Human Anatomy

Tubercles

A characteristic feature of tuberculosis is the formation of small, hard nodules called ~ in the lungs.

Monoclonal antibodies

A common pregnancy test uses ~ ~ to detect the hormone HCG in a woman's urine.

Scrapie

A disease of sheep.

Epidemic

A higher than normal occurrence of disease in a certain area over a given period of time.

Vector

A living organism, such as a mosquito, that transfers a pathogen from one host to another is a ~.

Virus

A microbe that is a parasite of cells that itself is acellular and bridges the gap between the living and nonliving.

Delayed allergic response

An allergic response that is initiated by memory T cells at the site of allergen contact in the body is a(n) ~ ~ ~.

Outbreak

An epidemic that is confined to a local area

Emerging diseases

Avian Influenza (H5N1), Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are each ~ ~.

Encode

Be responsible for producing.

Prophylactically

Before infection.

Encephalopathy

Brain is affected by some agent.

Campylobacter jejuni

Curved-shaped bacterium that causes food poisoning.

Chronic phase

Early symptoms of illness become constant.

Gp120

Envelope Glycoprotein 120

Protease

Enzyme encoded by HIV genome that breaks down viral polypeptides into functional proteins.

Reverse transcriptase

Enzyme encoded by HIV genome that converts viral RNA into viral DNA.

Integrase

Enzyme encoded by HIV genome that inserts viral DNA into host cell DNA

Plasmids

Genes coding for antibiotic resistance in bacteria are often located on small, circular pieces of DNA called ~.

Retroviruses

HIV belongs to this group of viruses, all of which use reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA into DNA.

Acute phase

HIV-1B undergoes prolific replication.

Spongiform

Having a porous structure similar to that of a sponge.

Pentamer

IgM antibodies have this structure.

First responders

Immune defense of phagocytic white blood cells.

Acquired defenses

Immune defense that kills infectious agents that gain access to the body; protects against cancer.

Prions

Infectious particles made of protein only.

Antibody-mediated immunity

Involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells.

Pili

Many bacteria have hollow appendages called ~ that can transfer DNA between cells.

Flagella

Motile bacteria usually have one or more long, thin cellular appendages called ~.

Provirus

Once HIV RNA is reverse transcribed into HIV DNA and integrated into the DNA of a host cell, the viral DNA is called a(n) ~.

Prolific

Plentiful.

Binary fission

Process by which bacteria reproduce.

Biosynthesis

Production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Rod-shaped bacterium that causes urinary tract infections.

Plasmodium falciparum

Species of protists causing malaria that causes most disease and death.

Staphylococcus aureus

Sphere-shaoed bacterium that causes toxic shock syndrome.

Bacteria

Strep throat, tetanus, tuberculosis, and syphilis are all caused by ~.

AIDS phase

T cell count drops below 200 cells per milliliter.

Capsule

The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a thick, gelatinous ~ that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.

CD4 cells

The helper T cells and macrophages infected by HIV are called ~ ~, because they display a molecule called CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) on their surface.

Viral load

The number of HIV particles in a person's blood is called the ~ ~.

Capsid

The protein coat or shell of a virus particle. One of the two essential components shared by all viruses, along with a core of nucleic acid, it surrounds the nucleic acid core as an outer protein.

Immunization

The use of a vaccine to stimulate active immunity.

Helper T cells/macrophages

Two cell types infected by HIV.

Granzymes and perforin

Two molecules secreted by cytotoxic T cells that are involved in the killing of target cells.

Spikes

Types of ~ give influenza its great variability.

Interferons

Virus-infected cells often secrete ~, which cause uninfected cells to produce substances that interfere with viral replication.

Clonal selection model

When a B cell or T cell is stimulated by an antigen, it divides, producing many identical copies of itself. This is an important part of the ~ ~ ~.

Prions

~ cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad cow disease) in cows.

Microbes

~ found in the areas of the body such as the mouth and intestines that help to prevent infection by pathogens are called normal flora.