Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 - Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide

What are the four classes of macromolecules and the subunits that make them?

1. Lipids - fatty acids 2. Carbohydrates - simple sugars 3. Nucleic acids - nucleotides 4. Proteins - amino acids

What are the three types of chemical bond that form between atoms?

1. Metallic 2. Covalent 3. Ionic

What are the seven functions of proteins?

1. Serve as catalysts (enzymes) metabolic reactions. 2. Act in defense 3. Aid in transport 4. Contribute to structural support 5. Cause movement 6. perform regulation 7. Provide storage

What are the five types of macroscopic anatomy, define them.

1. Systematic anatomy- Learning the body system by system. Ex: Skeletal system, urinary system, lymphatic system. 2. Regional anatomy- Studying the body by regions. Ex: someone might look at the arm and they will study the skin, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, bones, tendons, ligaments, etc. 3. Surface anatomy- Study of anatomy just looking at the surface of the body. 4. Comparative anatomy- Studying different subjects or species and comparing it. 5. Embryology- The study of the embryo.

What is an organic molecule?

A molecule that contains carbon

Explain a negative feedback loop. Explain a positive feedback loop.

A negative feedback loop is when the bodily response is opposite to the stimulus. A positive feedback loop moves farther and farther away from homeostasis.

What is an acid? What is a base? What is pH? What is the pH of water? Of a solution that is acidic? Of a solution that is basic?

Acid: A substance that dissociates in water to produce both an H+ and an anion. Base: Accepts H+ when added to a solution. pH: is measurement of H+. The pH of water is 7. The pH of an acidic solution is is anything less than 7.

What is ATP?

The energy molecule of the cell. Formed by the breakdown of glucose.

What is homeostasis? What are the three components are associated with each homeostatic system?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment. 1. Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus for environmental change. 2. Control center: integration center- receives and processes information and sends out commands. 3. Effector: A cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center.

The subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are located within the:

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

A plane that passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior positions is a:

Transverse plane

Know the 11 body systems. What is each system composed of? What is the function of each system?

integumentary system: consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. Function is to protect the tissues and plays a major role in thermoregulation and the synthesis of vitamin d. Skeletal system: consists of the bones, ligaments, and joints. Function is to support and it plays a role in calcium regulation. Muscular system: consists of the muscles and tendons. Function is the generation of our bodily heat. Nervous system: Consists of brain, spinal chord, nerves, and receptors. Function is to get information on our internal and external environment and shoot it to the brain and spinal chord to maintain homeostasis. Endocrine system: Consists of glands. Function is to communicate to other systems via hormones. Cardiovascular system: Consists of heart, blood vessels, and the blood within the blood vessels. Function is to send blood throughout the body. Respiratory system: Consists of the structures in the nose and the throat. Function is for gaseous exchange and also plays a role in PH regulation. Lymphatic system: Consists of tonsils, thymus, spleen, and vessels. Function is to regulate fluid in the tissues and is also our defense system. Urinary system: Consists of two kidneys, and tubes to the bladder. Filters the blood to remove waste products and expels urine from the body. Digestive system: Consists of a tube from our oral cavity all the way to the anus. Function is to digest food to absorb our nutrients and get rid of waste. Male reproductive system: Consists of the penis, testes, etc. Function is to produce male sex cells and hormones. Female reproductive system:: Consists of the vagina, mammary glands, etc. Function is to produce female sex cells and hormones.

Lumbar =

lower back

Cervical =

neck

Femoral =

thigh

What atomic particle determines the type of chemical bond that will be formed?

valence electrons

Carpal =

wrist

Cephalic =

head

What is anatomical position? Define all of the directional terms; superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, proximal and distal, superficial and deep.

Anatomical position- Standing up, face forward, palms facing forward. Superior and inferior- Superior is above closer to the head while the inferior is below, closer to the feet. Anterior and posterior- Anterior is toward the front of the body and posterior is toward the back of the body. Medial and lateral- Medial is toward the mid line of the body. Lateral is away from the midline of the body. Proximal and distal- Proximal is near, closer to the attachment point of the body. Distal is far, farther from the attachment point of a limb to the trunk. Superficial and deep- Superficial is toward the surface of the body, on the outside. Deep is beneath the surface of the body, on the inside.

Define Anatomy. Define Physiology.

Anatomy- The field of biological sciences that explains the structure and organization of organisms and relates the structure to function. Physiology- Explains processes or function and predicts bodily responses to stimuli based on normal physiology.

Gluteal =

Buttock

What is the chemical symbol? What is the atomic number? What is the atomic mass?

Chemical symbol: The middle letter or letters in the squares that represents the symbol for that particular element. Atomic number: The number above the chemical symbol that represents the number of protons in an atom of the element. Atomic mass: The number below the chemical symbol that represents the mass of both protons and neutrons.

What is a covalent bond? What does it mean to be polar or non polar? What is electronegativity? What are the trends of increasing electronegativity on the periodic table?

Covalent bond: -Atoms share electrons - Occurs when both atoms require electrons - Occurs with atoms with 4 to 7 electrons in outer shell. - Formed commonly in human body using Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C). Polar: Covalent bond that isn't shared equally. Nonpolar: Covalent bond that is shared equally. Ex: two carbon molecules. Electronegativity: A measure of an atoms ability to attract shared electrons to itself. Electronegativity increases from left to right and bottom to top on the periodic table.

Define Cytoloogy. Define Histology.

Cytology: The study of cells. Histology: The study of tissues.

