what year
1920
women suffrage during?
1920s
harlem renaissance in?
1920s *Term used to describe the growth of African American literature and arts *The center of this movement was Harlem, NY, where many African Americans moved during the early 1900s *South African Americans brought jazz to Harlem and influenced the music scene while, at the same time, writing, sculpting, and photography grew as art forms *Writers from the period included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale hurston, and Clause McKay *Musicians from this time included Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong *The Great Depression led to its decline
protests / strikes for black people started in?
1950s
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
1954: Supreme Court decision declaring racial segregation in schools unconstitutional. unanimously (9-0) held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South
when did the parties start to flip
1960s
some advances for women in 1960s
1963 The Equal Pay Act - cant say 40,000 for women and 60,000 to men 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act passes including a prohibition against employment discrimination 1965 Griswold v Connecticut - married women can ask for birth control 1972 Eisenstadt v. Baird - unmarried too! 1973 Roe v. Wade 1968 Executive Order 11246 prohibits sex discrimination by government contractors 1969 California adopts the nation's first "no fault" divorce law, allowing divorce by mutual consent. 1968-1971 Ivy League Schools start admitting women 1971 Stevens Admits it's first women
some advances for women in 1970s
1971 Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation - Supreme Court outlaws the practice of private employers refusing to hire women with pre-school children. • 1973 Pittsburgh Press v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations: bans sex- segregated "help wanted" advertising • 1974 Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur - can't force pregnant women out • 1978 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in all aspects of education programs that receive federal support. 1974 Housing discrimination on the basis of sex banned by Congress 1975 Taylor v. Louisiana: denies states the right to exclude women from juries. - cant be fired for being pregant - can't say u don't hire women b/c they have pre-school children - can't say u won't give housing to women - women can now go on juries
Sexual Harassment lawsuits start to succeed for the first time in?
1980s-1990s
first female speaker of the House?
2007 Nancy Pelosi
Today: Women are just __ percent of Fortune 500 CEOs—down from a record high of __ percent in 2017.
5%, 6%
examples of discretionary spending
50% national defense Defense, education, training, scientific research, student loans, technology, national parks and monuments, law enforcement, environmental cleanup, housing
current U.S. population percentages
60% white 18.5% hispanic 12.2% black 5.6% Asian 0.7% Native
percent of people who vote?
72% white 12% black 10% latino
toothpick rule
A DC rule that only allows lobbyists to give out hors d'oeuvres to legislators - if it can fit on a toothpick lobbyists can serve it
what started the democratic party?
Andrew jackson 1828 election
which leader in senate does not have individual wealth
Chuk schumer
black greatest support for d/r?
D
women tend to be more D/R?
D
example of D media platforms
Daily Show MSNBC CNN
whos efforts in 1960 had more impact on the high racial tenions?
Efforts by Martin Luther King, Jr., Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had an impact
first asian in cabinet
Elaine Chao
first Chinese American in U.S. history to be appointed to a President's Cabinet
Elaine Lan Chao
president during 1940s ww2 that started some integration for blacks in war?
FDR - makes compromises. have some integration, but up to units if they want AA - units say how many AA they will take in
example of R media platforms
Fox Sean Hannity Show Glenn Beck Program
1984 first woman VP nominee?
Geraldine Ferraro with Walter Mondale
who was the Secretary of War in 1942
Henry Stimson
first time gerrymandering occurred?
In 1812 under governor of Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry, election districts were rearranged in order to benefit the republican party.
example of gerrymandering in 2012
In 2012, Democrats won 51 percent of the popular House vote in Pennsylvania but the only won 5 out of 18 House seats. A deficit of 4 seats.
what is something unique Justice Bradley said for case Bradwell v. Illinois
In his concurrence, Justice Bradley went above and beyond the constitutional explanations of the case to describe the reasons why it was natural and proper for women to be excluded from the legal profession. He cited the importance of maintaining the "respective spheres of man and woman," with women performing the duties of motherhood and wife in accordance with the "law of the Creator."
first black person in baseball
Jackie Robinson 1930s
First women elected to congress
Jeanette Rankin of Montana, into the House
black codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War - restrict freedom of black people in southern states (ex: can't own property)
first state to allow women to own property
Mississippi in 1939
Chao married Senate _________ in 1993
Mitch McConnell
can you gerrymander for racial reasons?
