Human Bio Chapter 11

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential? A) Action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold. B) A stronger action potential will travel faster than a weaker action potential. C) Action potentials are more likely to result when the membrane is hyperpolarized. D) Action potentials reverse the membrane potential so that the interior is negatively charged and the exterior is positively charged.

Action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold.

The coordination necessary for a musician to play the piano depends on control exerted by the __________.

Cerebellum

Which part of the brain is associated with conscious thought, memory, and personality?

Cerebral cortex

True or false. An individual who has suffered a stroke, which has caused damage in his cerebrum, and is now having problems with his hearing, has probably suffered damage to his occipital lobe.

False

Consider the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Which statement is generally true? A) Norepinephrine and acetylcholine are both neurotransmitters that can be given off by either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous systems, depending on the situation. B) In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine. C) In general, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine. D) The specific neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cannot be determined. E) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the principal neurotransmitters of all parts of the nervous system. Acetylcholine is a "backup" neurotransmitter.

In general, the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine, and the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating the heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure?

Medulla Oblongata

When talking about the movement of neurotransmitters, what can we accurately say?

Neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, diffuse across a gap, and bind to receptor sites on another cell membrane, triggering a change in the activity of the receptor cell.

Which statement is most correct about the activities of psychoactive drugs? A) Psychoactive drugs have no effect on the response of the receptor, because the action of the psychoactive drugs is independent of the receptor. B) Psychoactive drugs may either increase or decrease the response of the receptor. C) Psychoactive drugs normally increase the response of the receptor. D) Psychoactive drugs normally decrease the response of the receptor.

Psychoactive drugs may either increase or decrease the response of the receptor.

Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? A) Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. B) Sodium channels open. C) Sodium channels close. D) Potassium channels open. E) Potassium ions flow out of the neuron.

Sodium channels open.

Which of the following statements is true about the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers? A) Sympathetic nerve fibers are more active when the body is at rest; parasympathetic fibers are more active during emergencies. B) Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate some internal organs; parasympathetic fibers innervate other internal organs. C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects. D) Both types of nerve fibers use the same neurotransmitter.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers may innervate the same organs, but they have generally opposite effects.

Which part of the brain functions as a relay station for information to the limbic system and the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels,

The change in charge difference across the membrane spreads from open sodium channels,

A certain drug prevents a neurotransmitter from initiating a response in the receiving neuron. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism by which the drug may be acting?

The drug is preventing the neurotransmitter from binding to its receptors in the receiving neuron.

Which of the following is the most correct statement about psychoactive drugs and neurotransmitters? A) A psychoactive drug may increase the number of neurotransmitter molecules available and thus increase the reaction. B) A psychoactive drug may decrease the number of neurotransmitter molecules and thus decrease the response. C) A psychoactive drug may bind to the receptor and affect the activity of the receiving neuron. D) Psychoactive drugs have no effect on neurotransmitters. E) The first three answers are all correct. Psychoactive drugs can increase the number of neurotransmitter molecules; they can decrease the number of neurotransmitter molecules; and they can bind to the neurotransmitter receptor sites.

The first three answers are all correct. Psychoactive drugs can increase the number of neurotransmitter molecules; they can decrease the number of neurotransmitter molecules; and they can bind to the neurotransmitter receptor sites. Submit

Which statement most accurately describes the relative physical position of the ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? A) The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located near the target organs. B) The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem, and the sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord. C) The sympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the brain stem. The parasympathetic ganglia are located along parts of the spinal cord. D) The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs. E) The sympathetic ganglia and the parasympathetic ganglia are all located along parts of the brain stem.

The sympathetic ganglia are located in chain-like fashion near the spinal cord. The parasympathetic ganglia are located closer to their target organs.

Think of the heart in the tutorial. Now, picture yourself being chased by a herd of wild elephants. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic actions on your heart?

The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to speed up. The parasympathetic nervous system will be "overridden."

What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common?

They both damage the myelin sheath, slowing action potential transmission.

Amphetamines are drugs that can bind to the same receptors as the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and can also inhibit the enzymes that break down norepinephrine. Based on this information, which of the following effects would amphetamines most likely have on norepinephrine action?

They produce the same effects as norepinephrine for a prolonged period of time.

Which of the following influence(s) the speed of an action potential? A) the diameter of the axon B) the extent of depolarization that initiates the action potential C) the presence of a myelin sheath D) both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system? A) interneurons B) motor neurons C) neuroglial cells D) sensory neurons

neuroglial cells

When discussing the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, we can most correctly state that ________.

the parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain and part of the spinal cord, and all of the sympathetic nerves arise from the spinal cord

When a neuron is at its resting potential

there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside.