HST 202

german and irish migration to the us in early 19th century

Growing companies hired all that wanted to work. immigrants built canals and constructed railroads. They migrated to access work, access land to ownership, stable political environment and established entice networks. Germany: escape religious intolerance and political instability High point of migration from 1845-1855. Some immigrants were considered radical and believed in socialism. -sought land and then a wife and family • Introduced guild system to us Irish i. Potato Famine ii. Mistreatment by british iii. Unable to vote, practice religion, speak language, hold office 2. Only way to survive is to leave

andrew jacksons annual message (d2L)

called for the relocation of eastern Native American tribes to land west of the Mississippi River, in order to open new land for settlement by citizens of the United States. direct outcome: trail of tears

appomattox battle

• The armies of the union were able to coordinate successfully with each other and lee surrendered at Appomattox virginia on april 9, 1865 His objective was the South Side Railroad at Appomattox Station where food supplies awaited

kansas and nebraska act

1. Proposed in May of 1854. 2. Centered on the notion of "Popular Sovereignty." 3. Concerned the land which had previously been decided upon by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. 4. Dividing the region into two territories. a. Kansas: Popular Sovereignty would decide the slave status b. Nebraska: Slavery was prohibited c. Meant to repeal the Missouri compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36 30'

what different ways did slaves and former slaves actively resisted the institution of slavery? how were these forms of resistance diff. than abolition? how did white and black abolitionists relate differently to the cause of abolition?

1.) What different ways did slaves and former slaves actively resisted the institution of slavery? Escape, playing to stereotypes, rebellions Nat Turner, Breaking farm equipment, pregnancy, pretending to be sick, underground railroad, written accounts (speeches) How were these forms of resistance diff. than abolition? Resistance- freedom not a high likelihood Abolition- legally ending slavery (Frederick douglas) Abolitionist newspapers (Frederick douglas) How did white and black abolitionists relate differently to the cause of abolition ? White abolition- back to Africa (American colonization society) White abolitionists- No vote for black people but want to end slavery Black abolitionist- personal stories, experience Whats at stack for each? Consider the actions of the leading black and white abolitionists we discussed William loyad garrison -liberator, mentor to douglass, heavily persecuted, different ideas John brown- thought violence would work to resolve, killed 5 people pro slavery in Kansas Grimke Sisters- born in the south move north, Harriet beecher stowe- wrote uncle tom's cabin Frederick douglas (black abolitionist) newspaper, William loyld garrison relationship Harriet Tubman( black abolitionist) underground railroad Dred Scott and Harriet Scott- try to get their freedom, have a court case Sojourner Truth

erie canal

1817 - 1825 - immediately successful, army are the engineers for it ▪ The Problem of Engineering ▪ Affects for Immigration, Westward Expansion a. Irish and German immigrants (3,000 Irish immigrants) worked on the Eerie Canal b. This work was poorly paid and dangerous resulting in many deaths from accidents and diseases. 4. Opportunities for freed black men depended on the region.

the b&O railroad

1827: Was not immediately successful, more expensive than canals, defaulted to build, became more successful during winters, start to have the longest track by 1853. Important because in 19 centry railroad is king, have a lot of benefits over any other transportion (rivers can't all year round, same with canals, turnpikes deteriorate quickly) railroad does not have problems also goes wherever you want it to go. created which cities will be wealthy and or die-because of if the railroads passes or not. determine where people live

world antislavery convention

1840 By 1860, nine states were dependent upon slavery as the major economic system Population: slave population tripled between 1810 and 1860 1. Older Upper South (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Kentucky) grew different crops from those grown in "Black Belt" South from South Carolina to eastern Texas a. Economies of flat coastal areas differed from those of Appalachian highlands b. Southern cities differed from rural areas 2. Slavery was paternalistic in older areas but became increasingly a capitalistic enterprise aimed at maximizing profits a. Tied into growing international web of economic relations o The fight for the abolishment of slavery led to a fundamental rethinking of humanity and human rights in the united states o Many women abolitionists were already involved in other social reform movements and many turned to women's right activism

seneca fall

1848 o Project of Mott & Stanton launched the women's suffrage movement discuss the 11 resolutions on women's rights

Former Slave Sojourner Truth Links Women's Rights to Antislavery

1851 Sojourner Truth rose delivered her short, masterful speech-invoking tenets of Christianity and to debunk the ministers arguments. Pointing to her well-muscled arms and referring to the hard work she performed as a slave, she allegedly declared, "And ain't I a woman?" As to the argument that Jesus was a man, she responded: "Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him." And turning the sin of Eve argument on its head, she lectured, "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!"

frederick douglass, what to the slave is the fourth of july,

1852 He had been invited to speak about what the Fourth of July means for America's black population, and while the first part of his speech praises what the founding fathers did for this country, his speech soon develops into a condemnation of the attitude of American society toward slavery. He tells the audience that they have gathered to celebrate the Fourth of July, but he reminds them that the nation is young, and, like a young child, it is still impressionable and capable of positive change. He touches on the history of the American Revolutionaries' fight for freedom against their legal bondage under British rule. He tells the audience that he supports the actions of these revolutionaries. The real subject of his speech, he concedes, is American slavery. He condemns America for being untrue to its founding principles, its past, and its present. Douglass concludes on an optimistic note. He believes that anti-slavery sentiments will eventually triumph over pro-slavery forces.

antietam battle

1862, north win • Bloodiest single day of war in American history (6,000 dead, 16000 wounded) • General lee's battle plans were known in advanced but northern general mcclellan did not act upon his knowledge until it was too late • Battle lasted for 12 hours -changed African American role in the war

missouri compromise

2. Concerned the territory acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. 3. Dilemma began with the application of Missouri as a slave-state. a. In 1818, there were an equal number of free states and slave states in America. Some people wanted the land from the Louisiana Purchase to be free states. The leaders of Missouri wanted Missouri to be a slave state. More than 10,000 slaves lived in Missouri in 1820. b. To solve the problem, Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed the Missouri Compromise. He suggested that both Maine and Missouri should be new states. One would be a free state and one would be a slave state. This would allow the numbers of each type of state to remain equal. He also proposed that new states above 36.5° latitude, except for Missouri, would be free states c. Called for the admittance of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. d.) the issue? -he also proposed that new states above 36.5 latitude except for Missouri would be free slates

explain womens roles in at least two reform movements and how this influenced the first wave of feminism starting with seneca falls in 1848

2.) reforms movements? Temperance, abolition, suffrage, right to own land, recognition of full capabilities, full access to wages, equal access to higher education prison and mental health(dorothea dix), education, religion(preach) divorce Leadership roles were limited? Anti-slavery conference- (Elizabeth cady Stanton and lucrica mott) cant serve as delegates Looked down upon for public talking (preaching) can lead to stoning or threats of Seneca falls leading meeting- men or women should start it? Men did Explain womens roles in at least two reform movements and how this influenced the first wave of feminism Stanton-temperance movement and abolition Susan b Anthony- education and temperance Grimke Sisters-abolition Shared religion- Quakers (tolerant of other belief systems, equal access to speak) Sojourner Truth Lucretia mott-white women How did these movements make women focus on their own rights? Source of power, position of power Education Suffrage Fighting for the rights of others (do you have them?)

president andrew jackson election "age of common white man" and universal male suffrage

After revolution, most states required men to proof of ownership and land property to vote. . Election of Andrew Jackson- opposite of elitist, did not like banking. Connect to bank war. Wanted to benefit the white man. Wants to reform the economy for the common man. Sees the national bank only for the rich. Indian removal o Universal male suffrage o Election of Jackson, 1828 Changing nature of political campaigning New ways of campaigning dominated by debates, parades, newspapers, and propaganda (political mudslinging) Adams = elitist, Jackson =common man Voter turnout soars Couldn't vote if didn't own property So women and African americans couldn't vote Didn't like the bank-praying on everyday people

harriet tubman

American abolitionist, humanitarian, armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. underground railrod

the bank war

Andrew Jackson was about the common man against national banks liked state banks Did not want to get rid of the bank at first bc he thought he would lose. 1832. He wins the electron. People agree with him that the bank needs to die removes the federal deposits. Effort to kill the national bank, not helpful to the common man wants to go to state banks. Hes trying to reform the economy to help the common man. Causes the panic of 1837 where banks all across the country fail and goes into a deep depression. (Jackson) Lasts until the 1840s, worse then the great depression.

the panic of 1837

Andrew Jackson, bank war, in attempt to kill the national bank takes federal deposit out of national bank and the people have trouble paying back loans from foreign countries. Banks are going under and causes a great depression. People lose land, jobs, businesses. Huge disruption in the economy.

describe the major changes to the economy and to american lives during the era. how does the market revolution change peoples ideas about gov and about work? why did these changes occur? what fueled the development of a national economy? describe the process itself: was it smooth? was is disruptive? were these barriers to development? what were they?

