Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 2,3, and 4

Hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1amu and oxygen has an atomic weight of 16amu. What is the molecular weight of water (H2O)?

18amu

What do voltage-gated ion channels opens in response to?

A change in membrane potential

What does hydrophobic mean?

A substance is insoluble in water

What is an example of a nucleotide?

ATP

A base is a compound that acts as a proton ___________

Acceptor

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ____________.

Adenosine Triphosphate

What are the three groups part of the basic structure of every amino acid?

Amino group, Radical (R Group), Carboxyl Group

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

NaOH is a compound that releases hydroxide ions in water. Therefore, it is a(n) ________

Base

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates

The element that is the foundation of biological molecules is _______. The element has four valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds.

Carbon

Facilitated diffusion, primary, and secondary active transport are all mechanisms of which of the following?

Carrier-mediated transport

In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ___________

Cations

What are proteins of the cell membrane that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to pass through called?

Channels

Molecules composed of two or more elements are called ___________

Chemical Compound

Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?

Covalent

Movements of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

Diffusion

Sucrose is an example of a ________

Disaccharide

Which of the following is the most hypotonic solution?

Distilled Water

What term defines the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties?

Element

An active site is found on a(n) _________

Enzyme

What effects do enzymes have on the activation energy of a chemical reaction in the body?

Enzymes lower the activation energy

What are all body fluids that are located outside of cells called?

Extracellular fluid

The three types of carrier mediated transport are ___________, diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.

Facilitated

True or False: The cytoskeleton is composed of calcium salts

False

True or False: Unsaturated fatty acids do not have double bonds

False

What is a hydrophobic substance?

Fats

The process in which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane is called _______

Filtration

Groups of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that gives organic molecules a variety of unique properties are generally known as _________ groups

Functional

In a solution, the solute can be a _______

Gas, solid, or liquid

A starch molecule may contain thousands of smaller glucose subunits. Which of the following statements is true?

Glucose is a monomer of starch

Glycolipids are lipid molecules with __________ attached to them.

Glycerol

A long branched chain of glucose molecules is _________

Glycogen

What is the polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals?

Glycogen

Alternative splicing helps explain what?

How one gene can produce more than one protein

Where is the neutron located?

In the nucleus of an atom

When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium __________

Ion

Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as ___________

Isotopes

Describe Mendelian Genetics

It deals with parent-offspring and larger family relationships to discern and predict patterns of inheritance within a family line

Genomic Medicine

It studies the entire DNA endowment of an individual and how it influences health and disease.

Describe Molecular Genetics

It uses the techniques of biochemistry to study DNA structure and function

Describe Cytogenetics

It uses the techniques of cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationship to hereditary traits

What are examples of channel proteins?

Leak channels, Gated channels, and Ligand-gated channels

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ration of hydrogen to oxygen is a __________. Examples include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins

Lipids

In which of the following sub disciplines of genetics are family relationships analyzed to predict patterns of inheritance within a family line?

Mendelian Genetics

What are the three types of protein structures that contribute to the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules

One mole of a chemical is the number of grams equal to its ________

Molecular weight

Glucose is a ________ of starch

Monomer

The simplest carbohydrates are monomers called ____________

Monosaccharides

In a solution, the solvent is ___________ the solute

More abundant than

Which of the following is an acidic polymer of nucleotides, found or produced in the nucleus, that functions in heredity and protein synthesis?

Nucleic Acid

The fluidity of the plasma membrane is primarily by the __________

Phospholipids

What derives filtration through a membrane?

Physical Pressure

Fatty acids with multiple C=C bonds are called ___________ fatty acids

Polyunsaturated

The Na+-K+ pump is a good example of which type of transport?

Primary active transport

A uniport carries _______

Proteins only

What best defines an acid?

Proton donor

Palmitic acid is an example of a(n) _________ fatty acid

Saturated

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein into alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids.

Secondary

Describe a covalent bond.

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

If side B of a selectively permeable membrane contains a higher concentration of solutes than side A, which side would have the greatest osmotic pressure?

Side B

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot

What are 4 examples of lipids?

Steriods, Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, and phospholipids

Keratin and collagen are types of _________ proteins.

Structural

Glycolipids are lipid molecules with ________ attached to them

Sugars

What is Cytology

The study of cells

A substrate is ________

The substance an enzyme acts upon

What do proteins do?

They act as receptors on cell's surfaces, they make up molecules that can transport oxygen, and they catalyze chemical reactions

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell is _________

Tonicity

What is a protein that extends through the cell membrane called?

Transmembrane

True or False: A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element

True

True or False: Nearly every human cell has a single, non-motile primary cilium a few micrometers long.

True

How many double covalent bonds are in the carbon chain of a polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Two or more

Cotransport is carried out by a(n) __________

Uniport

Motile cilia are located in the ___________

Uterine Tubes, Respiratory tract, and ventricles of the brain

The type of channel that responds to change in electrical potential across the the membrane is called a(n) ____________-gated channel.

Voltage

Which are usually prevented form moving across the selectively permeable membrane of a cell?

Wastes

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Where it binds it substrate

In a solution, the solute _________, when the solution is allowed to stand.

Will not separate from the solvent

HCl is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when put into water. Therefore, it is a(n) _________

acid

The number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams, is a(n) ______

mole

Essential fatty acids are ___________

not made by the human body

Substances in a mixture are _________

physically bonded together

Which are classifications of fatty acids?

saturated and unsaturated

Substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound are called _________

solutions

Saltwater is a solution made out of naCl (salt) dissolved in water. In this case, water is the solvent and NaCl is the ___________

solvent

Once the enzyme sucrase breaks the bond between two sugars, sucrase is ________

used again

Once the enzyme sucrase breaks the bond between two sugars, sucrase is ___________

destroyed

A carbohydrate composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars is called a(n) __________

disaccharide

List the three monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, galactose

A chemical bond that involves that attraction of a cation to an anion is called a(n) ________

ionic

In a solution, the solvent is __________ the solute

less abundant than