HST 204 Final exam GVSU

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. (survival of the fittest)

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Gandhi was the leader of the third phase of Nationalist movement in India. (1917-1947)

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Nazism

Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.

Imperialism in Africa

Africa was rich in natural resources causing a scramble for Africa. The Europeans easily conquered Africa.

Tripple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy for WWI

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.

Long March 1934

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.

Trenches

Deep ditches used in battle for cover against enemy gunfire

Four Modernizations

Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Improve- agriculture, science/technology, defense and industry

Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

Government of India Act

Gandhi's efforts paid off when Parliament passed this act. It was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. India was granted self-government and limited elections. The right to vote was increased from 7 million to 35 million. Additionally, it was a major step toward Indian independence which would come in 1947. Also fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus as both groups vied for power.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Manchukuo

In 1932 Japan established this puppet state in their conquered territories of Manchuria. In 1933 the League of Nations reprimanded Japan, and so the nation withdrew from the organization, which was at the same time as Germany withdrawing as well

Anti-Comintern Pact

In 1936 Japan signed this with Germany and it was later ratified by Italy. It was in opposition to Communism but proved to be the foundation for diplomatic alliance between these three powers. Each now had allies and pushed their demands for individual success. In 1938 Mussolini was willing to accept the German absorption of Austria which he had resisted in 1934.

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Independent kingdoms before imperialism Indochina conquered by French Indonesia became Dutch East Indies Thailand remained free of European domination, but had to ally w/England and France Europeans encouraged Indian and Chinese immigrants to migrate to other colonies in SE Asia to increase labor supply Economy - plantation-style agriculture Politics - European governed directly; natives had little political role

INC

Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Edmund Cartwright

Inventor of the modern power loom (1784). This was used to weave cloth and tapestry. Key invention in the early revolution

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny. Revolutionized the process of cotton spinning, operator could now spin 8 threads at once. This allowed the move from a domestic cottage based industry to large scale factories.

Boar War

Involved the British and Dutch (Boars). British won, and were allowed to colonize South Africa.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Imperialism in Thailand

One of the only Southeast Asian countries to remain free of european imperialist rule

Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

Revolt of Indian soldiers against the British; caused by a military practice in violation of the Muslim and Hindu faiths

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Sarekat Islam and PNI

Sarekat Islam was a pre war political org in Indonesia. PNI (Indonesian Nationalist Party) supported their efforts to unite political organizations

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). The steam engine was vital to the success of factories during the revolution

British Raj

The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia (India) between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanjing on China.

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Provincial Government

a temporary government pending permanent arrangements

Great Depression

starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting

Commodore Perry

the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

Luftwaffe

the German air force before and during World War II

Satyagraha

the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms

Japan and Militarism

the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation.

New Democracy (China)

the initial program of the Chinese Communist government, from 1949 ti 1955, focusing on honest government, land reform, social justice, and peace feather than on the utopian goal of a classless society

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. Term mainly used in France

Anti-colonialism

the movement following World War II in which colonies began to revolt against their captors.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant and very harsh reparations from the Germans

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Henrik Ibsen

A major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the godfather" of modern drama and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre. Author of Doll's House

Louis XVI of France

(1774-1792), reinstated old parlements, minister of finance attempted to impose a general tax on all landed property, attempted to dismiss the notables and establish new taxes by decree, calls a meeting of the Estates-General, forces the National Assembly to meet as a single body, forced to accept a constitutional monarchy, sentenced to death by the National Convention

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty" Led by robespierre

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these was British Hong Kong.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Qing Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.

Gopal Gokhale

A nationalist in India who wanted India to be independent, but also wanted the British to bring about needed reforms in the Indian society

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

Great Britain Industrial Revolution

- London largest city in Europe, center of fashion - Newspapers and advertising thrived - People wanted to emulate the upper classes - Britain single largest free-trade area, with heavy but fair/efficient taxation - Society was mobile (for the time)

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

FDR

32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Mukden Incident

A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Little Red Book

A book circulated throughout China during the reign of Mao Zedong, which contained his political philosophy for China. It was required reading in all schools.