NO
is it 50/50 women in congress?
NO, less representation but getting better MAYBE 140/520 ?? (20%?)
1910: the two combat divisions created for african americans?
One, the 92nd Division, was composed of draftees and officers. The second, the 93rd Division, was made up of mostly National Guard units from New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Cleveland, and Massachusetts.
senica falls convention in 1848
Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott and advocates suffrage for women. They issue the declaration of sentiments demanding equal rights
r/d more religious?
R
who put a hold on the Emmett Till Antilynching Act
Rand Paul
what are poll tax
Said that you need to pay a fee in order to vote. Affected blacks because they had no money so they could not vote. pay to vote, had to also pay to register. effects everyone. HURTS POOR PEOPLE the most though, which were usually black people
1981 first woman on the Supreme Court.
Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed by President Ronald Reagan
Wesberry v. Sanders 1964
Supreme Court decides that Congressional districts must be of approximately equal-sized populations. similar for state legislatures in Reynolds v. Sims (1964).
1976 Craig v. Boren
Supreme Court declares unconstitutional a state law permitting 18 to 20-year-old females to drink beer while denying the rights to men of the same age.
how are the members for the NJ state legislative redistricting commission picked?
The chairs of the state's two major political parties each appoint 5 members to the commission
Minor v. Happersett (1875)
This Supreme Court decision held that women could be deprived of the right to vote in the same way as felons. women—were recognized as citizens but denied the right to vote. Virginia Minor, a leader of the women's suffrage movement in Missouri, attempted to register to vote on October 15, 1872, but was refused on the grounds that she was a woman. She (with her husband) sued alleging that the provisions of the Missouri state constitution which allowed only men to vote were in violation of the United States Constitution, and specifically the Fourteenth Amendment.
what are some rules about the 13th member picked for the NJ congressional redistricting committee.
This member cannot have held public office in the state within the previous five-year period.
protests start in NY, saying women can vote in XYZ, why can't i vote here. (t/f)
True
% of black people in government today?
U.S. House (10%) State legislatures (8.5%) City councils (5.7%) U.S. Senate (2%) LESS representation than their population
biggest lobbying group
US Chamber of Commerce
how can algorithms be used for redistricting?
Use an algorithm to maximize "compactness" while keeping districts of similar-sized population.
after what act did blacks start to increase in voting?
Voting Rights Act of 1965
1869 Women can vote in?
Wyoming
can you gerrymander for political reasons?
YES
it was hard for women to campaign for Voting during 1860s-1920s. Why or why not?
Yes. Really hard.. had to drive around and get ideas out there.
Municipalities
a city or town
Democratic National Committee
a convention where the democratic delegates from each state nominate the democratic parties Presidential and vice Presidential candidates
Republican National Committee (RNC)
a convention where the republican delegates from each state nominate the republican parties Presidential and vice Presidential candidates
what was disadvantage of GI bill?
administered LOCALLY fed gov gives to local and they decide who gets it / how it is run. thus, harder for blacks to get it
lobbying
advocating for an interest with government decision makers
definition of discretionary funding
agree upon by the P / congress
alternatives to gerrymandering?
algorithms
Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act
allows victims, usually women, of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government against their employer within 180 days of their last paycheck. 2009
describe black population from 1790 to 1880
always increasing. majority of blacks were SLAVES are not free until 1865
1910: 370,000 black men were inducted into the?
army
13th Amendment
banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime
Percentage of African Americans living in slavery (according to US Census Bureau):
basically 90% 1790 - 92.14% 1800 - 89.18% 1810 - 86.47% 1820 - 86.81% 1830 - 86.28% 1840 - 86.56% 1850 - 88.06% 1860 - 89.01%
death penalty Georgia (1970s to 1990s) was used more in ___ defendant and ____ victim
black defendant white victim NEVER for white defendant black victim black people in general getting death penalty more
Chattahoochee, Georgia in 1970s-1990s have lots of?
black people
____ people death per million most
black, 31 deaths per million
who is oldest president ever?
