HST 130 CH 1-4 questions

Which of the following was NOT a result of King Philip's War? A) White settlers in New England believed they were free to access more land. B) The Wampanoag leaders, Metacom (King Philip) and Weetamoo, were exiled to Canada. C) Around 1,000 white settlers were killed in the conflict. D) Many Wampanoag villages were destroyed and their inhabitants killed or sold into slavery.

B. New Englanders beheaded Metacom and Weetamoo and mounted their heads on stakes.

What was the main objective of Spanish policy toward Native Americans? A) The Spanish hoped to permanently enslave Native peoples and put them to work in the gold and silver mines of Mexico. B) The Spanish aimed to remove or exterminate Native peoples who inhabited the area near their colonial settlements. C) The Spanish sought to discourage the intermarriage of their male colonists with Native women. D) The Spanish wanted Indians to turn away from savagery and become obedient, Catholic subjects of the crown.

D) Spain claimed that the primary goal of colonization was to save Indians from heathenism and prevent them from falling under the sway of Protestantism.

In 1508, the Spanish established the first permanent colony in what is now the United States. Where was it located? A) Puerto Rico B) South Carolina C) Florida D) New Mexico

A) Now a "commonwealth" of the United States, Puerto Rico was established in 1508 and governed by Juan Ponce de León.

What role did religion play in influencing Europeans to look for a route to Asia across the Atlantic? A) Christian Western Europe hoped ocean trade would circumvent the Muslim intermediaries on traditional trade routes. B) The Spanish sought sanctuary in Asia for Jews and Muslims in their country who refused to convert to Catholicism. C) Europeans hoped to spread ideas of freedom and religious tolerance to Asia. D) African Muslims who had lived in Spain for centuries hoped to find assistance in Asia for their attempt to reoccupy Jerusalem.

A) The desire to eliminate Islamic intermediaries and win control of the lucrative trade for Christian Western Europe inspired the quest for a direct route to Asia.

Which of the following was NOT a method by which enslaved Blacks expressed their desire for freedom in the eighteenth century? A) the construction of African-style houses, choosing African names for their children, and speaking a language that was unintelligible to most whites B) running away to Spanish Florida C) utilizing their familiarity with the English language and customs to pretend to be free D) resorting to rebellion and violence

A. African-based communities fostered a distinct African American culture and helped with enduring the experience of slavery but did little to expedite freedom.

What factor contributed to deepening class divisions in the American colonies? A) Colonial elites strove to emulate British aristocratic lifestyles while distancing themselves from their middling and lower-class countrymen. B) Increased access to land, particularly in New England, attracted new immigrants but exacerbated class distinctions. C) Most ordinary free families were unable to achieve economic autonomy. D) As the number of enslaved people multiplied in the colonies, the bottom end of the social scale expanded correspondingly.

A. Anglicization and an awareness that many Britons saw the colonists as a collection of convicts and ne'er-do-wells inspired colonial elites to assert a claim to Britishness more strongly.

What was the main reason for the founding of the English colony of Carolina? A) to prevent the Spanish in Florida from expanding their interests northward B) to establish trade in deer hides and Native slaves with the Yamasees and Muscogees C) to replicate the plantation economy of Barbados D) to provide a means for King Charles II to cancel his debts and bolster the English presence in North America

A. Charles II wanted to establish a colony north of Florida to serve as a barrier to Spanish expansion.

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Seven Years' War? A) Colonial militiamen resented having to fight alongside British regulars, and the war weakened colonists' pride in being members of the British empire. B) Britain acquired almost all of France's colonial claims in North America east of the Mississippi River. C) The British tried to pay down their war debts by increasing taxes on their American colonies. D) The war gave rise to a pan-Indian movement and the genesis for some Native Americans of a distinctive racial identity.

A. Colonists were proud to be members of the British empire in 1763 and, despite some tensions in the ranks, the common experience of battle and victory forged bonds between British regulars and Colonial militiamen.

Which of the following was NOT a factor behind the considerable expansion of the "public sphere" in colonial towns and cities in the eighteenth century? A) the practice of free speech, or the right of ordinary citizens to express their views without fear of reprisal B) the use of clubs, taverns, and coffeehouses for political debates C) the rapid expansion of the press, including political broadsides and pamphlets D) the appearance of political commentary in colonial newspapers

A. Not generally considered one of the ancient rights of Englishmen, free speech had no legal protection outside of Parliament.

How was the nature of slavery different in South Carolina compared to slavery in Virginia and Maryland? A) Enslaved field workers in South Carolina tended to work under less supervision from their owners. B) South Carolina rice plantations required less land and fewer slaves than the tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake. C) South Carolina law required that freed slaves be sent out of the colony. D) The "task" system on South Carolina plantations left slaves with little time for themselves.

A. Planters tended to leave their mosquito-infested rice fields under the control of slaves, many of whom had partial immunity to malaria, and overseers.

Which of the following was NOT a result of the Anglo-Powhatan Wars? A) Along with starvation and disease, the wars led to a decline in the influx of settlers to the Chesapeake. B) The destruction caused by warfare led to the collapse of the Virginia Company and the creation of the first royal colony. C) The Powhatans were required to move to reservations and not enter areas of European settlement without permission. D) The Powhatans were forced to accept subordination to the government at Jamestown.

A. The massacre of scores of Powhatans in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War led to a shift in the balance of power in the Chesapeake as more English settlers emigrated to the area.

How did New Englanders such as Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison threaten the established order of Puritan New England? A) Williams emphasized putting one's own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church B) Williams wanted a closer connection between church and state than what currently existed in Massachusetts. C) Hutchinson challenged Puritan doctrine by stressing that salvation came from moral behavior than from an inner state of grace. D) Hutchinson argued that true faith could be achieved through mandatory church attendance and downplayed the role of divine revelations.

A. Williams believed that individuals should be allowed to follow their consciences wherever they led.

Which of the following was NOT a feature of indentured servitude? A) Indentured servants were guaranteed economic autonomy when their contracts expired. B) Indentured servants could be tied up and whipped. C) Ability for indentured servants to marry was restricted. D.) Indentured servants could be bought and sold.

A. "Freedom dues" were often not sufficient to enable recipients to secure land and economic independence.

How did the even balance of male to female settlers in New England contribute to the colony's uniqueness? A) More women meant more families and a rapid increase in the population compared to other English colonies. B) The even sex ratio in New England made it more difficult for patriarchal family patterns fully to take root. C) With a greater presence in the population, married women in New England had more legal rights compared to their counterparts in the Chesapeake. D) Owing to their numerical parity with men, women in New England had the opportunity to take on more community responsibilities.

A. Because of the even sex ratio and New England's healthier climate, the population grew rapidly, doubling every twenty-seven years.

Which of the following was NOT a distinguishing feature of the Dutch colony of New Netherland? A) The Dutch were unwilling to respect Native sovereignty and refused to abide by Native precepts for trade. B) The Dutch in New Netherland granted some rights to enslaved men and women including land to support their families. C) Unlike the English and their doctrine of coverture, the Dutch granted married women the right to retain a separate legal identity, which gave them more privileges than experienced by women in other colonies. D) Even though the Dutch Reformed Church was the established religion of the colony, individuals could follow their preferred religious beliefs.

A. Which of the following was NOT a distinguishing feature of the Dutch colony of New Netherland?

In what way did the intersection of the Old and New Worlds in North America set the stage for conflict in the years to come? A) Each Western European colonial power, along with the Native societies that each encountered, wanted to impose their unique religious beliefs upon the other. B) Western European empires were positioned to challenge one another for control over parts of the continent, while Indians were positioned to use trade and diplomacy to pit European empires against one another and further their own peoples' sovereignty and prosperity C) European, West African, and Native cultures were too dissimilar to coexist peacefully. D) Spain, France, The Netherlands, and England set clear boundaries for their colonies in the New World and were determined to defend them if threatened by Indians or European rivals.

B) European competition for dominance in the New World necessarily included the continual struggle of Native peoples to maintain their sovereignty in the face of savage warfare and disease.

