Human Bio Test Three Chapter Eleven

Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?

The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?

The neuron cannot generate an action potential

Saltatory conduction is

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?

corpus callosum

Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron?

Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?

arachnoid

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?

brain and spinal cord

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the

cerebellum.

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells

form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?

increased blood pressure

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the

medulla oblongata.

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?

rabies

By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?

Alzheimer's disease

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.

Ca2+; neurotransmitter

Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

Chemically gated channels for sodium open.

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?

Parkinson's disease

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they

are a type of neuroglial cell.

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role of the ________ division of the nervous system.

autonomic

There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?

blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex?

brain

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal endsbulbs

bulbs

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?

endorphins

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought?

frontal

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?

hindbrain

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?

interneurons

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?

limbic system

Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________.

limbic system; cerebral cortex

Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions?

motor

Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?

motor neurons

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are

neuroglial cells.

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?

parasympathetic division

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

repolarization

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.

resting

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?

sensory division

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?

sodium-potassium pump

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?

somatic division

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage beginning in the

spinal cord.

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

sympathetic

Which one of the following processes is depicted in the figure above?

synaptic transmission

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?

cerebral cortex

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.

Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the

hypothalamus.

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata