Human Development Ch.16
Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can develop
generativity.
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life supported the notion that men
go through four major conflicts that comprise a midlife crisis.
According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
generativity.
According to Margie Lachman and her colleagues, as compared to young adults, those in middle age
give more attention to responsibility for others.
According to Vaillant, which of the following characteristics at the age of 50 was NOT predictive of being in the "happy-well" category at 75 to 80 years of age?
having wealth and income
Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have ______ contact with grandchildren.
more
The main way in which grandparenting has changed in recent decades is
more grandparents are raising their grandchildren.
In a cross-cultural comparison, as compared to Chinese grandparents, U.S. grandparents were characterized by which of the following?
more role satisfaction better well-being higher parental efficacy more attachment
Parents and their adult children are ______ similar in areas of politics and religion and ______ similar in gender roles and work orientation.
more; less
By middle age, more than ______ percent of middle aged adults provide care for parents or parents-in-law.
40
Roughly, what percentage of adults responded that adults have a duty to care for their aging parents?
80 percent
The majority of sibling relationships in middle adulthood can be described as
close
Historical contexts are also known as effects.
cohort
The term ______ refers to the fact that groups of individuals born during the same time period act and react according to a shared set of historical and social expectations.
cohort effects
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
determining life goals
The big five factors of personality can be condensed into the acronym OCEAN. It includes all of the following personality factors, EXCEPT
excitability.
Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of
extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of
stagnation
In the early version of the life-events approach, life events were viewed as
stressful circumstances that forced individuals to undergo a change in their personality.
Which research project studied more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life?
the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies
The process by which, over time, people become more adept at interacting with the environment and in ways that promote increased stability in personality can be described as
the cumulative personality model.
According to a longitudinal study of married couples, which of the following would be most likely to increase with age?
validation
According to Erikson, which of the following are ways in which middle-aged adults can develop generativity?
work generativity biological generativity cultural generativity
Men are more likely than women to react to stress with a ______ approach, which can involve isolating themselves, turning to alcohol or drugs, or being aggressive.
fight-or-flight
Middle-aged partners are more likely to view their marriage as positive if they
engage in mutual activities.
Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?
extraversion openness agreeableness
What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of _____?"
family
In middle adulthood, affectionate or companionate love increases. This form of love includes which of the following qualities?
mutual emotional interest security loyalty
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
novice
Having a positive outlook on life and minimizing problems is known as
optimism
Which of the following groups experiences the highest rate of daily stressors as opposed to "overload" stressors?
young adults
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
The majority of single-grandmothers raising their grandchildren are
African American.
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae conducted the ______ Study, which uses the Big Five factors of personality to track adult personality development.
Baltimore
The view that adults experience a midlife crisis was espoused by
Daniel Levinson.
Which of the following are among theories that define stages of adult development?
Erikson's life-span view Levinson's seasons of a man's life
Which of the following are criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
He only studied men, but claims his results apply to women as well. He drew conclusions about early adulthood, without actually studying anyone in that age range.
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
Levinson
Who is most likely to see frequently and have a satisfying relationship with their grandchildren and provide support for their grandchildren and the grandchildren's parents?
Mexican American grandparents
Which of the following statements regarding the stresses experienced by young adults versus those experienced by middle-aged adults is true?
Middle-aged adults were more likely to experience "overload" stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once.
The ______ profiled 132 women in the late 1950s to assess adult personality development.
Mills College Study
Which researcher headed the study of 132 women at Mills College in the late 1950s?
Ravenna Helson
Which two theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?
Robert McCrae Paul Costa
Which of the following are arguments made by those who believe that the adult stage theories of development have a male bias?
The adult stage theories do not address women's concerns about relationships, interdependence, and caring. The adult stage theories place little importance on childbearing and child rearing. The adult stage theories focus on career development and work achievement, which have historically have dominated men's life choices more than women's.
Which of the following is true of the sense of personal control in middle age?
The sense of personal control is frequently challenged by increased responsibility and the aging process.
Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.
What do recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents?
They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.
Which of the following is true of adult stage theories?
They have contributed to the view that midlife brings a crisis in development.
Which statements are true about the roles of grandparents in their grandchildren's lives?
They often play a particularly important role after family crises. Caring for children helps parents remain in the workforce.
Which of the following defines the social clock?
Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks
Which of the following are part of the Big Five factors of personality?
agreeableness extraversion openness
According to Vaillant's study, which of the following best predicted who would be dead at 75 or 80 years of age?
alcohol abuse
In most cases, researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by
ambivalence.
According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age?
commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both
According to recent research, which of the Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?
conscientiousness
Researchers have found that personality traits ______ in late adulthood.
continue to change
In the past few decades, divorce rates in the United States have
increased for older adults, but decreased for young adults.
Which of the following factors has most changed the role of grandparenting today?
increased longevity
Which of the following are reasons that have contributed to rising divorce rates among middle-aged and older adults?
less stigma surrounding divorce women are less dependent on husbands for income the increase in remarriages
Research has shown that having an optimistic outlook on life is generally associated with which of the following?
longer life greater relationship satisfaction better physical health
According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a
midlife consciousness.
Which of the following have been used to describe middle-aged adults who are helping both adolescent or young adults and aging parents?
overload generation squeezed generation sandwich generation
Who of the following are the most likely to experience a decline in marital satisfaction?
parents who experience the empty nest syndrome after living vicariously through their children
The term " " generation refers to a situation in which the middle generation alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.
pivot
Following the Grant Study, Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his forties?
reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, EXCEPT
self-control.
According to Neugarten, the is the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.
social clock
Which of the following are the three prominent meanings attached to being a grandparent, as described by researchers?
source of biological reward and continuity source of emotional fulfillment remote role
Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this
the dream.
The death of a spouse, divorce, and marriage all involve varying degrees of stress and are therefore likely to influence an individual's development according to
the early life-events approach.
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
the life-stage context the individual's adaptation to the life event mediating factors
The contemporary life-events approach takes into account all of the following, EXCEPT
the stability of one's personality over time.
True or false: According to Levinson, his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age apply to both men and women.
true
Which of the following responses to stress are more common among men than women?
trying to solve the problem themselves isolating themselves drinking
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
forties