British Mines Act of 1842

An act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act forbade women and girls of any age to work underground and introduced a minimum age of ten for boys employed in underground work.

Tripple Entente

An alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain in the late for WWI

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

CCP (Chinese Communist Party)

Anti-Western Nationalist Party that rests on the ideas of land reform and marxist ideals, which appeals to the large peasant population and enacts never before seen social reforms. Emerges during warlord period of 1921 and goes on to battle the GMD for ultimate control, before using guerrilla tactics to finally defeat them. Mao is in control.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born leader of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Thomas Macaulay

British administrator who brought new school system, wrote "Minute on Education, stating that Indians need to educated in the ways of the British Empire.

The Lusitania

British passenger ship holding Americans that was sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

Imperialism in Burma

British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. Rubber was a popular export from Burma. The region under British control was known as British Burma

Imperialism in Malaysia

British rule in Malaysia lasted from 1826-1957. The British in Malaysia turned tin mining into a huge industry towards the end of the 19th-century. Malaysia quickly became the leading exporter accounting for 31% of global production, until the tin market crashed in the 1980s

Issac Newton

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and the end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin, it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian government during WWI

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited (working) class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

China-Science and Democracy

New culture revolution in China, which hoped to modernize the country even more

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Storming of the Bastille

Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic

Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity.

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

University of Rangoon

Protested against British arrogance and failure to observe local customs and persecution of the Buddhist religion

Transvaal

Region of Southern Africa originally founded by Afrikaners; became a source of interest for the British following the discovery of gold and diamonds, tensions grew between them and it eventually instigated The Boer War

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Imperialism in Indonesia

The Dutch held control over much of this area from the 16th century to 1945. They used the lands to take natural resources such as nutmeg, peppers, cloves and cinnamon. The Dutch destroyed the peaceful way of life of the Indonesian people by bringing violence into the country. Indonesia was left in great debt, and their economy was destroyed.

"Asia for Asians"

The Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia had been accomplished under this slogan. Many Japanese sincerely believed that their government was bringing about the liberation of Asians from European colonial rule.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Lu Xun

The beloved Chinese author who criticized traditional China through such classics as "The Diary of a Madman" and "Ah Q"

The Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Nanjing Republic

The government of China 1928-1945; founded by Chiang Kai-Shek; wanted to reunify China with a combo of military operations and offers to various northern warlords to join his movement.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; Peace appealed to the soldiers; Land appealed to the peasants; and Bread appealed to the workers.

1911 Revolution in China

The uprising that brought China's last Dynasty (Qing) to an end. After the humiliating defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, as well as the anger over the continued dominance by foreign merchants in the Chinese economy (as symbolized by the Boxer Rebellion) , revolutionaries from a variety of viewpoints bonded together to end China's long history of monarchy. In 1912 a republic based on Western political ideas was established.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Factory System

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.

Hitler-Stalin nonaggression pact

This pact was signed by Hitler and Stalin on August 23, 1939. It allowed Hitler to attack Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. This pact helped spur the start of World War II.

Suffragists

Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Northern Expedition 1926

When the Nationalists and the Communists (for the moment united) went around China defeating the warlords, aided by the Soviet Union on the condition that they had to allow the Communists to stay, but Chiang Kai-shek ordered that the Communists be "purged" from the army in 1927.

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Class struggle (Marx)

conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)

A Doll's House

exposes the restricted role of women during the time of its writing and the problems that arise from a drastic imbalance of power between men and women.

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Role of Women (Qing Dynasty)

limited to inside the home. ... Often women were responsible for educating their children in math and literature. They were also to obey their husbands and seen as property. A woman could expect to be one of several wives or concubines.

Soviets

local Russian councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers

Harijans

means "children of God" and was Gandhi's designation for the untouchables

Shanghai Massacre

ordered by Chiang Kai-Shek. thousands of communists killed. April 1927. Nationalist-Communist alliance destroyed.

Final Solution / Holocaust

was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jews during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust