Human Anatomy and Physiology 201 exam 5
sympathetic neurons
Like most blood vessels of the body, those of the kidneys are supplied by ___________ of the autonomic nervous system.
Mixing and Propulsion
List the function: Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and move them toward the anus.
Secretion
List the function: Each day, cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secrete a total of about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract.
Ingestion
List the function: This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (eating)
renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
List the path of urine in order from the renal pelvis to excretion
submucosa
Located in the ______ are networks of neurons subject to regulation by the ANS called the ENS, the "brain of the gut". The ENS of this layer control the secretions of the organs of the GI tract.
stretch receptors
Located in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles are pressure-sensitive __________.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels
duodenum
Most chemical digestion occurs here
absorptive cells
Most of the digestion by enzymes of the small intestine occurs in or on the surface of the _________.
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Muscular contractions of the ______ and _______ help propel food into the esophagus.
oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
Name the 2 fissures that divide the right lung into superior, middle, and inferior lobes.
angiotensin II and aldosterone
Name the 2 most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion in nephrons
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Name the 2 parts that make up a renal corpuscle
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
Name the 3 basic processes of the nephrons and collecting ducts
proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Name the 3 end products of digestion in the duodenum
Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
Name the 3 main sections (in order that fluid passes through them) of the renal tubule
Cephalic, gastric, intestinal
Name the 3 phases of digestion
Voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
Name the 3 stages of swallowing
Mucous neck cells, chief cells, and parietal cells
Name the 3 types of exocrine gland cells contained within the gastric glands of the stomach
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Name the 4 layers of tissue lining the GI tract in order from innermost to outermost layer.
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
Name the 4 main regions of the stomach
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease
Name the enzymes included in pancreatic juice
Excretion of Bilirubin
Name the function of the liver: Bilirubin, derived from the heme of aged red blood cells, is absorbed by the liver and secreted into bile. Most of the bilirubin in bile is metabolized in the small intestine by bacteria and eliminated in feces.
Lipid metabolism
Name the function of the liver: Hepatocytes store some triglycerides; break down fatty acids to generate ATP; synthesize lipoproteins, which transport fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol to and from body cells; synthesize cholesterol; and use cholesterol to make bile salts.
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Name the function of the liver: In addition to storing glycogen, the liver stores certain vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and minerals (iron and copper), which are released from the liver when needed elsewhere in the body.
Processing of drugs and hormones
Name the function of the liver: The liver can detoxify substances such as alcohol or secrete drugs such as penicillin, crythromycin, and sulfonamides into bile. It can also deactivate thyroid hormones and steroid hormones such as estrogens and aldosterones.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Name the function of the liver: The liver is especially important in maintaining a normal blood glucose level. When blood glucose is low, the liver can break down glycogen to glucose and release glucose into the bloodstream. When blood glucose is high, the liver converts glucose to glycogen and triglycerides for storage.
Activation of Vitamin D
Name the function of the liver: The skin, liver, and kidneys participate in synthesizing the active form of vitamin D.
Protein metabolism
Name the function of the liver: hepatocytes remove the amino group from amino acids so that the amino acids can be used for ATP production or converted to carbohydrates or fats. They also convert the resulting toxic ammonia into the much less toxic urea, which is excreted in urine. Hepatocytes also synthesize most plasma proteins, such as globulins, albumin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen.
Digestion
Name the function: Mechanical and chemical processes break down ingested food into small molecules.
Absorption
Name the function: The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and small molecules that are products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract is called _______.
defecation
Name the function: Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells shed from the lining of the GI tract, and digested materials that were not absorbed leave the body through the anus in a process called _______.
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Name the two parts of the nephron
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Name the two parts of the pharynx that serve as both passageways for air as well as for food and drink.
blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure
Name the two pressures that oppose glomerular filtration
deciduous teeth and permanent teeth
Name the two sets of teeth that humans have.
segmentations and peristalsis
Name the two types of movements that contribute to intestinal motility in the small intestine
root cavity
Narrow extensions of the pulp cavity run through the root of the tooth and are called _______. Each of these has an opening at its base through which blood vessels bring nourishment, lymphatic vessels offer protection, and nerves provide sensation.
renal bilum
Near the center of the medial border of the kidney is an indentation called the _______, through which the ureter leaves the kidney, and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
inspiratory area
Nerve impulses generated in the _________ establish the basic rhythm of breathing.
greater omentum
Normally contains considerable adipose tissue. Its adipose tissue content can greatly expand with weight gain, giving rise to the characteristic "beer belly" seen in some overweight individuals.
net filtration pressure
Normally, blood pressure is greater than the two opposing pressures (blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure), producing a _________ of about 10 mm Hg.
upward, downward
On a spirogram, the _____ deflection is inhalation and the ______ deflection is exhalation
trypsin
Once ______ is activated by enterokinase, it activates the other protein-digesting pancreatic enzymes.
gastric phase
Once food reaches the stomach, the _______ of digestion begins.
ph
Once the food reaches the stomach, the stomach wall is stretched and the ___ of the stomach contents increases because proteins in food have buffered some of the stomach acid.
urinary system
One of the functions is hormone production--calcitriol, which is the active form of vitamin D and promotes calcium absorption from the GI tract and Erythropoietin which triggers red blood cell production.
urinary system
One of the functions is waste excretion: the removal of ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatine, and uric acid
salivary amylase
One of the solutes, the digestive enzyme ________, begins the digestion of starches in the mouth. Mucus in the saliva lubricates food so it can be swallowed easily.
monosaccharides
Only _______, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
duodenum
Only a small amount of food moves through the sphincter into the _______, which allows time for chemical digestion in the small intestines.
pepsin
Only one enzyme is released in the stomach. It is released in its inactive form.
retroperitoneal
Organs of the body that lie on the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal peritoneum and are covered by peritoneum only on their anterior surface.
Liver
Other _____ functions include: blood reservois, detoxification, short term storage of carbohydrates, ect.....
Alveoli
Over 300 million _____ are grouped in alveolar sacs.
deoxyhemoglobin (Hb)
Oxygen and __________ bind in an easily reversible reaction to form oxyhemoglobin.
External gas exchange
Oxygen and carbon dioxide both move from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.
oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin bind in an easily reversible reaction to form ___________.
medium
Pancreatic and intestinal juices together provide a liquid _____ that aids in absorption of substances from chime as they come in contact with the microvilli.
acini cells
Pancreatic enzymes from _______ speed up chemical reactions.
intrinsic factor
Parietal cells also secrete ________, which is involved in the absorption of vitamin B12. Inadequate production of this can result in pernicious anemia because vitamin B12 is needed for red blood cell production.
Irritation of pathways
Physical or chemical ___________ such as the pharynx or larynx brings about an immediate cessation of breathing followed by coughing or sneezing.
Stress incontinence
Physical stress that increases abdominal pressure such as coughing, laughing, pregnancy, lifting heavy objects, etc.....
true vocal cords
Pitch is controlled by the tension of the __________.
bolus
Prior to swallowing: _____ is formed.
kidneys
Production of hormones is one function of the ________.
parastalsis
Propulsion of food throughout the tract
peptidases
Protein digestion is completed by _____, enzymes produced by absorptive cells that line the villi.
deoxygenated, oxygenated
Pulmonary Gas Exchange (External Respiration) in the lungs converts ______ blood that comes from the right side of the heart to ______ blood that returns to the left side of the heart.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAA stands for?
kidneys
Regulation of blood pH is one function of the _______.
kidneys
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure is one function of the _______.
kidneys
Regulation of ion levels in blood are one function of the _______.
Alveolar ducts
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into several __________.
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
(Name the 2 enzymes) Comes from the pancreas; acts on Proteins; End product is Peptides
Pepsin
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the Chief cells in the stomach; Acts on Proteins; End product is Peptides
Pancreatic amylase
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the pancrease; acts on starches; end product is Maltose, Maltotriose, and Dextrins.
salivary amylase
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the salivary glands; acts on starches; end product is Maltose, Maltotriose, and Dextrins.
Lactase
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the small intestine; acts on Lactose; End product is Glucose and Galactose
Maltase
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the small intestine; acts on Maltose; End product is Glucose
Sucrase
(Name the enzyme) Comes from the small intestine; acts on Sucrose; End product is Glucose and Fructose
Deoxyribonuclease
(name the enzyme) Comes from the pancreas; Acts on Deoxyribonucleic acid; End product is nucleotides
Ribonuclease
(name the enzyme) Comes from the pancreas; Acts on Ribonucleic acid; End product is Nucleotides
Pancreatic lipase
(name the enzyme) Comes from the pancreas; Acts on Triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts; End product is Fatty acids and monoglycerides
Carboxypeptidase
(name the enzyme) Comes from the pancreas; Acts on proteins; End product is peptides and amino acids
peptidase
(name the enzyme) Comes from the small intestine; Acts on proteins; End product is Peptides and amino acids
Lingual lipase
(name the enzyme) Comes from the tongue; Acts on triglycerides(fats); End product is Fatty acids and diglycerides
amylase
Salivary _____ begins the breakdown of starch by breaking particular chemical bonds between the glucose subunits. The resulting products include the disaccharide maltose (2 glucose subunits), the trisaccharide maltotriose (3 glucose subunits), and larger fragments called dextrins (5 to 10 glucose subunits). This enzyme continues to act in swallowed food for about an hour until it is inactivated by stomach acid.
surfactant-secreting cells
Scattered among the alveolar cells are _______ that secrete alveolar fluid, which keep the surface between the cells and air moist.
tubular secretion
Secreted substances included in ________ include: hydrogen, potassium, ammonia, urea, creatine, and some medicines such as penicillin.
salivation
Secretion of saliva, called _______, is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Normally, parasympathetic stimulation promotes continuous secretion of a moderate amount of saliva, which keeps the mucous membranes moist and lubricates the movements of the tongue and lips during speech.
gastric pits
Secretions from the gastric glands flow into the _______ and then into the lumen of the stomach.
pancreatic duct
Secretions pass from the pancreas to the duodenum via the ________.
chemoreceptors
Sensory neurons that are responsive to chemicals are termed ________.
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
Several protein-digesting enzymes included in pancreatic juice are ________, ________, and _________.
chemoreceptors
Severe deficiency of oxygen depresses activity of the central chemoreceptors and inspiratory area, which then do not respond well to any inputs and send fewer impulses to the muscles of respiration.
Cephalic
Smell, thought, sight, sound causes saliva and some gastric juice released into stomach. (name the stage of digestion)
large intestine
Some reabsorption of water occurs in the _______, although the majority occurs in the small intestine.
pancreatic amylase
Starches and dextrins not reduced to maltose by the time chyme leaves the stomach are broken down by ________.
gastric
Stretching of stomach as food is ingested triggers release of hormone, gastrin which causes increase in gastric juice release and relaxation of pyloric sphincter.
renal capsule
Surrounding each kidney is the smooth, transparent ______, a connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma.
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
Swallowing is divided into three stages: ________, ________, and ________.
respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called ____________.
ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
The 2 nucleic acid-digesting enzymes in pancreatic juice are
Muscularis
The 3rd layer of the GI tract. This layer is a thick layer of muscle. In the mouth, pharynx, and upper esophagus, it consists in part of skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing. In the rest of the GI tract, this layer consists of smooth muscle. Involuntary contractions of these smooth muscles help break down food physically, mix it with digestive secretions, and propel it along the tract. ENS neurons within control the frequency and strength of its contractions.
sigmoid colon
The S-shaped _______ begins near the iliac crest of the left hip bone and ends as the rectum.
Nose
The ____ is a specialized organ at the entrance to the respiratory system and has a visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull.
lungs
The _____ are 2 spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
tongue
The _____ assists in chewing and swallowing.
Trachea
The _____ divides in 2 producing right and left primary bronchi.
nose
The _____ filters, moistens, and warms air, detects olfactory stimuli, and modifies speech vibrations.
pharynx
The _____ functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils.
left lung
The _____ has 2 lobes.
stomach
The _____ is a j-shaped enlargement of the GI tract directly below the diaphragm.
liver
The _____ is covered by a connective tissue capsule, which in turn is covered by peritoneum.
root
The _____ of a tooth consists of one to three projections embedded in the socket.
neck
The _____ of a tooth is the junction line of the crown and root, near the gum line.
Tonsils
The _____ participate in immunological responses to foreign invaders.
Liver
The _____ performs many vital functions in addition to the secretion of bile and bile salts and the phagocytosis of bacteria and dead or foreign material by the stellate reticuloendothelial cells.
true vocal cords
The _____ produce sounds during speaking and singing. They contain elastic ligaments stretched between pieces of rigid cartilage like the strings on a guitar.
Cardia
The _____ surrounds the superior opening of the stomach.
Larynx
The _____, also known as the voicebox, is a short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea.
mucosa
The _____, or inner lining of the GI tract, is a mucous membrane. It is composed of a layer of epithelium in direct contact with the contents of the tract, a layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae.
pharynx
The _____, or throat, is a funnel shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck.
permanent teeth
The ______ appear between age 6 and adulthood. There are 32 in a complete set.
sublingual glands
The ______ are beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands. (name the glands)
submandibular glands
The ______ are found in the floor of the mouth; they are medial and partly inferior to the mandible. (name the glands)
parotid glands
The ______ are located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and masseter muscle. (name the glands)
External nares
The ______ are the two openings of the nose.
stomach
The ______ connects the esophagus to the duodenum.
conducting zone
The ______ consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs---nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles that filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct air into the lungs.
Respiratory zone
The ______ consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood---The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
oblique fissure
The ______ divides the left lung into superior and inferior lobes.
Kidneys
The ______ do the major work of the urinary system. The other parts of the system are primarily passageways and temporary storage areas.
pharynx
The ______ extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly.
kidneys
The ______ filter blood, return most of the water and many of the solutes to the bloodstream.
tongue
The ______ forms the floor of the oral cavity. It is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane.
right lung
The ______ has 3 lobes.
false vocal cords
The ______ hold the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity when you strain to lift a heavy object. They do not produce sound.
Alveolus
The ______ is a cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac.
epiglottis
The ______ is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.
esophagus
The ______ is a muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium that lies posterior to the trachea. It begins at the end of the laryngopharynx, passes through the mediastinum and diaphragm, and connects to the superior aspect of the stomach.
gallbladder
The ______ is a pear-shaped sac that hangs from the lower front margin of the liver.
cricoid cartilage
The ______ is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal artilage.
Mouth (oral cavity)
The ______ is formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue. During chewing, the lips and this help keep the food between the upper and lower teeth. They also assist in speech.
nasopharynx
The ______ is involved in respiration; food that is swallowed passes from the mouth into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx before passing into the esophagus.
duodenum
The ______ is the first part of the small intestine.
cricoid cartilage
The ______ is the landmark for making an emergency airway or tracheotomy.
stomach
The ______ is the most elastic part of the GI tract and can accommodate a large quantity of food.
External nose
The ______ is the portion of the specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system that is visible on the face and consists of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane.
Submucosa
The ______ is the second layer of the GI tract
crown
The ______ of a tooth is the visible portion above the level of the gums.
lamina propria
The ______ of the small intestinal mucosa contains areolar connective tissue that has an abundance of lymphatic tissue, which helps defend against pathogens in food.
esophagus
The ______ transports food to the stomach and secretes mucus.
hard palate
The ______, consisting of the maxillae and palatine bones, forms most of the roof of the mouth.
trachea
The ______, or the windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus. It divides into the right and left primary bronchi.
renal corpuscle, convoluted tubules
The _______ and both _______ lie within the renal cortex.
Kidneys
The _______ are a pair of reddish organs shaped like kidney beans and lie on either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity at the level of the 12th thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae.
teeth
The _______ are accessory digestive organs located in bony sockets of the mandible and maxillae.
hepatic sinusoids
The _______ are highly permeable blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive oxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from branches of the hepatic portal vein.
hepatic portal vein
The _______ brings venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs into the liver.
Internal nose
The _______ connects to the throat.
urinary system
The _______ consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
greater omentum
The _______ drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine like a "fatty apron"
nephron loop
The _______ extends into the renal medulla.
right primary bronchus
The _______ goes to the right lung.
appendix
The _______ has highly concentrated lymphatic nodules that control the bacteria entering the large intestine through immune responses.
Lower respiratory system
The _______ includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
gastrointestinal tract (GI)
The _______ includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
pleural membrane
The _______ is a double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung.
glomerular capsule
The _______ is a double-walled cup of epithelial cells that surrounds the glomerular capillaries.
lingual tonsils
The _______ lie at the base of the tongue.
pancreas
The _______ lies behind the stomach.
absorptive cells
The _______ of the epithelium in the small intestine release enzymes to digest food and contain microvilli to absorb nutrients in the small intestinal chime.
Enteric nervous system
The _______ triggers the release of chemicals and enzymes needed for digestion.
stomach
The _______ wall is composed of the same 4 layers as the rest of the GI tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa), with certain differences.
G cells
The _______, a fourth type of cell in the gastric glands, secrete the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream.
Thyroid cartilage
The _______, consists of hyaline cartilage and forms the anterior wall of the larynx. It's common name is the Adam's Apple which reflects that it is often larger in males than in females due to influence of male sex hormones during puberty.
urethra
The _______, the terminal portion of the urinary system, is a small tube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body.
deciduous teeth
The ________ begin to erupt at about 6 months of age, and one pair appears about each month thereafter until all 20 are present. They are generally lost in the same sequence between 6 and 12 years of age.
gastrointestinal tract (GI)
The ________ contains food from the time it is eaten until it is digested and absorbed or eliminated from the body.
left primary bronchus
The ________ goes to the left lung.
Apneustic area
The ________ in the lower pons sends excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area that activate it and prolong inhalation. The result is a long, deep inhalation.
Medullary rhythmicity area
The ________ in the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of respiration.
pneumotaxic area
The ________ in the upper pons helps turn off the inspiratory area to shorten the duration of inhalations and to increase breathing rate.
upper respiratory system
The ________ includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.
urinary bladder
The ________ is a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis.
Proximal convoluted tubule
The ________ is attached to the glomerular capsule.
Distal convoluted tubule
The ________ is farthest away from the glomerular capsule.
intestinal phase
The ________ of digestion begins once food enters the small intestine.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
The ________ regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.
upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
The ________ regulates the movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus.
Liver
The ________ synthesizes bile and it is stored within the gallbladder.
lingual frenulum
The ________, a fold of mucous membrane in the midline of the undersurface of the tongue, limits the movement of the tongue posteriorly. If this fold of mucous membrane is abnormally short or rigid, the person is said to be tongue-tied because of the resulting impairment to speech.
ascending colon
The _________ ascends on the right side of the abdomen, reaches the undersurface of the liver, and turns to the left.
large intestine
The _________ extends from the ileum to the anus and is attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesentery.
respiratory system
The _________ functions to maintain proper levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen and is very responsive to changes in the levels of neither in body fluids.
lower esophageal sphincter
The _________ is involved in acid reflux.
pyloric valve
The _________ opens just a little to allow a small amount of chime through a little at a time.
Respiratory bronchioles
The _________ subdivide into alveolar ducts that open into sacs of alveoli.
enteric nervous system
The __________ controls the digestive system which basically takes care of itself.
bicarbonate ions
The __________ give pancreatic juice a slightly alkaline pH, which inactivates pepsin from the stomach and creates the optimal environment for activity of enzymes in the small intestine.
common bile duct
The ____________ combines with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct.
motility
The ability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is termed _______.
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
The ability to not breathe is limited by the buildup of _____ and _____ in body fluids.
exocrine
The acini constitute the _____ portion of the pancreas.
pepsin
The active digestive enzyme _______ is converted from pepsinogen.
inspiratory reserve volume
The additional air taken in when taking a very deep breath is called ____________.
Inspiration
The air flows from the higher atmospheric pressure to the lower pressure within the lungs.
residual volume
The air left in the lungs even after forcefully exhaling is called __________.
bicarbonate ion
The alkaline pH of intestinal juice is due to the high _______ content of pancreatic juice.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called _________.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys per minute (females 105 and males 125 ml/min)
spirometer
The apparatus commonly used to measure respiratory rate and the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during breathing is a __________.
respiratory center
The area from which nerve impulses are sent to respiratory muscles is called the ________.
respiration
The basic rhythm of _____ is controlled by groups of neurons in the brain stem.
hepatic ducts
The bile ducts merge and eventually form the larger right and left _______, which unite and exit the liver as the common hepatic ducts.
common hepatic ducts
The bile ducts merge and eventually form the larger right and left hepatic ducts, which unite and exit the liver as the __________.
transports
The blood _____ gases between the lungs and body tissues.
otorbinolaryngology
The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat is called _________.
urology
The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is called _______.
Base
The broad bottom portion of each lung is known as the _____.
efferent arteriole
The capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form an __________.
pancreatic islets (islets of langerbans)
The cells of the ________ secrete the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
podocytes
The cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule are called ______, which adhere closely to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus..
pancreatic juice
The cells within acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called __________.
mixing waves
The changes in pH in the stomach trigger nerve impulses that stimulate the flow of gastric juice and initiate ________, gentle, rippling peristaltic movements of the muscularis.
transverse colon
The colon continues across the abdomen to the left side as the _________.
pancreatic duct
The common bile duct combines with the _________ to form the hepatopancreatic duct.
hepatopancreatic duct
The common bile duct combines with the pancreatic duct to form the ____________.
cystic duct
The common hepatic duct combines with the _______ to form the common bile duct.
cystic duct
The common hepatic duct joins the _______ from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct.
common bile duct
The common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the _________.
anatomic dead space
The conducting airways of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles are known as the ____________.
renal vein
The cortical radiate, arcuate, and interlobar veins drain into the _______.
pulp cavity
The dentin of a tooth encloses the ________, a space in the crown filled with pulp.
enamel
The dentin of the crown is covered by _______ that consists primarily of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
cementum
The dentin of the root is covered by _______, a bonelike substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.
ascending limb of the nephron loop
The descending limb of the nephron loop makes a hairpin turn and returns to the renal cortex where it terminates at the distal convoluted tubule and is known as the _______ _____ __ ___ _____ ____.
phrenic nerves
The diaphragm contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the ______.
common collecting duct
The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a ___________.
respiration
The entire process of gas exchange in the body is called _______.
lysozyme
The enzyme _______ in saliva, kills bacteria, thereby protecting the mouth's membrane from infection ad the teeth from decay.
respiratory membrane
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air spaces in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the _____________.
