Human Biology Test #3

Physicians recommend that people breathe through their noses instead of their mouths. Which of the following occurs as air is drawn through the nose?

Air is warmed and filtered.

Arrange the following entries in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body. a. trachea b. bronchiole c. pharynx d. alveoli e. larynx

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli.

Which of the following statements about plasma cells is FALSE?

Plasma cells are part of the MHC system.

Chemicals released by macrophages that cause the onset of a fever are called ________.

Pyrogens

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume.

Which of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes?

eosinophils

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks

its own connective tissue.

When air leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

larynx.

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?

macrophage

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells.

Body defenses that respond to damage to tissues and cells are referred to as

non-specific mechanisms.

Thymus

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

Lymphatic vessel

transports lymph in the body

The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers puts these steps in the correct order? 1. lysosome fuses with vesicle containing a foreign cell 2. wastes from the foreign cell are removed 3. foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte 4. lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell 5. foreign cell contained within a vesicle

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.

B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells

B lymphocytes mature in ________.

Bone marrow

T/F: When you suffer an injury, white blood cells near the injury site initiate the inflammatory response.

False

Inflammation generally results when tissues become damaged and ________ cells respond by releasing histamine.

Mast

________ cells prime the immune system to become active if an antigen enters the body a second time.

Memory

Which of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions.

Which of the following is true regarding the effect of smoking on the respiratory system?

Particles and debris from the smoke accumulate in the mucus of the airway and increase risk for infections by pathogens. Smoking destroys cilia lining the respiratory tract. The production of mucus increases in response to the presence of smoke. "Smoker's cough" results from the heavy coughing that is necessary to clear accumulated mucus/particles from the airway.

A vaccination that uses prepared antibodies from a human or animal donor and that does not provide long-lasting protection is called ________.

Passive Immunity

Bacteria are classified as ________ because they are made up of cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

Which of the following is true regarding the spleen?

Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Cell-mediated immunity involves the activity of ________ lymphocytes.

T

The main cell of the immune system targeted by HIV is the ________.

T helper cell

Which of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

T helper cell

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what is the fate of the foreign cell?

The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

Which of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime?

The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure.

Which of the following is true regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid.

What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?

They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site.

T/F: Indicators of "self" to your immune system are referred to as MHC proteins.

True

T/F: The best way to defend the body from a viral infection is to prevent the infection by using a vaccine.

True

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which of the following is correct?

Viruses and bacteria contain genetic material.

The bubonic plaque epidemic that swept through Europe between 148 to 1350 A.D. was induced by

a bacterium.

AIDS

a disease caused by infection by HIV; results in irreparable damage to the immune system

Memory Cells

activate the immune system when an antigen reenters the body

Ventilation refers to the process by which

air moves into and out of the lungs.

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as

an allergen.

Lupus erythematsus

an autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue

rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder affecting the synovial membrane of the joints

SCID

an inherited disorder characterized by insufficient numbers of lymphocytes to fight an infection

A severe allergic reaction (difficulty in breathing, fall in blood pressure, severe stomach cramps) is known as ________.

anaphylactic shock

Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________.

antibodies

Vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen.

A condition that results when the immune system produces antibodies and cytotoxic T cells against its own cells is a(n) ________ disorder.

autoimmune

Physical and chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens include

earwax. resident bacteria. defecation. tears.

During the ingestion of food or liquid, the ________ tips to block the opening to the trachea.

epiglottis

Lymph Nodes

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

Tonsils

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by

having keratin in the uppermost layer.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction such as increased secretion of mucus, swelling, and pain are due to the release of ________ from mast cells.

histamine

The direct cause of the heat generated by a wound or local infection is ________.

histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot

What is the source of a viral envelope?

host cell membrane

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity

involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because

it makes a DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell.

Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens?

macrophages

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?

memory cells

What type(s) of cell(s) can helper T cells become?

memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells

Cytotoxic T Cells

migrate through blood and lymph, directly attacking and destroying foreign cells

Which of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

External respiration is the process of

moving gases into or out of the blood stream with the lung tissue.

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, ________ is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell.

perforin

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.

perforin ... cell-mediated

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.

plasma cells

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?

plasma cells

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.

provirus

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases.

Spleen

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood

Helper T Cells

stimulate the immune system by secreting lymphokines and interleukins; they activate B lymphocytes

Suppressor Cells

stop the immune response once the antigen has been removed from the body

Which of the following best describes Phase I of HIV infection?

swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, body aches

An antibody response to the second exposure to antigen differs from the response to the initial antigen encounter in that

the response is more rapid, longer lasting and is larger by comparison to the initial encounter.

The pain associated with the inflammatory response is the direct result of ________.

the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells

Inflamed tissue turns red because ________.

there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area

Drugs that kill bacteria are known as ________.

Antibiotics

The type of cells responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is

B lymphocytes.

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection?

Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

T/F: A "stitch" in the side experienced during vigorous exercise is due to the contraction of the liver as it releases additional blood into the bloodstream.

False

T/F: Histamine is released by neutrophils to induce an inflammation response when tissues become damaged.

False

T/F: Tears and saliva contain the enzyme dermicidin, which is effective in preventing bacteria from entering the human body.

False

T/F: The first type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of an infection is the eosinophil.

False

T/F: When considering transfusions or transplants, it is more difficult to match blood than to match tissue types because blood cells have more self-markers on their surface.

False

Immunoglobulin ________ is the most common type of immunoglobulin and is the only type that can cross the placenta to pass on the mother's acquired immunity to the developing fetus.

G

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.

Helper T cells

Antibodies are classified by size, location and function, and ________ represents the most common type of immunoglobin.

IgG

Following transplant surgery, a patient is given ________ drugs that block the action of the immune response against the transplanted organ.

Immunosuppressive

________ are located in the tonsils to filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat.

Lymphocytes

Allergy

an inappropriate response to a nonpathogenic substance

Antibiotics kill bacterial cells but do not (usually) damage human cells by taking advantage of the difference between human and bacterial cells. These differences include

bacterial cells have cell walls, human cells do not.

Antibodies are generated

by B cells.

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

catalyzing the formation of DNA from a RNA template

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity.

The advantage of having memory cells in our specific defenses is

if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.

A mild fever is part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body by

increasing the rate of tissue repair. speeding up defense reactions. increasing the metabolic rate of body cells. creating an inhospitable internal environment for pathogenic bacteria.

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.

single-stranded RNA

HIV tests for HIV antibodies are most effective and accurate ________ months after infection with HIV.

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