In what way were West African societies like those in Native North America? A) Like those of many Native North Americans, West African spiritual practices shunned any components of other religious traditions. B) Like Native North Americans, West Africans embraced a variety of political systems C) Like Native Americans, West Africans were concerned with local economic affairs and not regional networks D) Like Native Americans, West African cultures had no experience with slavery until it was introduced by Europeans.

B) Like Native Americans, West Africans spoke dozens of different languages and lived under a variety of political systems.

What was a major consequence of the Pueblo Revolt in 1680? A) Over 800 men, women, and children from Acoma Pueblo were killed. B) Although defeated and driven out of New Mexico, the Spanish returned with a more accommodating policy toward the Pueblo Indians. C) The Spanish were able to focus their attention on protecting the villages and missions in New Mexico from attacks by Navajos and Apaches. D) Forty-seven Indians were arrested. Four of the prisoners were hanged, and the rest were publicly whipped.

B) The Spanish learned a lesson from their defeat in 1680 and returned to New Mexico with a more tolerant attitude toward traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor.

How did the expansion of slavery in the Chesapeake during the eighteenth century transform colonial society? A) Colonists in Virginia and Maryland grew increasingly economically independent from Great Britain. B) It led directly to a growing social divide between whites and Blacks. C) Slavery became more concentrated on plantations than on small farms. D) It weakened the power of the Chesapeake elites as more and more whites had access to land and slaves.

B. As slavery laid the foundation for the consolidation of the Chesapeake elite, race took on more importance as a line of social division.

How did early European exploration and settlement of North America create an environment for significant changes in the cultures involved? A) New Trading opportunities led to material wealth and prosperity for all newcomers to the New World. B) Opporturnities for freedom for some newcomers were made possible by the restriction of freedom for others C) New interactions among disparate peoples fostered conditions for the creation of society of equals D) It led to an unprecedented union of Native Americans and Africans against oppressive Europeans

B. Conquest and settlement of North America came at the price of exploitation and enslavement of Native and African peoples.

Why did the utilization of enslaved Africans for labor evolve slowly in North America compared to other areas in the western Atlantic world? A) The back-breaking work of sugar cultivation in the West Indies required a rigid system of forced labor that went beyond what was the norm for indentured servants. B) Slaves cost more than indentured servants, and the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically disadvantageous to pay for a lifetime of labor. C) The English in North America had no need to pay for enslaved Africans when they could address labor shortages by utilizing captured Native Americans. D) The English were satisfied with the system of indentured servitude to resolve any labor problems they encountered in the expansion of tobacco cultivation.

B. Slaves cost more than indentured servants who, when laboring in the tobacco fields, suffered a persistently high death rate.

Even though Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States, its existence was nearly short-lived. What is the main reason for its survival? A) The colonists chose a site sixty miles inland on the James River to protect themselves from marauding Spanish warships. B) Rigorous military discipline, as exemplified by John Smith and his immediate successors, held the colony together. C) Profitable returns from prospecting for gold allowed the colonists to purchase supplies from England. D) Pocahontas's rescue of John Smith after he was captured and threatened with execution by Powhatan staved off hostilities between the two groups.

B. Smith imposed a regime of forced labor on company lands, leading colonists to abandon the search for gold, grow their own food, and find a marketable commodity: tobacco.

What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? A) to lessen the antagonism of western farmers in Pennsylvania toward Indians by removing all Native people from the colony B) to stabilize the colonial frontier and preempt border conflicts C) to open up former French territory west of the Appalachian Mountains for colonial settlement D) to protect the Indians east of the Mississippi River from arbitrary attacks by private individuals

B. The aim of the Proclamation of 1763 was to stabilize the situation on the colonial frontier and to avoid dragging Britain into an endless series of costly border conflicts.

How did the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century impact Britain's North American colonies? A) Colonial artisans lost their jobs as British traders plied their inexpensive consumer goods. B) As trade expanded, colonial output in goods and farm products reached a global market. C) Colonial cities, with their growing population of merchants, rapidly evolved to rival those in Europe in terms of area and population. D. Consumer goods were mass-produced, advertised, and sold in colonial port cities.

B. The mainland colonies carried on a flourishing trade with other European empires, knitting together a global web of economic interdependence.

What was the major disadvantage of the Spanish and French empires in maintaining control of their territorial claims in North America? A) The Spanish focused most of their resources on colonizing Florida rather than Texas, New Mexico, and California. B) Spanish and French claims in North America attracted few settlers compared to Britain's colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. C) The Spanish and French had more difficulty than the British in sustaining control over Native peoples in their colonies. D) Compared to the British, the Spanish and French did not utilize enslaved people to help with maintaining the economy of their North American colonies.

B. The northern part of Spain's American empire did not attract settlers, while the French viewed their mainland colony as a place of cruel exile for criminals and social outcasts.

What was ultimately an outcome of the Salem witch trials? A) All of those accused of witchcraft were hanged. B.) Colonists looked to find scientific explanations for natural events rather than ascribing them to magic. C) Old disputes between members of the Salem community were settled. D) Unexplained natural phenomena were seen as expressions of God's will rather than witchcraft.

B. The perversion of justice in Salem accelerated a commitment among prominent colonists to finding scientific explanations for natural events.

How did growing British patriotism in the eighteenth century shape ideas of liberty and freedom in the mainland colonies? A) Britons believed that power and liberty were complementary. B) British pride and patriotism, combined with a sense of the "rights of Englishmen," encouraged Britons on both sides of the Atlantic to protest what they considered oppressive authority. C) British identity and the concept of liber D) British patriotism and its accompanying concept of liberty gave rise to two competing sets of political ideas (republicanism and liberalism) that flourished in England but not in the colonies.

B. These ideas sank deep roots into British and colonial society and sparked ordinary persons to protest what they considered challenges to their liberty.

Although Native peoples were still predominant in the mid-eighteenth-century North American West, how had Europeans altered their cultures and made inroads into their domain? A) The French bought and enslaved Native captives in the Mississippi Valley after emerging victorious in the Natchez War. B) Growing Native demands for guns gave European traders some influence in the West. C) Eschewing trading centers in Spanish New Mexico and French Louisiana, many Plains Indians were forced to hunt and farm seasonally. D) Franciscan friars were successful in introducing Christianity and winning over Native converts in eastern Texas.

B. Unable to buy guns from the Spanish in New Mexico, Plains Indians turned to the French, who were more liberal when it came to trading firearms, in Louisiana.

Which of the following was a manifestation of growing commercialization in early New England? A) The economy of New England became more reliant on the labor of enslaved Africans. B) New England assumed a growing role within the British empire based on trade. C) Since Puritans saw commercial success as a sign of God's grace, membership in the Congregational Church continued to expand. D) Per capita wealth in New England soon reached parity with that of the Chesapeake.

B. New England merchants shipped and marketed the staples of their own and other colonies to markets in the West Indies, Europe, and Africa.

Which of the following is NOT true about the first seventy-five years of the eighteenth century in British North America? A) Slavery existed in all of Britain's North American colonies. B) Colonial conflict, particularly with France, deepened a sense of identification with Britain among its colonists in North America. C) Colonial laws, political institutions, and culture grew increasingly distinct from those in Great Britain. D. Close to half of the persons who arrived in Britain's mainland colonies were enslaved Africans.

C. Colonial laws and political institutions were extensions of those of Britain and the colonists' ideas about society and culture reflected British values.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the early relationship between English settlers and their native neighbors? A) Native peoples were unwilling to incorporate English traders into their family networks. B) Apart from light flintlock muskets, Native peoples found little use for European products. C) English settlers tended to let their livestock roam freely which was often detrimental to Native crops. D) Rather than displaying Native peoples, English settlers were more interested in making them subjects of the crown.

C. English settlers depleted forests, fenced in more and more land, and let their pigs and cattle roam freely, trampling Native cornfields.

As British North America grew in area and population in the eighteenth century, so did its diversity. How did the government in London entice individuals and families from non-English parts of Great Britain and the European continent to immigrate to their colonies? A) Catholic and Jewish immigrants were promised the opportunity to vote and hold public office. B) The promise of freedom and solitude appealed to German migrants, most of whom came to the colonies as convicted criminals. C) Non-English immigrants were attracted by the opportunity to own land, prosper economically, and avoid military conscription. D) The Scots-Irish only were offered British citizenship after seven years.

C. Important to eighteenth-century immigrants was the availability of land, the lack of a military draft, and the absence of restraints on economic opportunity common in Europe.

What is mercantilism? A) An economic system based upon the principles of free trade B) an economic system that limited trade to only "enumerated" goods C) an economic system based upon the principle that colonies exist for the benefit of their home country D) an economic system that eliminated or reduced customs duties

C. In the mercantilist system, the role of colonies was to serve the interests of the home country.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Puritanism? A) Puritans believed that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its religious rituals and doctrines. B) Along with reading the Bible, the sermon was a key component of Puritan religious practice. C) Puritans emphasized prayers, good works, and offerings over leading a good life and prospering economically. D) Puritans believed freedom was primarily a spiritual affair-- a responsibility to obey God's will through self-government and self-denial.

C. Like Calvinists, Puritans believed worldly success—leading a good life and prospering economically—might well be indications of God's grace.

What role did religion play in fostering England's imperial ambitions in the seventeenth century? A) The English desired colonies to provide a refuge for their citizens seeking religious freedom. B) Using their successful experience in Ireland as a prototype, the English sought to promote the peaceful and benevolent expansion of Protestantism in the Americas. C) The English believed the Indians of the Americas desired freedom from the tyrannies of the Pope. D) English propagandists used false claims of a murderous and oppressive Spanish empire to justify Protestant aspirations in the Americas.

C. Richard Hakluyt's assertion that Indians were "crying out" for freedom from Spanish oppression met with popular support from the anti-Catholic English citizenry.

Why is Father Junípero Serra a controversial figure in California's early history? A) Serra's missions accommodated Native traditions such as dancing and traditional healing. B) Serra wanted to assimilate the local Native population into Spanish folkways and agricultural practices. C) Serra's endorsement of forced labor along with exposure to disease proved disastrous for Indians who lived at the missions he directed. D) Serra claimed to have founded the first California mission in San Diego in 1769.

C. Serra's apparent success at conversion and assimilation was offset by the devastating impact the missions had on the Native population of California.

How did early French interactions with Native Americans differ from those of the Spanish? A) French missionaries hoped to convert Indians to Protestant Christianity, not Catholicism. B) The French disapproved of intermarriage with Native women and avoided assimilating into Native communities. C) The French strove to form negotiated alliances with Native communities, not to enslave or overpower them with brute force. D) The French were less responsive to Indian commercial demands and generally disregarded Native criteria for trade.

C. The French and their Native allies worked out the most enduring alliances between Indians and Europeans in colonial North America.

How was the nature of the relationship between the colonists and Native Americans of New England different from that experienced by the Jamestown settlers and their Powhatan neighbors? A) Unlike their counterparts at Jamestown, the settlers at Plymouth had trouble adapting to their new environment and sought aid from nearby Native communities. B) As devout Christians, the Puritans of New England were reluctant to wage war against their Native neighbors. C) Whereas Wahunsonacock saw Jamestown as one of the many towns under his rule, the Wampanoags of New England sought alliance with the Puritans in order to change the balance of power in the region. D) Unlike the secular agenda of the Jamestown colony, the Puritans in New England swiftly launched efforts to Christianize Native Americans.

C. The Wampanoags in Massachusetts agreed to an alliance with the Pilgrims, in which they would help to feed and defend Plymouth in exchange for the Pilgrims help in fighting the Wampanoags' enemies.

Which of the following is NOT illustrative of the effect the Glorious Revolution had upon England's colonies in North America? A) Catholics in Maryland could no longer vote or hold office. B) Colonists in New York experienced internal strife over the legitimacy of their government. C) A number of colonies were combined into a single super-colony, the Dominion of New England. D) Protestants in Massachusetts could now worship freely.

C. The super-colony, the Dominion of New England, was created by King James II prior to the Glorious Revolution.

How did George Whitefield and the leaders of the Great Awakening help transform the religious landscape of the colonies? A) They inspired many Americans to believe that reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion. B) They encouraged followers to return to the established churches in the colonies rather than joining the new Dissenting congregations. C) They promoted the proliferation of evangelists and revivals as well as new religious denominations. D) They stressed a less emotional style of preaching in favor of a more intellectual and academic exercise of faith.

C. Traveling preachers and revivals changed the religious configuration of the colonies as congregations split into factions and new Protestant denominations proliferated.

In what way was the system of nonplantation slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies distinct from that in the Chesapeake and South Carolina? A) The prominent members of society in New England did not own slaves and worked to ban slavery and liquor from the region. B) Even though slavery existed in the North, New England and the Middle Colonies did not participate in the transatlantic slave trade. C) Laws pertaining to slavery in the North were less harsh than those in the south. D) Although common in the rural interior of the region, slavery was virtually nonexistent in cities.

C. With slaves composing such a small part of the northern population that they seemed to pose no threat to the white majority, laws were less harsh than in the South.

What was one enduring legacy from early Spanish explorations of the New World? A) Europeans were made aware that the Americas were closer to Europe than Columbus had estimated. B) The Spanish were able to negotiate a lasting alliance with the Aztecs and the Incas. C) The word "Indian," used first by Columbus, persisted as a generic term for Native peoples in the Western Hemisphere. D) Europeans found a feasible sea route to Asia at the isthmus of Panama.

C. Columbus used the word "Indian" to describe the peoples he encountered in the Caribbean.

In general, what was the relationship between Native peoples and the land upon which they lived? A) Native Americans had a keen sense of personal land ownership and property but sometimes sold their land to Europeans. B.) For spiritual reasons, Native Americans avoided cultivating their land. C) Most Native peoples saw land as something to be used in common, not owned by an individual or family. D) Native Americans saw land as a resource and thus avoided damaging it by building large towns and cities.

C. Few, if any, Native societies believed a piece of land could be fenced off and allotted forever to a single individual or family.

How did declining death rates and an expanding population affect the status of women in eighteenth-century British North America? A) The enforcement of coverture was no longer deemed necessary, thus allowing women to have their own independent legal identity. B) A wide variety of work opportunities were now available to women. C) Daughters could now inherit their father's estate after he died. D) Male domination became a social reality as free women were expected to devote their lives to being good wives and mothers.

D. As the population grew and the death rate declined, family life stabilized and free women were expected to devote their lives to being good wives and mothers.

What characteristic of the late seventeenth-century Chesapeake contributed to making slavery a permanent form of labor in the region? Select an Answer A) Black men were prohibited from serving in the Virginia militia. B) Blacks could not own arms, hit a white man, or employ a white servant. C) Unlike the Spanish empire, the English had a distinctive mixed-race class. D) Mortality rates declined among non-Natives in Virginia and Maryland.

D. Increased longevity in the Chesapeake made the one-time purchase of a permanent slave more practical and economical than investment in multiple laborers (free or enslaved) over time.

How did ideas about freedom and liberty debated in England during the English Civil War find expression in their North American colonies? Select an Answer A) Quakers in Massachusetts were able to practice their faith free from persecution. B) Puritan leaders in New England embraced ideas of religious toleration for Protestants. C) Virginia's Anglicans overthrew laws that restricted the religious and political rights of practitioners of other faiths. D. Maryland institutionalized the principle of religious toleration and guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion.

D. Maryland adopted an Act Concerning Religion, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration.

How were property qualifications incorporated into colonial politics in the eighteenth century? A) Anyone who held property in Britain's mainland colonies was allowed to vote. B) In the majority of the mainland colonies, candidates for governor could stand for election only if they owned at least 500 acres of land. C) Propertied free Blacks were universally allowed to participate in politics on the local level. D) In order to be elected to a colonial assembly, candidates had to own more property than what was mandated by suffrage requirements.