Systemic Gas Exchange (Internal Respiration)
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called ________.
parietal cells
The exocrine gland cells contained in the gastric glands of the stomach that produce hydrochloric acid, which kills many microbes in food and helps convert pepsinogen to the active digestive enzyme pepsin are called ________.
chief cells
The exocrine gland cells contained in the gastric glands of the stomach that secrete an inactive gastric enzyme called pepsinogen are called ________
mucous neck cells
The exocrine gland cells contained in the gastric glands of the stomach that secrete mucus are called ____________.
action potentials
The expiratory center does not send ______ during normal breathing patterns.
defecation
The external sphincter is voluntarily controlled. If it is voluntarily relaxed, _______, the elimination of feces from the rectum through the anus, occurs.
voluntary
The external sphincter of the anus is _________.
Expiratory reserve volume
The extra air forcefully pushed out when forcefully exhaling is called __________.
descending limb of the nephron loop
The first part of the nephron loop begins at the point where the proximal convoluted tubule takes its final turn downward. It begins in the renal cortex and extends downward into the renal medulla and is called the ________ _____ __ __ ____ _____.
Duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine, the _______, is the shortest part and attaches to the pylorus of the stomach.
cecum
The first segment of the large intestine is called the ______. The appendix is attached to it.
saliva
The fluid secreted by the salivary glands, called ______, is composed of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes. The water in this fluid helps dissolve foods so they can be tasted and digestive reactions can begin.
filtrate
The fluid that passes through the filtration membrane is the _______.
rugae
The folds of the mucosa when stomach is empty
Esophagus
The food tube
Serosa
The fourth layer of the GI tract made up of visceral peritoneum.
nephrons
The functional units of the kidney are called ______, numbering about a million in each kidney.
exocrine gland
The gastric glands contain 3 types of _______ cells that secrete their products into the stomach luman: mucous neck cells, chief cells, and parietal cells.
periodontal ligament
The gingivae are lined with the _________, a dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors teeth to bone.
oxyhemoglobin
The heme portion of hemoglobin binds with oxygen
central vein
The hepatic sinusoids converge and deliver blood into a ________.
ileocecal valve
The ileum connects to the large intestine by the ___________.
pepsinogen
The inactive form of pepsin
Hypercapnia
The increase of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as _________.
visceral pleura
The inner layer of membrane that is attached to the lungs.
mucosa
The innermost layer of the GI tract that has finger-like projections in the small intestine called villi.
mucosa
The innermost layer of the urinary bladder composed of transitional epithelium that stretches to accommodate urine. Rugae present.
action potentials
The inspiratory center sends ______ via phrenic nerve for about 2 seconds.
nose
The internal structures of the _____ are specialized for filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air; detecting olfactory stimuli; and modifying the vibrations of speech sounds.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
The kidney tubules also respond to a hormone that regulates ionic composition, such as a lower-than-normal level of Calcium ions in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release _____________.
renin
The kidneys adjust the volume of blood in the body by returning water to the blood or eliminating it in the urine. They help regulate blood pressure by secreting the enzyme _______, which activates the RAA pathway, by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidneys, and by adjusting blood volume.
sodium ions, potassium ions, calcium ions, chloride ions, and phosphate ions
The kidneys help regulate the blood levels of several ions, most importantly: (name the 5 ions)
Calcitriol, erythropoietin
The kidneys produce two hormones. _______, the active form of Vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and _______ stimulates production of red blood cells.
bicarbonate ions
The kidneys regulate the concentration of hydrogen in the blood by excreting a variable amount of hydrogen in the urine. They also conserve blood __________, an important buffer of hydrogen. Both activities help regulate blood pH.
descending colon
The large intestine curves beneath the lower border of the spleen on the left side and passes downward as the __________.
anal canal
The last 2 to 3 cm of the rectum is called the ________.
cardiac notch
The left lung has an indentation, the _______, in which the heart lies.
Peristalsis
1. The circular muscle fibers in the section of esophagus above the bolus contract, constricting the wall of the esophagus and squeezing the bolus downward.
duodenum
1st section of the small intestine.
Internal nares
2 openings of the internal nose
Peristalsis
2. Longitudinal muscle fibers around the bottom of the bolus contract, shortening the section of the esophagus below the bolus and pushing its walls outward.
jejunum
2nd section of the small intestine
Detrusor muscle
3 layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder that contract to expel urine.
peristalsis
3. After the bolus moves into the new section of the esophagus, the circular muscles above it contract, and the cycle repeats. The contractions move the bolus down th esophagus toward the stomach. As the bolus approaches the end of the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach.
ilium
3rd section of the small intestine
tubular reabsorption
65% of water, 100% of glucose and amino acids are returned and large quantities of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and chloride) are absorbed by the PCTs during ___________.
Temperature
A decrease in body _______ decreases respiratory rate.
lamina propria
A layer of areolar connective tissue that comes in contact with the mucosa lining of the GI tract
mesentery
A part of the peritoneum, the _______, binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
diaphragmatic breathing
A pattern of deep breathing. Outward movement of the diaphragm due to its contraction and descent.
costal breathing
A pattern of shallow breathing involving external intercostals.
pain
A prolonged somatic ____ increases respiratory rate.
pulmonologist
A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs is called _______.
Pain
A sudden, severe _____ brings about brief apnea.
Sphincter
A thick circle of muscle around an opening.
Muscularis mucosae
A thin layer of smooth muscle that contracts creating folds in the mucosa lining of the GI tract that increases the surface area for digestion and absorbtion.
crown, root, neck
A typical tooth has three major external regions; the _____, _____, and _______.
Nasal septum
A vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
renal arteries
About 20 to 25% of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left _________.
secretin
Acidic chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the release of ________ from S cells in intestinal glands of the small intestine.
bile salts
After they have served as emulsifying agents, most ______ are reabsorbed by active transport in the final portion of the small intestine, the ilium, and enter the blood flowing toward the liver.
nasal conchae
Air flows over three bones called the superior, middle, and inferior ________ or turbinates that extend out of the wall of the nasal cavity.
monosaccharides
All carbohydrates are absorbed as _________.
absorption
All of the mechanical and chemical phases of digestion from the mouth down through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into molecules that can undergo _______.
osmosis
All water absorption in the GI tract, about 9 liters daily, occurs via _______.
Gastrointestinal tract (GI)
Also known as the alimentary canal is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.
stellate reticuloendothelial cells
Also present in hepatic sinusoids are fixed phagocytes called _____________, which destroy worn-out white and red blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign matter in the venous blood draining from the gastrointestinal tract.
villi
Also present in the small intestine are numerous ______, finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestinal epithelium.
active transport
Amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides enter absorptive cells of the villi via _______.
urinalysis
An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine is called _________. This analysis can tell us much about the state of the body.
potassium
An elevated level of ______ in plasma causes serious disturbance in cardiac rhythm or even cardiac arrest.
Total surface area
An important factor that affects the rate of eternal respiration (Pulmonary Gas Exchange) is the _________ available for gas exchange.
Temperature
An increase in body ________, as occurs during a fever or vigorous muscular exercise, increases the rate of respiration.
mastication
Another term for chewing
deglutition
Another term for swallowing is ________.
limbic system
Anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety may stimulate the ________, which then sends excitatory input to the inspiratory area, increasing the rate and depth of ventilation.
internal urethral sphincter
Around the opening of the urethra is an ______________ composed of smooth muscle. The opening and closing of this muscle is involuntary.
Bolus
As a result of mechanical digestion, the food is reduced to a soft, flexible, easily swallowed mass called a ______.
peptides
As a result of the amino acid breakdown, proteins become fragmented into ______, smaller strings of amino acids.
Positive feedback
As breathing rate decreases or breathing ceases altogether, P O2 falls lower and lower, thereby establishing a ________ cycle with a possibly fatal result.
homeostasis
As nephrons perform their functions, they help maintain ________ of the blood's volume ad composition.
Proprioceptor stimulation of respiration
As soon as you start exercising, your rate and depth of breathing increase, even before changes in P O2, P CO2, or Hydrogen level occur.
upper esophageal sphincter (UES), lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
At each end of the esophagus, the muscularis forms two sphincters--the _______, which consists of skeletal muscle, and the _________ or cardiac sphincter, which consists of smooth muscle an is near the heart.
oropharynx
At the back of the soft palate, the mouth opens into the ________.
carbon dioxide
Because _____ is lipid-soluble, it easily diffuses through the plasma membrane into cells, where it combines with water to form carbonic acid.
stomach
Because a meal can be eaten much more quickly than the intestines can digest and absorb it, one of the functions of the ______ is to serve as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir.
Bronchiole tree
Because all the airways resemble an upside-down tree with many branches, their arrangement is known as the _________.
cerebral cortex
Because the _________ has connections with the respiratory center, we can voluntarily alter our pattern of breathing.
external urethral sphincter
Below the internal urethral sphincter is the _______________, which is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.
S cells, CCK cells, K cells
Besides absorptive cells and goblet cells, intestinal glands also contain three types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream: ______, ______, and _______, which secrete cecretin, cholecystokinin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Besides increasing glomerular filtration rate, the hormone ____________ plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water by reabsorption decrease, more water and salt are lost in the urine. The final effect is to lower blood volume.
pyloric sphincter
Between the pylorus and the duodenum is the ________.
Pleural cavity
Between the visceral and parietal pleurae is a narrow space, the _______, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.
micelles
Bile salts emulsify the larger lipids, forming many ______, tiny droplets that include some bile salt molecules along with the large short-chain and long-chain fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and other dietary lipids.
emulsification
Bile salts in bile aid in ___________, the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules, and in absorption of lipids following their digestion.
emulsifier
Bile, secreted by the liver, is an _______ which breaks down fat.
filtration membrane
Blood cells and most plasma proteins are remain in the blood because they are too large to pass through the __________.
renal corpuscle
Blood plasma is filtered in the ______ of the nephron.
pulp cavity
Blood vessels and nerves travel through thin root canals in teeth.
inhalation
Breathing in. Also known as inspiration.
Exhalation
Breathing out. Also known as expiration.
terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into even smaller tubes called ____________.
wastes
By forming urine, the kidneys help excrete ______-----substances that have no useful function in the body. These include ammonia and urea from the breakdown of amino acids; bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin; creatinine from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers; and uric acid from the breakdown of nucleic acids.
feces
By the time chyme has remained in the large intestine 3 to 10 hours, it has become solid or semisolid as a result of water absorption and is now called ______.
hemoglobin
Carbon Dioxide, Acidity, and temperature influence the amount of oxygen released by ________.
Internal gas exchange
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells and into the same capillaries in the opposite direction.
External gas exchange
Carbon dioxide diffuses the opposite direction of the oxygen. It diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli so it can be exhaled.
Carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, bicarbonate ions
Carbon dioxide is carried through blood in 3 different ways: 23% as _____, 7% is ________, and 70% as ______.
Dissolved carbon dioxide, Bound to amino acids, and Bicarbonate ions
Carbon dioxide is transported in blood in 3 main ways: Name both
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more _________ if the heart is stretched more, as occurs when blood volume increases.
mass peristalsis
Characteristic of the large intestine is ________, a strong peristaltic wave that begins in the middle of the colon and drives he colonic contents into the rectum.
mechanical
Chewing is a part of _______ digestion.
pepsinogen
Chief cells secrete an inactive gastric enzyme called ________.
peritubular capillaries
Closely associated with a nephron is its blood supply. As fluid moves through the renal tubules, wastes and excess substances are added, and useful materials are returned to the blood in the ___________.
gastric pits
Columns of secretory cells called gastric glands line narrow channels called _______ in the stomach.
Mucosa
Contains prominent lymphatic nodules that protect against the entry of pathogens through the GI tract.
diaphragm
Contraction of the __________ is responsible for about 75% of the air that enters the lungs during quiet breathing.
haustra
Contractions of the bands gather the colon into a series of pouches called _______. which give the colon a puckered appearance.
enamel
Covers dentin of crown. Hardest substance within the body, made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
Cementin
Covers dentin of root, attaches root to periodontal ligaments.
lobes
Deep grooves called fissures divide each lung into _____.
carbohydrates
Dietary _______ are either monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars or complex polysaccharides such as glycogen and starches.
tubular fluid
Due to reabsorption and secretion, the composition of _________ changes as it flows along the nephron tubule and through a collecting duct.
cephalic phase
During the ________ of digestion, the smell, sight, sound, or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain.
glomerulus
Each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called a __________.
500
Each inhalation and each exhalation moves ___ ml of air in or out of the lungs. (tidal volume)
gastric emptying
Each mixing wave forces a small amount of chime through the partially closed pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, a process called _______.
ureters
Each of the two ______ transports urine from the renal pelvis of one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
feces
Eliminated material is termed _______.
gastric glands
Epithelial cells also extend downward in the stomach and form columns of secretory cells called _______ that line narrow channels.
kidneys
Excretion of wastes is one function of the ________.
renal columns
Extensions of the renal cortex, called ________, fill the spaces between the renal pyramids.
simple diffusion
Fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are included along with ingested dietary lipids in micelles and are absorbed via ____________.
tubular fluid
Filtered fluid becomes _______ once it enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
proximal convoluted tubules
Filtrate enters ____________ and is called tubular fluid.
Glomerular filtration
Filtration is the forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure. _________ is the first step of urine production: blood pressure forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries.
digestion
Food must be broken down into molecules that are small enough to enter body cells, a process known as ________.
hepatic veins
From central veins the blood flows into the _______, which drain into the inferior vena cava.
chylomicrons
From micelles, these lipids diffuse into absorptive cells of the villi where they are packaged into ________, large spherical particles that are coated with proteins.
bile ducts
From the bile canaliculi, bile passes into _______.
hepatopancreatic duct
From the common bile duct, bile enters the __________ to enter the duodenum of the small intestine to participate in digestion.
Alveoli
Function: Site of gas exchange between the lungs ad pulmonary capillaries.
Digestive system
Functions of the _________ are: Ingestion, secretion, mixing, propulsion, digestion (chemical and mechanical), absorption of end products of digestion, H2O, defecation
urinary system
Functions to control electrolyte levels in blood, Regulation of blood pressure, blood volume, and pH, hormone production, and waste excretion.
gastrin
G cells in the gastric glands secrete ______ into the bloodstream.
gastrin
Gastric secretion during the gastric phase is regulated by the hormone _______.
lingual lipase
Glands in the tongue secrete an enzyme called _______ which begins the digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides once in the acid environment of the stomach.
active transport
Glucose and galactose are transported in the small intestine into absorptive cells of the villi by ___________.
uvula
Hanging from the soft palate is a finger-like structure called the _____. During swallowing it moves upward with the soft palate, which prevents entry of swallowed foods and liquids into the nasal cavity.
carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin that has bound to carbon dioxide is known as ____________.
renal tubules
Hormones affect the extent of Sodium, chloride, calcium ions, water reabsorption, as well as potassium secretion by the _________.
Chemical digestion
In _______ the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules by digesting enzymes.
Internal respiration
In _______, the blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide.
Mechanical digestion
In ________ the teeth cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine churn the food to further assist the process. As a result, food molecules become dissolved and thoroughly mixed with digestive enzymes.
External respiration
In ________, pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
urethra
In males it acts as a passage for sperm and urine. For females it is for urine only.
Voluntary stage
In the _______ of swallowing, the bolus is forced to the back of the mouth cavity and into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate.
duodenum
In the _______, the end products are reabsorbed into the blood stream.
Esophageal stage
In the ________, food is pushed through the esophagus by a process called peristalsis.
micturition reflex
In the ___________, parasympathetic impulses from the spinal cord cause contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle.
liver
In the average adult, the ______, after the skin, is the second largest organ in the body.
angiotensin II
In the proximal convoluted tubules, ________ enhances reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions. It also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
surfactant
Included in the alveolar fluid is _______, a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse.
Body
Inferior to the fundus is the large central portion of the stomach, called the ______.
starches
Ingested ______ must be broken down into monosaccharides before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
dentin
Internally, ______ forms the majority of the tooth. It consists of a calcified connective tissue that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity.
renal cortex, renal medulla
Internally, the kidneys have two main regions; an outer light red region called the _______ and inner, darker red-brown region called the ____________.
enzymes
Intestinal ____ are synthesized in the absorptive cells that line the villi in the small intestine.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
It is very important for the kidneys to maintain a constant __________.
Urinary incontinence
Lack of voluntary control over urination. Takes up to 2 to 3 years of age for development of the skeletal muscle of the sphincter.
laryngopharynx
The lowest portion of the pharynx that connects with both the esophagus and larynx.
chemical digestion
The main event of _________ in the stomach is the beginning of protein digestion by the enzyme pepsin, which breaks peptide bonds between the amino acids of proteins.
pancreatic lipase
The main triglyceride-digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice is called ________.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is __________, which operates via negative feedback.
greater omentum
The many lymph nodes of the ________ contribute macrophages and antibody-producing plasma cells that help combat and contain infections of the GI tract.
vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximal inhalation
proctology
The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus is _______.
gastroenterology
The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines is ___________.
oropharynx
The middle portion of the pharynx that opens into the mouth and nasopharynx.
chyme
The mixing waves macerate food and mix it with the secretions of the gastric glands, producing ______, a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup.
Peristalsis
The movement of food through the large intestine occurs by ________.
rugae
The mucosa in the urinary bladder contains folds called ________, which permit expansion of the urinary bladder.
tongue
The muscles of the ______ move food for chewing, shape the food into a rounded mass, force the food to the back of the mouth for swallowing, and alter the shape and size of this organ for swallowing and speech.
detrusor muscle
The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called ________.
tenia coli
The muscularis of the large intestine, unlike other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, the outer longitudinal layer is bundled into three longitudinal bands called _________, that run most of the length of the large intestine.
longitudinal layer, circular layer
The muscularis of the small intestine consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle--an outer ________ and an inner _______.
longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer
The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers of smooth muscle: The outer _________, the middle ________, and the inner _________.
Apex
The narrow top portion of each lung is known as the ______.
pyloric part
The narrow, most inferior region of the stomach is called the _______.
Expiratory area
The neurons of the _______ remain inactive during quiet breathing.
respiratory system
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, and lungs are organs of the ________.
nephrons
The number of ______ is constant from birth. New ones do not form to replace those that are injured or diseased.
Olfactory epithelium
The olfactory receptors lie in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and adjacent septum. This region is known as the __________.
colon
The open end of the cecum merges with the longest portion of the large intestine, called the ______.
anus
The opening of the anal canal to the exterior is called the ________.
external urethral orifice
The opening of the urethra to the exterior, the _____________ lies between the clitoris and vaginal opening.
Parietal pleura
The outer layer membrane that covers the lungs is attached the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm and is called the ___________.
Serosa
The outermost layer around organs of the GI tract below the diaphragm. It is composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. This layer secretes a slippery, watery fluid that allows the tract to glide easily against other organs. It is also known as Visceral Peritoneum.
Internal gas exchange
The oxygen diffuses from the systemic capillaries into the interstitial fluid and then into the cells following the partial pressure gradient.
Arytenoid cartilages
The paired ________, consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage, are located above the cricoid cartilage and attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles and function in voice production.
acini
The pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells, most of which are arranged in clusters called ______.
hepatopancreatic duct
The pancreatic duct unites with the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder, forming the ___________, which enters the duodenum.
partial pressure
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called _____________.
blood pressure
The pressure that causes filtration is the ________ in the glomerular capillaries.
secondary bronchi
The primary bronchi divide into the _________, one for each lobe of the lung.
bilirubin
The principle bile pigment is ______, which is derived from heme.
inactive
The protein-digesting enzymes in pancreatic juice are produced in an ______ form, which prevents them from digesting the pancreas itself.
pyloric canal, pyloric antrum, pylorus
The pyloric part consists of the _______, which connects to the body; the ________, which connects to the pyloric canal; and the ______, which connects to the duodenum.
spirogram
The record produced by a spirometer is called a __________.
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerbans)
The remaining 1% of the cells of the acini are organized into clusters called _____________, the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
urine
The remaining water and solutes that aren't returned to the bloodstream constitute ______, which passes through the urinary bladder until it is expelled from the body through the urethra.
defecation reflex
The resulting distension of the rectal wall stimulates stretch receptors, which initiates a _______ that empties the rectum.
common hepatic duct
The right and left hepatic ducts combine to form the ___________.
major and minor calyces
The rim of the renal pelvis contain cuplike structures called ______ and ________.
soft palate
The roof of the mouth is formed mostly by the hard palate. The rest is formed by the muscular ______.
jejunum
The second portion of the small intestine is the _______ and is so named because it is empty at death.
tertiary bronchi
The secondary bronchi continue to branch, forming still smaller bronchi, called ________.
gastric juice
The secretions of the mucous neck cells, chief cells, and parietal cells are collectively called ________.
Lobules
The segments of the lungs are divided into many small compartments called ______.
intestinal glands
The small intestinal mucosa contains _______, which are deep crevices lined by epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juice.
microvilli
The small intestine also has ______, tiny projections of the plasma membrane of absorptive cells that increase the surface area of these cells.
Nasal cavity
The space inside the internal nose that lies below the cranium and above the mouth.
fundus
The stomach curves upward. The portion superior and to the left of the cardia is called the ______.
duodenal glands
The submucosa of the duodenum contains ________ that secrete an alkaline mucus. It helps neutralize gastric acid in the chime.
Vital capacity
The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Functional residual volume
The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume.
Inspiratory capacity
The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
Total lung capacity
The sum of vital capacity and residual volume.
surface mucous cells
The surface of the mucosa in the stomach is a layer of nonciliated simple columnar epithelial cells called __________.
gingivae
The teeth are located in bony sockets covered by _______ and are lined with the periodontal ligament.
accessory digestive organs
The teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas serve as ___________.
eupnea
The term for normal pattern of quiet breathing
Bronchioles
The tertiary bronchi divide several times, ultimately giving rise to smaller _______.
Muscularis
The third layer of the GI tract: consists of 2 layers-- the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer. (The stomach has a 3rd layer called the oblique layer)
ileum
The third portion of the small intestine is the ______ and joins the ileocecal sphincter or ileocecal valve.
salivary glands
The three pairs of _______ are accessory organs of digestion that lie outside the mouth and release their secretion (saliva) into ducts emptying into the oral cavity.
minute ventilation
The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute is known as _________.
gastrointestinal tract
The tract that runs from mouth to anus
Alveolar sacs
The two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct are called ________.
nasopharynx
The upper part of the pharynx, which connects with the two internal nares and has two openings that lead into the auditory tubes.
papillae
The upper surface and sides of the tongue are covered with projections called ______, some of which contain taste buds.
micturition
The urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called _________, commonly known as urination.
Incisors
These teeth are closest to the midline, are chisel-shaped, and are adapted for cutting into food.
cuspids
These teeth are next to the incisors and have one pointed surface to tear and shred food
molars
These teeth have three or more blunt cusps to crush and grind food.
premolars
These teeth have two cusps to crush and grind food
atrial natriuretic peptide
This hormone is released by the walls of the atria of the heart. (stretch receptors/baroreceptors detect too much fluid). It inhibits sodium reabsorption so less water follows sodium back to the blood by osmosis. This hormone plays a minor role. ADH is the main hormone impacting water reabsorption.
filtration membrane
Together, the podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a _________ that permits passage of water and solutes from the blood into the capsular space.
ureteral openings
Toward the base of the urinary bladder, the ureters drain into the urinary bladder via _________.
urethra
Tube from floor of bladder to exterior of body
glomerulus
Tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption take place all along the tubules of the nephrons while filtration takes place at the ___________.
enterokinase
Upon entering the small intestine, the inactive form of trypsin is activated by an enzyme called _______.
Peritubular capillaries
Upon leaving the glomerulus, each efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries around the kidney tubules. These _________ eventually reunite to form peritubular veins.
physiological valve
Ureters pass under the bladder so as it fills it compresses the ureters preventing backflow and the spread of infection (cystitis). Infection can spread up to the ureters and the kidney.
minor calyx, major calyx
Urine flows from several ducts within the kidney into a _______ and from there through a ________ into the renal pelvis, which connects to a ureter.
renal pelvis
Urine formed in the kidney drains into a large, funnel-shaped cavity called the ________.
spirogram
Using a spirometer, a ______ is produced showing respiratory rate as well as amount of air inhaled and exhaled.
filtration
Using pressure to force fluids and dissolved substances of a certain size through filtration membranes.
stomach
Very little chemical digestion occurs here. Basically is a holding and mixing chamber.
greater
We exhale or breathe out when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the atmospheric air pressure.
less
We inhale or breathe in when the pressure inside the lungs is ____ than the atmospheric air pressure.
Chief cells secrete pepsin in an inactive form and mucus secreted by mucous cells coats the mucosa, forming a thick barrier between the cells of the stomach lining and the gastric juice
What keeps pepsin from digesting the protein in stomach cells along with the food?
stretch receptors
When ________ become stretched during over-inflation of the lungs, the inspiratory area is inhibited.
pharynx
When food is swallowed it passes from the mouth into the ________, a funnel-shaped tube that is composed of skeletal muscle and lined by mucous membrane.
alveolar pressure
When lung volume decreases, _______ increases.
alveolar pressure
When the atmospheric pressure is higher than the ______, air moves into the lungs.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
When the heart is stretched due to the increase of blood volume ___________ then acts on the kidneys to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which reduces the blood volume back to normal.
hepatopancreatic duct
When the small intestine is empty, the sphincter around the _______ at the entrance to the duodenum closes, and bile backs up into the cystic duct to the gallbladder for storage.
rugae
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds, called ________.
micturition reflex
When the volume of urine in the urinary bladder exceeds 200 to 400 ml, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord. These impulses propagate to the lower part of the spinal cord and trigger a reflex called the ____________.
Cardiovascular and respiratory
Which 2 systems cooperate to supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?
12
While at rest, the healthy adult breaths ___ times per minute.
age
With advancing ____, the airways and tissues of the respiratory tract, including the alveoli, become less elastic and more rigid; the chest wall becomes more rigid as well.
Pharyngeal stage
With the passage of the bolus into the oropharynx, the involuntary _______ of swallowing begins. Breathing is temporarily interrupted when the soft palate and uvula move upward to close off the nasopharynx, the epiglottis seals off the larynx, and the vocal cords come together.
small intestine
Within 2 to 4 hours after eating a meal, the stomach has emptied its contents into the ______, where the major events of digestion and absorption occur.
Cellular respiration
Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during the production of ATP are termed _________.
afferent arterioles
Within each kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller and smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the _________.
medullary rhythmicity area
Within the ________ are both inspiratory and expiratory areas.
lacteal
Within the core of the small intestine are an arteriole, a venule, a blood capillary network, and a _____, which is a lymphatic capillary.
renal pyramids
Within the renal medulla are several cone-shaped ________.
teeth
____ aid in the physical breakdown of food.
Proteins
_____ are digested into amino acids
Alveoli
_____ are made up of thin walls of a single layer of squamous epithelium.
Bacteria
_____ in the large intestine also produce and release some of the B vitamins and Vitamin K.
pulp
_____ is a connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels inside the pulp cavity.
bile
_____ is released into the duodenum and acts as an emulsifier.
Expiration
_____ occurs as the diaphragm and external intercostals relax passively.
Visceral
_____ pain may slow the respiratory rate.
circular folds
______ are permanent ridges of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and causing the chime to spiral, rather than move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.
Sucrase
______ breaks sucrose into a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose.
urine
______ collects in the pelvis of the kidney and then travels down ureters by peristalsis to the bladder.
Chemoreceptors
______ detect changes and by altering breathing can influence pH. Too much carbon dioxide lowers the pH so breathing rate will increase so it can be exhaled.
Bile
______ increases the efficiency of fat digestion.
Pepsin
______ is most effective in the very acidic environment of the stomach, which has a pH of 2.
Internal respiration
______ is the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.
Oxygen
______ is the final Electron Acceptor.
enamel
______ is the hardest substance in the body and the richest in calcium salts and protects the tooth from wear and tear of chewing. It is a barrier against acids that easily dissolve the dentin.
Blood pressure
______ is the predominating force of glomerular filtration in the nephrons.
convoluted
______ means the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight.
Gastric juices
______ released from gastric pits contain, HCI, hydrochloric acid that kills most microbes and creates an acidic environment for the enzyme, pepsin to initiate breakdown of proteins. Mucous coats and protects stomach lining. The hormone gastrin is also released.
maltase
______ splits maltose into two molecules of glucose.
Apneustic area
______(lower pons) prolong inspiration by sending action potentials to inspiratory area.
Tubular secretion
_______ also takes place as fluid flows along the tubule and through the collecting duct: The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions, from blood in the peritubular capillaries and transport them into the fluid in the renal tubules.
diffusion, active transport
_______ and _______ occur in epithelial cells of the nephrons to reabsorb substances.
carbohydrates
_______ are broken down to monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Lipids
_______ are digested into fatty acids and glycerol
segmentations
_______ are localized contractions that slosh chyme back and forth, mixing it with digestive juices and bringing food particles into contact with the mucosa for absorption.
bile canaliculi
_______ are small ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile produced by the hepatocytes in the liver.
Alveolar cells
_______ are the main sites of gas exchange the lungs.
hepatocytes
_______ are the major functional cells of the liver; they perform metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions.
peristalsis
_______ begins in the lower portion of the stomach and pushes chyme forward along a short stretch of small intestine.
enzymes
_______ break down dietary proteins into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides, which are absorbed mainly in the duodenum and jejunum.
