Human Anatomy Exam 1
Smooth muscle
-Digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, hair follicles, blood vessels -Capable of cell reproduction -Tapered ends, non striated -Involuntary contraction
bone remodeling
-Increased muscular development; bone changes cause stress -Stressed bones become thicker/stronger -Inactivity causes degeneration
Cardiac muscle
-One nucleus -Cells connected by intercalated discs -Pulsating contractions -Striated involuntary muscle
Osteoprogenitor cells
-bone stem cells -Found on innermost layer of periosteum and inner lining of endosteum -Differentiate to form new osteoblasts -Heavily involved in repair of bones after injury
Endochondral ossification
-from cartilage, forms round (long) bones -Chondrocytes near center of diaphysis begin to increase in size -Blood vessels form around cartilage -Perichondrial to periosteum; thin layer of compact bone -Cartilage cells die, replaced by osteoblasts -Osteoblasts begin to form spongy bone in primary ossification center -Cartilage in metaphysis invaded by osteoblasts -Increase in bone length and diameter -Osteoblasts migrate to epiphysis; secondary ossification center -Osteoblasts begin to replace cartilage with bone -Pushes epiphysis away from diaphysis
Intramembranous ossification
-from membrane, forms flat (skull, clavicle, mandible) bones -Mesenchymal cells differentiate to become osteoblasts -Osteoblasts begin secreting matrix, become trapped -Osteoblasts differentiate to form osteocytes; osteoblasts produced, move outward -Blood vessels trapped by formation of spicules -Spongy bone formed
Osteoblasts
-immature bone cells -Produce osteoid, involved in making matrix -Make new bone through osteogenesis
Skeletal muscle
-made up of skeletal muscle fibers -Multinucleated -Incapable of reproduction -Striped/striated -voluntary
Osteocytes
-mature bone cells -Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix -Cause release of calcium ions into blood
Osteoclasts
-multinucleated cells -Secrete acids, dissolve bones, release stored ions (amino acids and stored calcium and phosphate) into bloodstream
Spongy bone
-open network of branching plates called trabeculae -arranged in parallel struts -creates lightweight nature of the bone
Central/Haversion canal
-parallel to surface of bone -contains the blood vessels that supply the osteon
Perforating/Volkmann's canal
-perpendicular to surface of bone, connect central canals -blood vessels deliver blood to osteons deeper in the bone and service the medullary cavity
ANSWER: D) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis
A hypodermic needle would penetrate the skin in which order? A) reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis, epidermis B) epidermis, reticular layer of dermis, papillary layer of dermis C) papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis, epidermis D) epidermis, papillary layer of dermis, reticular layer of dermis E) None of the answers are correct.
fluid connective tissue
Blood Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes: white blood cells fight infections Platelets: bind together to help from clots Plasma: fluid portion, part of matrix Lymph Lymphocytes: develop into T and B cells Function: involved with immune system
supporting connective tissue
Cartilage: gel matrix made of chondroitin sulfate Hyaline - connection between ribs & sternum, elbow & knee, tracheal rings Function: flexible support Elastic - auricle of ear, epiglottis, auditory tube Function: flexible support Fibrous - pads in knee joints, vertebrae, pubic symphysis Function: resists compression, absorbs shock
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: lining INTESTINES, stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes, kidney ducts Function: secretion, absorption, protection
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Location: lining body cavities, heart, blood vessels Function: reduces friction, absorption & secretion
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: lining of some ducts (very rare) Function: protection, secretion, absorption
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi Function: protection, secretion
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Location: pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary glands, urethra Function: protection
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Location: surface of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina Function: protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemicals
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: thyroid glands, ducts, KIDNEY TUBULES Function: secretion, absorption, limited protection
Transitional Epithelium
Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters Function: ability to stretch extensively
ANSWER: C) osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________. A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoplasts E) chondrocytes
ANSWER: B) stratum basale
Merkel cells are found in which epidermal layer? A) stratum granulosum B) stratum basale C) stratum lucidum D) stratum corneum E) stratum spinosum
ANSWER: A) function in thermoregulation
Merocrine sweat glands... A) function in thermoregulation B) are most common in the axilla C) produce a potentially odorous secretion D) are usually attached to hair follicles E) are the same as apocrine glands
ANSWER: C) connective tissue
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following? A) muscle tissue B) epithelial tissue C) connective tissue D) neural tissue E) None of the answers are correct
ANSWER: A) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone
Perforating canals ________. A) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone B) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone C) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone E) All of the answers are correct
ANSWER: E) All of the answers are correct.
Skin color is due to ________. A) carotene B) dermal blood supply C) melanin D) thickness of the stratum corneum E) All of the answers are correct.