Describe the major changes to the economy and to American lives during the era Agriculture to industry Transportation revolution- steam engine, canals, railroads, turn pikes Selling through the market- small factory to big factory How does the market revolution change peoples ideas about gov and about work? Regulations and tariffs Home and work no longer same (boss outside of home, don't know your boss) Women enter the workforce- textile mills, teaching, domestic workers Farmers sell one crop then sell it in mass Why did these changes occur? What fueled the development of a national economy? Was it smooth was it disruptive? Widening divide between rich and poor Moving to cities>> huge growth of cities Immigrants (Ireland and germany) Men immigrants work on-railroads, lower end of payment labor, canals, construction, manual labor Women immigrants work on- house keepers, domestic work, teaching, mostly immigrants (irish "Bridget" stereotype), textiles, Lowell mill(14 hour days, no drinking, mostly young women, all work in one place, safe place (lived in dormitories, boarding houses), urban factories Political/economic history perspective Rise of national bank Loans for infrastructure Creation of tariffs for in house production to create with overseas cheap products Laissez faire- ideas about what a gov should do Gov creation of infrastructure "still good for public"-not profitable or realistic for an individual to build a canal but for people's good Whig party Henry clay

Senator Charles Sumner Addresses the "Crime Against Kansas

First addresses the president about how the territory of kansas occupies the middle spot of north american more than any other region in May 1856, he lambasted southern efforts to extend slavery into Kansas and attacked his colleague, Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina. says that he thinks he's a knight and that he has a harlot named slavery lastly addresses the senator from illinois mr. douglas saying he's the squire of slavery saying he is a mortal man and an immortal principle against him

gettsyburg battle

July 1-July 3, 1863 (PA) • Lee lost more than 1/3 of his army at battle • Lee would be on the defensive for the remainder of the war • Bloodiest battle of the civil war 1/3 of all civil war dead photos were taken here

advantages of north and south in the civil war

North • They had many more people • They had many more factories which could be used to make weapons • The union also had many more miles or railroad tracks The souths main advantage was that they were fighting at home • They were closer to their supplies • They would fight harder because they were protecting their homes • Southern soldiers were better equipped with the skills necessary to survive a war

sarah and angelina grimke

Quakerism • Unofficial leadership roles for women • "appeal to the Christian women of the south o World Antislavery Convention, 1840 London

gettsburg adress

Sherman's March to the Sea November 16-December 21, 1864 • Went across the state of Georgia leaving a 60-mile-wide path of destruction • Purpose was to show civilians in the south the horrors of war, hoping they would surrender • Destroyed military targets, houses, crops, livestock • Reached savanna

lincoln douglass debates

The Causes of the War •Cause 1: Slavery in the South -in 1790 there were only 30,000 slaves in Georgia. Slavery grew to 460,000 slaves by 1860. Half of georgias wealth was in slavery •Cause #2 States' Rights and Tariffs -tarrifs helped northern industries, yet did little to help the south (they preferred foreign goods, cheaper) -in 1832 south Carolina refused to follow the new higher tariffs and threatened to even succeed from the union •Cause #3 Agrarian vs. Industry -in 1850 over 600 mills in north but only 166 in south -only 10% of nations goods manufactured in south •Cause #4 Western Expansion -bleeding Kansas -California statehood -utah statehood

transportation revolution

Turnpikes ▪ The National Road, 1811 - 1837 - first highway by the gov. Illinois to Pennsylvania ▪ The Problem of Tolls is people find their way around them ➢ Steamboats ▪ The Clermont, 1807 - first successful steamboats, new York city up the Hudson bay river to Albany ▪ The Problem of Patent Enforcement ➢ Canals ▪ The Erie Canal, 1817 - 1825 - immediately successful, army are the engineers for it ▪ The Problem of Engineering ▪ Affects for Immigration, Westward Expansion ➢ Railroads ▪ The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1827 -first charter railroad, no immediately successful, difficult to build ▪ Growth of American Railroads, Death of American Canals

female domestic workers in early 19th century

Women no longer held a natural role on the family farm as farms lost money and grew smaller. Young women entered the workforce outside of the home. Many of them worked in precarious positions. Older women also had to conceptualize the roles in a changing economy

harriet jacobs

an African-American writer abolitionist speaker and reformer. Escaped slave, seamstress Wrote "Incidents of a Slave Girl" Talked about her slavemaster sexually assaulting her slaves Got pregnant outside of wedlock