Fermentation
_______ by bacteria to complete digestion producing gas occurs in the large intestine.
Mechanical
_______ digestion in the duodenum includes segmentation.
Lactase
_______ digests lactose into a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose.
Glomerular filtrate
_______ first enters the glomerular capsule and then passes into the renal tubule.
tubular secretion
_______ helps maintain blood pH by secreting hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid.
mechanical digestion
_______ in the mouth results from chewing, or mastication, in which food is manipulated by the tongue, ground by the teeth, and mixed with saliva.
aldosterone
_______ is a hormone that stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and chloride ions and secrete more potassium ions.
Nephrology
_______ is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys.
mucous membrane
_______ line the nasal cavity and the three conchae.
Tubular reabsorption
_______ occurs as filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct: Tubule and duct cells return about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes to the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries.
Swallowing
_______ or deglutition, is the movement of food from the mouth to the stomach. It involves the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus and is helped by saliva and mucus.
lingual lipase
_______ produced by the tongue digests triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides in the acid environment of the stomach.
intestinal juice
_______ secreted by the intestinal glands, is a watery, clear yellow fluid with a slightly alkaline pH that contains some mucus.
tubular secretion
_______ takes place all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts and occurs via both passive diffusion and active transport processes.
Microvilli
_______ which are very tiny and are sometimes called a brush border, increase the surface area. Villi themselves have these.
pneumotaxic area
_______(upper pons) can turn off inspiratory area to increase breathing rate, or shorten the inspiration
aldosterone
_______-stimulated secretion of potassium ions is the major regulator of blood potassium level.
pancreatic juice
________ contains two nucleases: ribonuclease which digest RNA, and deoxyribonucleas, which digests DNA.
Tubular secretion
________ helps rid the body of hydrogen ions, ammonia, potassium, urea, creatinine, and certain drugs such as penicillin.
pancreatic juice
________ is a clear, colorless liquid that consists mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes.
Voluntary control
________ is protective because it enables us to prevent water or irritating gases from entering the lungs.
alveolar pressure
________ is the air pressure inside the lungs.
External respiration
________ is the exchange of gases between the air spaces (alveoli) of the lungs ad the blood in pulmonary capillaries.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
________ is the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
tubular reabsorption
________ is the return of most of the filtered water (99%) and many of the filtered solutes back into the blood. This occurs at various places along the nephrons.
tubular secretion
________ is the transfer of materials from the blood through tubule cells and into tubular fluid.
peritubular veins
________ merge into cortical radiate, arcuate, and interlobar veins.
mechanical digestion
________ occurs as mixing waves mix and force chyme towards the pyloric sphincter.
peristalsis
________ occurs in the large intestine at a slower rate than in other portions of the GI tract.
Alveolar macrophages
________, also known as dust cells, are wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.
Chemical digestion
_________ begins in the mouth. Lingual lipase is released by glands in the tongue which start lipid breakdown. The salivary glands outside the mouth form and release saliva into the mouth. Saliva contains water that combines with food so taste buds can receive input. Mucous lubricates foods making them easier to swallow. Salivary amylase starts carbohydrate digestion.
anaerobic respiration
_________ causes fermentation in the large intestine by bacteria to complete digestion producing gas.
Mass peristalsis
_________ in the large intestine usually lead to bowl movement.
Internal Gas Exchange
_________ is how our cells acquire the oxygen they need for cellular respiration resulting in ATP formation.
Pulmonary ventilation
_________ is the flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs.
Tubular secretion
_________ is the transfer of materials from the blood through the tubular cells and into the tubular fluid.
Fructose
_________ is transported by _________ in the small intestine.
retroperitoneal
_________ organs include the aorta, inferior vena cava, duodenum, ascending and descending colons, kidneys, and ureters.
pancreatic lipase
_________, found in pancreatic juice, breaks down each triglyceride molecule by removing two of the three fatty acids from glycerol; the third remains attached to the glycerol.
Peripheral chemoreceptors
_________, located within the arch of the aorta and common carotid arteries, are especially sensitive to changes in partial pressure of oxygen (P O2), hydrogen, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P CO2), in the blood.
Central chemoreceptors
_________, located within the medulla oblongata, respond to changes in hydrogen level or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P CO2), or both, in cerebrospinal fluid.
pulmonary ventilation
_________, the flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure.
cholecystokinin
__________ is secreted by CCK cells in intestinal glands of the small intestine in response to chyme containing amino acids from partially digested proteins and fatty acids from partially digested triglycerides.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
__________ stimulates cells in the early distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more calcium ions into the blood and inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubules, thereby promoting phosphate excretion.
Systemic Gas Exchange
__________- is also known as Internal Respiration.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
___________ acts on tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts, which increases the water permeability of the tubule cells by causing insertion of proteins that function as water channels into their plasma membranes.
segmentation
___________ is like alternatively squeezing the ends of a tube of toothpaste.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
___________ is released when the body is dehydrated. It acts on collecting ducts and allows water to reenter the body.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange (External Respiration)
___________ is the diffusion of oxygen from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
Systemic Gas Exchange (Internal Respiration)
___________ occurs in tissues throughout the body.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
____________ is also known as External Respiration.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
____________ needs to be constant or the good substances in the filtrate do not have time to be reabsorbed and waste products not adequately secreted.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
_____________ is a hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate.
rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone
______________ pathway allows more sodium followed by water to be reabsorbed and potassium to be secreted. (hint: it's a hormone)
goblet cells
`______ are present in the small intestine and secrete mucus.
pulmonary ventilation
air flows in and out of lungs
apnea
an absence of breathing is known as ______.
deglutition
another name for swallowing
dentin
calcified connective tissue giving shape and rigidity making up most of the internal region of teeth.
Incisors
chisel- shape to cut
intestinal
cholecystokinin, which causes pancreatic juice to be released containing enzymes as well as bicarbonate buffer, is triggered as food enters the duodenum. Secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate ions that buffer the chyme. Pancreatic enzymes require a higher pH than the acidic pH of the stomach. (name the stage of digestion)
Nasal septum
consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and cartilage.
premolars and molors
crush and grind
external respiration
exchange of gases between alveoli and the blood within pulmonary capillaries.
glomerular filtrate
filtered blood plasma from the renal corpuscle of the nephron
internal respiration
gases exchanged between systemic capillaries and the tissues.
duodenum, jejunum, and ilium
name the 3 portions of the small intestine
gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide are ______.
cuspids (canines)
pointed to tear and shred
duodenum
primary area of chemical digestion
chyme
product of food mixed with gastric juices
pharyngeal swallowing
soft palate rises to close off nasopharynx, epiglottis seals off larynx.
pancreatic amylase
starch-digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice is called _______.
Submucosa
the 2nd lining of the GI tract that consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis. It contains many blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules.
renal tubule
the filtered blood plasma from the renal corpuscle of the nephron passes through the ________.
Inspiration
the process in which the diaphragm contracts and its dome shape flattens, enlarging; external intercostal between ribs contract pulling chest up and out *** Phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm.
Tidal volume
the volume of one breath is called ________.
Voluntary swallowing
tongue moves food to back of mouth
esophageal swallowing
upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, peristalsis, lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to let food into stomach.