bryon
how are the politician commissions in NJ appointed?
by politicians
why do we need to redraw district lines?
census counts people. people shift where they live. have to redraw lines so people are in similar ratios within each district
who got Perfect 1600 on SAT
chuck schumer
key factor during women suffrage
conflict between black and white people: white women want to vote, but not helping black women??
who draws the district lines in NJ? what detail do we know about them?
congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by two distinct politician commissions. 1 is for federal (congressional) 2nd is for state
1981 Supreme Court rules that excluding women from the draft is _______
constitutional
three types of gerrymandering
cracking, packing, and stacking
asians tend to support d/r?
d
more d/r media networks?
d
women more in D or r?
d
majority of people who work for gov are in?
defense
14th Amendment
defined a citizen as any person born in or naturalized in the United States, overturning the Dred Scott V. Sandford (1857) Supreme Court ruling stating that Black people were not eligible for citizenship
which party mentions black lives matter more
democrats
Each of New Jersey's 12 United States Representatives and 120 state legislators are elected from political divisions called?
districts
what is something state officials are in charge of?
drawing district lines (in most states)
if you want ideological change in state legislature what should you do?
election NEW people into office
what did the GI bill do in 1940s?
encourage veterans to go to university/trade school/pilot school
why is packing sometimes good for the politician in that district?
even though it may dilute minority vote it makes their seat safe. will always be reelected
how often are district lines redrawn?
every 10 years
Reconstruction (1890 to 1910)
every state changed laws and make it harder for black people to vote Between 1890 and 1910, nearly all of the former Confederate states rewrote their constitutions to introduce voting restrictions that disenfranchised black voters.
definition of mandatory federal spending
fed gov has already to agreed to pay X to the American people
what other country had a segregated blood donation policy at the time in 1940s?
germany. jewish blood can't go to non-jewish blood
advantage of schools taking men from GI bill?
get money from federal gov so they will for sure get the tuition (a normal student may not pay their bill, but gov will def pay u back)
how did first women get seats in congress?
got seats when husband dies
Many AA who came to New York in 1920s during Great Migration settled in?
harlem
What do the DNC and RNC do?
here is our message, here is our strategy
Wilcox County High School significance
high school in georgia Since integration school stopped hosting prom. had parent hosted proms- one white prom and one black prom. 2014 first school prom
first women nominated by major party for president
hillary Clinton
steny hoyer (d/r, state, age)
house majority leader (d, maryland, 80)
Steve Scalise
house minority whip (r, louisiana, 53)
even though there was no segregation in schools how was the north still segregated?
house segregation -whites can live in this area to go to that school, indirect segregation. -where u lived depended on which school u went 2
why were Immigrants from places with women's suffrage pivotal in the midwest?
i could vote in my previous country, but can't vote here?? (ex: germany)
Bradwell v. Illinois (1873)
i should be able to practice law b/c of 14th amendment. no you cannot (1873)-Myra Bradwell applied for the Illinois state bar, but was denied admittance on the basis of her gender. The case ruled 8-1 that the right to practice a profession was not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment Is the right to obtain a license to practice law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to all citizens of the United States? No. While the Court agreed that all citizens enjoy certain privileges and immunities which individual states cannot take away, it did not agree that the right to practice law in a state's courts is one of them.
how was it determined who took a literacy test
if the person thinks you can't read or write. it is NOT given to everyone
women in congress ___ overtime
increase
what if the congressional redistricting commission fails to reach an agreement about the redistricting plan?
it must submit two plans to the state Supreme Court, which must in turn select from those two plans a final map.
chair of DNC
jaime harrison
2020 first woman elected VP?
kamilia harris
what is lynching
killing someone, usually by hanging, with or without a trial
The first three _____-American women Representatives and the first woman elected to Congress from the ______ ______ are all coming to the 117th Congress, as members of the ________ Party.
koren, Cherokee tribe, republican
jim clyburn (d/r, state, age)
majority whip (d, south carolina, 79)
14th amendments specially says for ____ inhabitants of such state
male
why are there not alot of old CEO women?
many older women are not college educated, thus won't have these high leadership positions. over next 20-30 years should see more women CEO
kevin mccarthy
minority leader (r, california, 54)
which leader in senate has individual wealth
mitch mcconnel
what is declaration of sentiments? (1848)
modeled on US DOI, included 1st formal demand for access to the "elective franchise", or voting rights, for women -outlined the rights that women should have in the U.S.
Emmett Till Antilynching Act (H.R. 35)
most recent effort to make lynching a federal crime -still in senate today
Chuck Schumer
new york, majority party
does ideological platform change for state legislators when they are coming up to election?
no.
what are requirements for NJ congressional districts?
none
what is extended party network
outside regular government but related to party system
1981 Kirchberg v. Feenstra
overturns state laws designating a husband "head and master" with unilateral control of property owned jointly with his wife.
examples party elites
president - joe biden speaker of the house - nancy pelosi majority leader- chuck schumer
15th Amendment
prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude
increase in age slight preference to d/r?
r
indians tend to support d/r
r
Shaw v. Reno (1993),
racial districting is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment
difference between redistricting and gerrymandering
redistricting has to happen. gerrymandering does not always happen and is usually for partisan or racial shifts
differences between democratic v republican platforms
republicans- simple words, easier to read, business people democrats- complex, more professional
how do party national committees differ?
republicans: better at telling their target, big stories democrats: more quite
black % in majority white schools in south?
rises from 1965-1989 high in 1989 at 45% slowly decreasing since 1989, dropping off
chair of RNC
ronna romney mcdaniel
examples of civil disobedience in 1960s
rosa parks, walkouts, sit ins
¡Gerrymandering is used to create _____ districts.
safe
Rat Ducked
say something 3 days before election to make opponent look bad
nancy polosi (D/R, state, age)
speaker of the house D, california, 79
difference between specific interest vs. lobbying
special interests send there own people. company uses lobbyist to go out for that company
cracking
spreading voters of one type over many districts where they will comprise minorities that are unable to influence elections - Cracking splits districts to dilute one group's share of the vote - cannot win 1 b/c population is all over the place
what was important of Wesberry V. Sanders decision
stopped racial districting
1993 marital rape was a crime in all states (most states continued to differentiate between the way marital rape and non-marital rape is viewed and treated) (T/F)
t
in 1910 why are AA in national gaurd in the NORTH?
the Great Migration -AA from decided decided to GTFO b/c it is not great for them. harder to do civic rights down south
what happens if the NJ state legislative redistricting commission can't reach an agreement about a redistricting plan?
the state Supreme Court may appoint a tie-breaking member
what if they can't agree on the 13th member?
they must submit two names to the New Jersey Supreme Court. The court must then appoint the final commissioner.
who donates the most federal election dollars?
those that are retired
examples of non-defense gov jobs?
transportation, veteran affairs, DOE (department of education)
African Americans participated in every conflict since the Revolutionary War - in a segregated matter (T/F)
true
Chattahoochee, Georgia: While over 35 percent of the district's population is black, there was never a black district attorney until after 1990. (T/F)
true
Representation Still a Stretch in gov for AA. (T/F)
true
district lines must be redrawn after each federal Census. (t/f)
true
judicial branch / legal system has lots of white / like no black people. (T/F)
true
there was education segregation in the U.S. prior to brown vs. board of eduation. (t/f)
true south-required NE- forbidden kansas- optional or limited
future of the parties?
up to u bestie
___ people are killed most by police
white, 2,499 deaths since 2015
1975 Service Academies admit ____
women
Fay v New York
women can sit on federal juries (but can still opt out)
do term limits effect behavior of state legislatures in office? how explain 3 ways?
yes it does. towards the end of term they are LESS PRODUCTIVE. - sponsor less bills - serve on less committees - vote less during roll-call voting
1910s wwi did black people participate?
yes, black and white people
do lobbyist have perks in legislation? why
yes. - give them bill and say here it is sign it - make it easier for legislators to do work (here is our research look at these results)
what efforts were introduced in 1960s to help racial tensions
• New support helped generate new legislation. • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Voting Rights Act of 1965
who are party elites?
•The President •Leaders in the House and Senate •Democratic and Republican National Committee DNC/RNC chairs •Congress •Donors •Think Tanks •Media •State level party activists and position holders