know nothing party

anti catholic and anti-immigrant. Against Germans and Irish. Late 1830's. Form as a political party in the 1840s. Reaction to what the market economy does to the labor market. 1. Known and closed societies nativist societies sprang up between 1840s and 1850s 2. Won control of mass legislature elected mayor of Chicago and gained 40% vote in Philadelphia in 1850s elections

john brown

bleeding kansas legacy • He led an act of retaliation: battle of Pottawatomie creek • John brown is said to have killed five pro slavery people • Why? Death of brother and son, hanging of a free soiler • In 1856 kansas governor offered clemency to former fighters on both sides. John brown leaves Kansas

harriet beecher stowe and uncle toms cabin

book is about the harsh conditions for enslaved african americans

lowell mill workers

setting a standard, many Irish girls work there and then send money to their family. expectation for the worker there (no drinking, smoking) younger women, women who have never been married, don't have a obvious place in society, the younger you are the lower pay. working 14 hour days , all work under one place, a safe place (lived in dormitiories, bordering houses with really strict rules)

The Seneca Falls Convention Declares Women's Rights,

the convention took place in 1848 where elizabeth and lucrtia mott were speakers. it was the first womens rights held in seneca falls and The convention proceeded to discuss the 11 resolutions on women's rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one of the meeting's organizers, began with a speech on the convention's goals and purpose: She went on to describe the injustices, inequities, and invisibilities that American women felt and ended the Declaration with a call for action. Stanton wanted U.S. women to organize and fight for equality. never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise, he has compelled her to submit to law in the formation of which she has no voice dont get rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men- both natives and foreigners taken all her right in property even taken her wages promise obedience to her husband no teachers of theology, medicine or law cant go to college

dred scott and harriet scott

wanted to buy their freedom. Supreme court said that they weren't citizens. Contribute to the outbreak of the civil war. Increases tensions between north and south •Supreme Court Decision: Citizenship denied to the Scotts in 1857 •Met and married in st.louis in early 1830s •Ownership of harriet was transferred to dred scotts owner •Spent a great deal of time in free states and territories illonois and Wisconsin •Upon death of master they asked to buy freedom for $300 when refused they took the case to the Missouri surpreme court in june 1847

lucretic mott

was a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, a women's rights activist, and a social reformer equal opportunity and voting rights

elizabeth cady stanton

worked with Susan B Anthony. She was married and had 7 children. Partnership emphasized women's role in domesticity and the public sphere. One of the most well known suffragist.

william lloyd garrison and the liberator

​newspaper​ ​Liberator,​ ​mentor​ ​to​ ​douglass,​ ​(different​ ​ideas about​ ​constitution​ ​as​ ​a​ ​proslavery​ ​document),​ ​persecuted

indian removal

• Jackson saw Indian removal as an opportunity to provide for the needs of the white farmers and businessmen. He also claimed that removal was also the best interest of the Indians over soverignty and land Claimed for western expansion because whites see native americans not using their land correctly-cultural misunderstanding about land Another part is just racism., sold this idea of being benevolent to Indians (charitable to them). result of the trail of tears (1838) o Choctaw begin removal in 1831 o Chickasaw: the last of the five southeastern tribes to be removed and they settled until 1855 o Long-term effects • Subsistence Economy to Dependence • Changing gender roles • Focus on Agriculture difficult for many • Treaty commitments not realized • Starvation, illness

bleeding kansas

• Years:1854-1861 • Sectional violence • Guerilla warfare • 6 decisive battles • -1 decisive mob/battle • Pro and antislavery forces try to get there first • Missourians crossed river to stake claims "border ruffians" • New England settlers moved to Lawrence (new England emigrant aid co. 1855) "free soilers) • First election (1854) won by proslavery Missourians crossing river to vote in Kansas • Border ruffians established proslavery legislature in LeCompton (estimated 2905 legal voters but 6307 voters cast) • Lecompton legislature created slave code no abolitionists allowed • Antislavery forces created legislature in topeka so 2 governments • President pierce did not recognize free soil topeka government • 1856 proslavery forces attacked free soil Lawrence Kansas

presidential election of 1860 and secession of states first state to secede?

•Lincoln wins but no support in the south •On December 20, 1860 south Carolina became the first state to secede. They were followed by Mississippi, florida, alabama, Georgia, lousiana and texas •Secession-the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860, leading to the Civil War. •Confederate states of America •Jefferson davis as president 1861-1865 •New constitution made slavery legal •Failure of Criterion Plan