D. Property qualifications for officeholding were far higher than for voting, thus colonial assemblies were dominated by landed elites.

In what way did the Great Awakening create an environment in which discontent toward British policies in North America found expression? A) Preachers were encouraged to incorporate politics into their sermons. B) The "Old Lights" in established churches began to criticize the crown's policy of levying taxes to support the church. C) Great awakening thinkers insisted that every human institution and authority be judged before the bar of reason. D) The Great Awakening gave rise to an expanded circulation of printed material and a growing sense of a right to independent judgment.

D. Religious debates in newspapers and pamphlets greatly expanded the circulation of printed material and the spread of ideas and opinions in the colonies, while revivals encouraged many colonists to trust their own views rather than those of established elites.

Of the varying manifestations of slavery that emerged in British North America during the eighteenth century, where were conditions ideal for creating the most distinctively African-based community and culture for enslaved Blacks? A) on the tobacco plantations of the Chesapeake B) in the artisan shops and loading docks of Charleston and Savannah C) on the small farms of New England and the Middle Colonies D) on the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia

D. Slaves on large rice plantations enjoyed far more autonomy than elsewhere in the colonies and were able to create an African-based culture.

Which of the following was true about the colony of Pennsylvania? A) Land sales provided a hefty profit for William Penn. B) The colony was founded on the principle of religious uniformity. C) Native peoples found peaceful coexistence with Quakers difficult. D). Penn's successful efforts to attract led to an increase in the demand for slaves in other colonies.

D. The freedoms Pennsylvania offered led to a decline in the number of indentured servants choosing to sail for Virginia and Maryland, which led to an increased reliance on slave labor in those colonies.

Why was the establishment and maintenance of a stable family life difficult in Virginia? A) Women took advantage of their legal status as "feme sole" to make contracts and conduct business rather than start families. B) Women found it difficult to care for their family and children while serving out their indenture. C) The colony did not actively promote the immigration of women. D) Most women came to Virginia as indentured servants and could look forward only to a life of hard labor in the tobacco fields and early death.

D. The high death rate, unequal ratio between the sexes, and late age of marriage for those who found partners produced a society with large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans.

What instigated Bacon's Rebellion? A) William Berkeley's aggressive Indian policy B) Nathaniel Bacon's decision to burn down Jamestown C) the governor's desire to rescind property qualifications for voting D) the massacre of Indians allied to Virginia by Nathaniel Bacon and his supporters

D. The uprising began with Bacon's unauthorized and shocking massacre of Occaneechi allies of Virginia.

What was one outcome of the Columbian Exchange? A) Europeans were exposed to diseases for which they had no immunities B) Europeans were introduced to new foodstuffs like wheat, sugarcane, and watermelons C) Europeans were introduced to new foodstuffs like corn, peanuts, and tomatoes D) Untold numbers of Native peoples succumbed to deadly European diseases like smallpox

D. Although the total number of deaths is difficult to determine, the result of exposure to European diseases in Native populations was devastating.

How did the enclosure movement contribute to a justification for English colonization in the Americas? A) Enclosures allowed landlords to raise more sheep for the expanding wool trade with potential markets in the Americas. B) The influx of gold and silver from mines in the Americas could help offset the cost of government relief for those displaced by enclosures. C) Fencing off the "commons" enabled landlords to profit from productive farming practices and help fund English aspirations in the Americas. D) "Masterless men" could regain freedom and economic independence through land ownership in the Americas.

D. Economic freedom through land ownership and the possibility of passing it on to one's children was the main lure for emigrants from England to the Americas.

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Native societies in general? A) Gift giving and the distribution of goods was an important component of village life. B) Women played an integral role in decision-making for the community. C) Men and women were expected to live up to societal norms for their behavior. D) Native societies tended to be more exclusivist in their religious practices.

D. Native North American religions were inclusivist, allowing adherents to incorporate new religious beliefs and practices.