ANSWER: C) coronoid fossa
The depression on the distal end of the anterior humerus is (the) ________. A) intertubercular groove B) intercondylar fossa C) coronoid fossa D) olecranon fossa E) None of the answers are correct
ANSWER: C) metaphysis
The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the ________. A) periosteum B) endosteum C) metaphysis D) lacuna E) medulla
ANSWER: A) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate
The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________. A) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate B) to produce new osteoblasts C) to produce new bone matrix D) to secrete the organic components of the matrix E) None of the answers are correct
ANSWER: A) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues
The hypodermis is important in ________. A) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues B) connecting the dermis to the epidermis C) preventing unacceptable water losses through the skin D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
ANSWER: A) keratinocytes
The most abundant cells in the epidermis are ________. A) keratinocytes B) melanocytes C) Langerhans cells D) Merkel cells E) None of the answers are correct.
ANSWER: A) covers the outside of bones
The periosteum ________. A) covers the outside of bones B) lines the medullary cavity C) consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue D) covers articular cartilage E) is vital in blood cell formation
ANSWER: A) maintaining blood calcium levels
The skeletal system participates in ________. A) maintaining blood calcium levels B) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses D) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements E) All of the answers are correct
ANSWER: E) intertubercular sulcus
The space between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is called the ________. A) intercondylar fossa B) surgical neck C) coronoid fossa D) anatomic neck E) intertubercular sulcus
ANSWER: E) sella turcica
The structure that cradles and protects the pituitary gland is called the ________. A) greater wing B) crista galli C) dorsum sellae D) lesser wing E) sella turcica
ANSWER: C) spongy and compact bones
The two types of osseous tissue are ________. A) spicular and trabecular bones B) Haversian and lamellar bones C) spongy and compact bones D) trabecular and osteoclastic bones E) None of the answers are correct
ANSWER: A) palm
Thick skin can be found on the sole and the A) palm B) back of thorax C) abdomen D) scalp E) knee surface
ANSWER: D) support of the body
Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition B) storage of glucose C) production of ATP D) support of the body E) None of the answers are correct
ANSWER: D) mandible
Which of the following bones is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) femur B) phalanges C) carpals D) mandible
ANSWER: B) Langerhans (dendritic) cells
Which of the following cell types are wandering phagocytic cells found in the epidermis? A) neuroglia B) Langerhans (dendritic) cells C) macrophages D) neutrophils E) mast cells
ANSWER: A) squamous
Which of the following sutures marks the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of each side of the skull? A) squamous B) lambdoid C) frontonasal D)sagittal E) coronal
ANSWER: E) All of the answers are correct
Wrinkles in the skin can be caused by ________. A) distortion of the dermis during pregnancy or weight gain B) the effects of ultraviolet radiation C) increasing age D) changes in levels of hormones E) All of the answers are correct
loose connective tissue
areolar Location: deep dermis, between muscles, around blood vessels or nerves Function: connects skin to muscle, provides minimal support but gives independent movement Adipose Location: hypodermis, buttocks, surrounds organs Function: cushion, insulation Reticular Location: liver, spleen, bone marrow Function: supporting framework
Compact bone > Osteon conists of...
central canal: blood vessels, artery/veins, lymph vessels (also perforating) Canaliculi: branches off lacunae Osteocytes: mature bone cells Lacunae: space housing osteocyte Lamellae: layers
dense connective tissue
dense REGULAR Location: tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, elastic tissue Function: Tendons - connect muscle to bone Aponeuroses - connect muscle to muscle, covers entire muscle Ligament - connects bone to bone Elastic - stabilizes vertebrae dense IRREGULAR Location: nerve and muscle sheaths (hold muscles together), dermis layer of skin Function: provides strength
Epiphysis
ends of long bones, contain red marrow and produce blood cells
ANSWER: A) stratified squamous
epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium? A) stratified squamous B) stratified cuboidal C) transitional D) simple squamous E) simple columnar
Metaphysis
epiphyseal plate (growth plate) between epiphysis and diaphysis
femur
fovea capitis, greater/lesser trochanter, linea aspera, lateral/medial epicondyle/condyle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface
Humerus
greater/lesser tubercles, intertubercular sulcus (groove), radial fossa, coronoid fossa, capitulum, trochlea, olecranon fossa, surgical neck, lateral/medial epicondyles
Endosteum
inner surface, lines medullary cavity, repair/growth
fibula
lateral malleolus
tibia
medial malleolus, medial condyle, intercondylar eminence, anterior crest, tibial tuberosity
Diaphysis
medullary cavity, yellow marrow
ulna
olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, styloid process
Periosteum
outer surface, bone protection/growth
Radius
radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch
Midsagittal
separating left and right equally
Parasagittal
separating left and right unequally
Sagittal
separating left from right
Transverse
separating superior and inferior (cross-section)
Oblique cut
separating tissue at an angle