What is an isotope?

Different atoms of the same element. - Have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons. - Identical chemical characteristics; different atomic masses.

Digital =

Fingers or toes

Which sectional plane could divide the body so that the face remains intact?

Frontal plane ( Coronal plane)

What are the functions of water? Is it a solvent? Do polar, non polar, or amphipathic molecules dissolve in water?

Functions of water: Consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. - Transports: Substances dissolved in water move easily throughout the body. - Lubricates: Decreases friction between body structures. -Cushions: Absorbs sudden force of body movements. - Excretes waste: Unwanted substances dissolved in water are easily eliminated. Water is a solvent because most substances dissolve in it. Nonpolar molecules don't dissolve in water. Polar molecules do dissolve in water. Ampophillic molecules may dissolve or not dissolve in water because they have both polar and non polar portions.

What is glucose? What are the three fates of glucose? What is glycogen? Define glycogenesis. Define glycogenolysis? Define gluconeogenesis?

Glucose: Primary nutrient supplying energy to the cell. Glycogen: The storage form of glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogenesis: When the liver and skeletal muscle store excess glucose monomers together. Glucogenesis: When the liver forms glucose from noncarb sources.

Inguinal =

Groin

What is an ion? What is a cation? What is an anion? What is an electrolyte?

Ion: - Atoms with a positive and negative charge - Produced from loss or gain of one or more electrons Cations: - Atoms with a positive charge Anion: -Atoms with a negative charge

What is a lipid? What are the four classes of lipids? Describe the structure and function of each type of lipid.

Lipid: Fatty, water insoluble molecules. They function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, hormones. Four classes of lipids: - Triglycerides: Used for long term energy storage. Formed from glycerol and three fatty acids; saturated - lacks double bonds, unsaturated- one pair of double bonds and polyunsaturated- one or more pairs of double bonds. - Phospholipids: Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell membranes - Steroids: Composed of hydrocarbons arranged in multi ringed structures. Plays a role in cholesterol . - Eicosanoids: Signaling molecules. Primary function in inflammatory response and nervous system communication.

Define lipogenesis and lipolysis.

Lipogenesis- formation of triglycerides when conditions of excess nutrients exist, Lipolysis- breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients are needed

The mediastinum is the area between the:

Lungs and heart

What is matter? What is an element? What is an atom? What is a molecule? What is a compound?

Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space. 3 types of matter: 1. Solids: bone 2. liquids:blood 3. gas: oxygen, carbon dioxide Element- a simple substance that can't be broken into smaller pieces. Atom- a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. molecule- two or more atoms bonded together to form a single chemical entity. Compound-

What is microscopic vs macroscopic anatomy?

Microscopic anatomy is tiny structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Ex: Cytology- study of cells, Histology- study of tissues. Macroscopic anatomy (gross anatomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye. Ex: Surface. anatomy, systematic anatomy, etc.

What is a mixture? What is a solution? What is a colloid? What is a suspension?

Mixtures: Are formed from combining two or more substances. Suspension: Material larger in size than 1 mm mixed with water. - Does not remain mixed unless in motion. - Appears cloudy Ex: Blood cells within plasma or sand in water. Colloid: Smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution. - Remains mixed when not in motion. Ex: Fluid in cell cytosol and fluid in blood plasma. Solution: Homeogenous mixture of material smaller than 1 mm mixed with water. -Dissolves in water -Does not settle if solution not in water. Ex: Sugar water, salt water, blood plasma.

What is a monosaccharide? disaccharide? polysaccharide?

Monosaccharide: simple sugar monomers Disaccharide: Formed from two monosaccharides Polysaccharides: Formed from many monosaccharides

Umbilical =

Naval

The two regulatory systems are:

Nervous and endocrine systems.

What are three subatomic particles that make up an atom? What is the charge for each one? Where is each one found?

Neutrons: - no charge - found in Protons: - positive charge of 1 - Electrons: - negative charge of 1 Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus while electrons are found outside the nucleus in the outer shells.

What is a nucleic acid? What are two types of nucleic acids? What are a nucleotide? What are two similarities and two differences between DNA and RNA?

Nucleic acid: Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic information. Two types: DNA and RNA Nucleotide: Where our genetic information is stored, transferred and how proteins are made. Two similarities between DNA and RNA: - Both are formed of monomers - Both have four nitrogenous bases. Two differences between DNA and RNA: - DNA is a double stranded molecule while RNA is a single stranded molecule. - RNA has the sugar ribose while DNA has the sugar deoxyribose.

Understand how to diagram an atom. What is the octet rule? How many atoms are is the firs orbital? How many are in the following orbitals for them to be full? What is the outermost shell called? What are the electrons in the outermost shell called?

Octet rule: Atoms are most stable when their valence shells are filled with 8 electrons. There are two atoms in the. first orbital and The outer most shell is called the valence shell. The electrons in the outer most shell are called valence electrons.

What are three types of polysaccharides?

Plant starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat.

Saturated fat- Tend to stay solid Unsaturated fat- Stay liquid at room temperature

Plantar =

Sole of the foot

Vertebral

Spinal column

Brachial =

arm

Axillary =

armpit

- The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would calcitonin have on blood calcium levels? A. No change in calcium levels B. Decrease in calcium levels C. Increase in calcium levels D. Increase in calcitonin levels

b

- Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback? A. Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure B. A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels C. A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus D. Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar

c

Buccal =

cheek

Mental =

chin

Orbital =

eye