Human Development Ch.6

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.

moderate

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ______ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

waiting longer to express anger ability to distract oneself

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

cognitive processes

Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?

cooperation goal-directed behaviors locomotion

Parents in East Asia encouraging the demonstration of emotional reserve illustrates the influence of which of the following on emotional development?

culture

The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the

difficulty of interpreting infant emotions.

According to Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification, the category of control, or self-regulation, includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition.

effortful

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

Another way to describe temperament is in terms of predisposition toward which of the following?

emotional reactivity

According to Chess and Thomas' research, all children can be classified as having one of three temperament patterns.

false

A(n) ______ temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

inhibited

Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.

inhibition to

In one research study, 6-month-old infants observed their mothers either giving attention to a lifelike baby doll or gently rocking it (Hart & others, 2004). Researchers had to decide if infant emotional expressions constituted...

jealousy/envy

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of ______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often

negative affectivity

The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following?

nervous system development environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal

Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy?

primary emotions

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

reciprocal synchronous

Self- involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.

regulation

Behavioral inhibition is characterized by

shyness with strangers

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

smiles cries

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of...

social referencing

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

social relationships

Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?

suppression disengagement

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament

Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?

the anger cry the basic cry the pain cry

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of

extraversion/surgency.

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions.

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Bowlby Freud Erikson

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what dimension includes pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter?

Extraversion/surgency

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

behavioral organization communication with others

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management.

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?

Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of negative affectivity include?

Sadness Fear Discomfort Frustration

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic