Human Development
The chromosome inherited by __________ will determine the sex of a child. a. the father b. both parents c. the mother d. chance
A
A child learns to whine to get items at the store because when she whines, her parents get frustrated and give her the desired items. She is being rewarded for her whining, but her parents do not seem to realize this and are frustrated because the whining is increasing. This is an example of ______ conditioning. a. operant b. classical c. unconscious d. behavior
a
A critical period is a time when a. an organism is most likely to be influenced by a specific event. b. a person faces a developmental transition. c. development is taking place most rapidly. d. development slows down for a period of time.
a
A group of people who experience an event such as the attack of September 11 during a formative time in their lives is known as a historical a. generation. b. chronosystem. c. anomaly. d. culture.
a
Although they grew up in the same home, Natasha and Veronica are nothing alike. Situations such as these highlight the concept of a. individual differences. b. sibling rivalry. c. intellectual disabilities. d. conformity.
a
An experimenter can ensure that her control group and experimental group are virtually the same (except for the independent variable) by using _____ a. random assignment. b. random selection. c. controlling for all relevant variables. d. convenience sampling.
a
Bill is 12 years old and received very good grades in school this year. Compared to his peers, Bill's ability to learn, remember, and solve complex problems is particularly strong. What domain of development is Bill doing well with? a. cognitive b. psychosocial c. physical d. intellectual
a
Cohort differences are sometimes seen in which kind of study? a. Cross-sectional b. Quasi-experimental c. Longitudinal d. Time-sampling
a
Dr. Jones uses research as a basis for understanding when a child might need speech therapy; this is an example of using research findings as a basis for ______ a. intervention b. prediction c. describing d. prevention
a
Environmental or experiential factors that help define individual differences in development include all of the following EXCEPT a. genetic inheritance. b. socioeconomic status. c. ethnicity. d. historical events.
a
Haley is pregnant, during her pregnancy she's exposed to an environmental agent that prevents her baby from developing normally inside the womb. Haley was exposed to _________. a. a teratogen b. epigenesis c. a bi-directional influence d. amniocentesis
a
How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have? a. 23 b. 46 c. 44 d. 22
a
In the study of human development, a theory is a set of a. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict development. b. opinions of a well-known authority in a field. c. related research results that can prove behaviors. d. logically related facts derived from research.
a
Kaylie is struggling to learn German in college (her native language is English, which she speaks very well). Her struggles provide evidence for which concept? a. Critical period b. Plasticity c. Imprinting d. Resilience
a
The genetic-environment correlation where children evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations is called a. reactive correlations. b. niche-picking. c. active correlations. d. passive correlations.
a
____ include(s) what is outside the self and the learning that comes from experiences in this world. a. Environment b. Individual differences c. Heredity d. Influences
a
__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development. a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson d. Abraham Maslow
a
A fertilized ovum is also called a(n) a. embryo. b. zygote. c. morphogen. d. fetus.
b
A group of children is given special training on how to handle their anger. A second group is treated the same as the first group except for the fact that these subjects do not receive the special training. The group given the training is the __________ group and the group given no training is the __________ group. a. dependent; independent b. experimental; control c. independent; dependent d. control; experimental
b
A person's observable characteristics are his or her a. genetic imprint. b. phenotype c. genotype. d. alleles.
b
According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is a. classical conditioning. b. observation and imitation. c. punishment of inappropriate behavior. d. shaping of appropriate behavior.
b
An in-depth study of an individual is a(n) a. experiment. b. case study. c. naturalistic observation. d. interview.
b
Bob's teacher is concerned that he is behind his fellow classmates in computational ability. Bob's teacher is concerned about which domain of human development? a. Physical b. Cognitive c. Psychosocial d. Neurological
b
During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop? a. Germinal b. Embryonic c. Fetal d. Terminal
b
During which stage is an unborn baby most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and most at risk for miscarriage or spontaneous abortion? a. Germinal b. Embryonic c. Fetal d. Terminal
b
In the continuity-discontinuity issue of development, continuity refers to _______ and discontinuity refers to ______. a. specific stages; gradual change b. gradual change; distinct stages c. precise stages; slow change d. distinct stages; gradual change
b
The fact that language development proceeds in a very standard, sequenced manner in nearly all children, suggests that language development a. has a broad reaction range. b. is highly canalized. c. is governed primarily by environmental factors. d. is highly susceptible to environmental influence.
b
n the United States many 16-year-olds take their driver's license tests and begin driving. This reflects a. nonnormative age-graded influences. b. normative age-graded influences. c. historical-graded influences. d. cognitive similarities among adolescents.
b
A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to a. the tendency to stay the same. b. the ability of preoperational children to learn self-care. c. how interested a person is in the environment. d. a person's capacity for change.
d
Dr. Charles is interested in how certain behaviors such as smiling help to bond parents and ensure a child's survival. Dr. Charles is interested in the ______ perspective. a. psychoanalytical b. cognitive c. learning d. evolutionary
d
Dr. Ellie Cheetham follows the same group of children over a 10-year period, measuring their performance twice a year. This is which method of data collection? a. Clinical b. Sequential c. Cross-sectional d. Longitudinal
d
Epigenesis (or Epigenetics) is a process by which ______ a. monozygotic twins become more alike as they get older. b. monozygotic twins demonstrate nearly total similarity throughout life regardless of the environment. c. genes completely override environmental influences d. the environment activates and deactivates genes
d
If Laurie has a trait, but neither of her parents exhibits this inherited trait, the trait must be __________ . a. retroactive b. co-dominant c. dominant d. recessive
d
If Troy's behavior is viewed as active and self-determining, he would be perceived as demonstrating the __________ model of behavior. a. naturalistic b. mechanistic c. maturationistic d. organismic
d
In a study of the effects of behavior modeling, one group of children observes role models who share toys; another group observes role models whose behavior is neutral (neither initiating sharing nor refusing to share). What is the independent variable? a. The group with neutral role models b. The group with sharing role models c. Observing negative role models d. Observing role models who share or don't share
d
In an experiment, one group of children is given a drink each day with a special vitamin supplement. A second group of children is given the same drink but without the vitamin. Later, all children are given an IQ test to see if the vitamin had an effect on intelligence. In this experiment, the children's scores on the IQ test would be the a. independent variable. b. cross-sequential variable. c. control variable. d. dependent variable.
d
Joe is 6 and his family lives below the poverty line. How might living in poverty affect Joe? a. His parent (s) are more likely to have mood disorders. b. He may be at risk for academic problems. c. He may be at risk for health problems. d. All of the above.
d
John is 15 years old his friends peer pressure him into repeatedly skipping school. As a result, John's grades at school suffer, and he eventually fails several classes. This is an example of an interaction between which two domains of development? a. Intellectual and physical b. Cognitive and intellectual c. Physical and emotional d. Cognitive and social
d
Periods of the lifespan (such as "early childhood" or "adolescence") are ______ a. a physical construction. b. a cognitive construction. c. determined by exact age points that are universally accepted. d. a social construction.
d
Traits that are affected by many genes are a. only expressed through homozygous alleles. b. generally dominant in monozygotic twins. c. usually recessive for females. d. influenced through polygenic inheritance.
d
When a trait is influenced equally by two alleles, it's called a. polygenic inheritance. b. dominant inheritance. c. recessive inheritance. d. codominance.
d
A group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, laws, beliefs, values, and language, is referred to as its a. subculture. b. ethnicity. c. culture. d. acculturation.
c
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage of development, which occurs during infancy, is a. initiative versus guilt. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. trust versus mistrust. d. industry versus inferiority.
c
Dr. Roberto studies how adults change in interactions with siblings as they age. She is focused on the ________ domain of development. a. physical b. cognitive c. psychosocial d. intellectual
c
________ is a theory that is mechanistic, focuses on reactive (passive) development, and is highly empirically validated (i.e.; there is a great deal of research that supports this theory) a. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory c. Skinner's theory of behaviorism d. Piaget's cognitive stage theory
c
seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development. a. Environmental genetics b. Biological genetics c. Behavioral genetics d. Cultural genetics
c
