Human Development Exam 2
Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________. a. language skills b. motor skills c. brain activity d. artistic expression
b.
Compared with the rate of growth during the preschool years, the rate of growth during middle childhood is: a. slower. b. faster. c. no different. d. less predictable.
a.
By age 6, the average child in a developed nation weighs between _______ pounds and is at least ______ inches tall. a. 35 and 40; 38 b. 35 and 40; 42 c. 40 and 50; 38 d. 40 and 50; 42
d.
An example of a gross motor skill is: a. painting a picture. b. buttoning a sweater. c. pumping a swing. d. eating a cookie.
c.
Tertiary prevention begins _____ an injury. a. after b. before c. during d. None of these answers is correct.
a.
A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating: a. egocentrism. b. centration. c. focus on appearance. d. static reasoning.
a.
A characteristic of the culture of children is that: a. they may spout curses, accents, and slang. b. attitudes toward parents improve. c. children tend to make higher grades in school. d. ethnic and racial prejudices are prevalent.
a.
A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airway is: a. asthma. b. respiratory syndrome. c. obstructive pulmonary disease. d. bronchiolitis.
a.
A discipline technique that may damage a child's initiative, social acceptance, and math achievement is: a. psychological control. b. time-out. c. withdrawal of love. d. induction.
a.
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is referred to as a(n): a. individualized education plan (IEP). b. least restrictive environment (LRE). c. inclusion document. d. mainstreaming environmental plan (MEP).
a.
A family in which both parents have offspring from earlier relationships is called a(n) ____________ family. a. blended c. polygamous c. extended d. single-parent
a.
A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than age 18 is referred to as a: a. nuclear family. b. extended family. c. blended family. d. polygamous family.
a.
According to Piaget, the stage of thinking that is characteristic of middle childhood is: a. concrete operational. b. information processing. c. formal operational. d. logical operational.
a.
According to sociocultural theory, children learn gross motor skills best from: a. peers. b. parents. c. teachers. d. television.
a.
According to the text, one of the benefits of physical activity is: a. improved problem-solving skills. b. competition. c. time and effort directed away from school. d. altered hormone levels.
a.
According to your text, 67 percent of all human families with children aged 6-11: a. have two parents. b. have one parent. c. are chronically poor. d. are harmonious and stable.
a.
According to your text, it is best that children: a. become equally fluent in two languages. b. become more fluent in a new, dominant language than in their home language. c. understand their parents' language but speak only the dominant language. d. act as interpreter when their parents don't speak the dominant language.
a.
After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of: a. guided participation. b. conservation. c. cognitive operations. d. private speech.
a.
An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as: a. psychopathology. b. psychosomatic. c. emotional deregulation. d. None of these answers is correct.
a.
Another term for lateralization is: a. sidedness. b. ambidextrous. c. amygdala. d. callosum connection.
a.
As friendships change during the school years, children are most likely to: a. demand more of their friends. b. realize that friendships are not important. c. change friends more often. d. find it easier to make friends.
a.
Biological differences between males and females are referred to as: a. sex differences. b. gender differences. c. sexuality differences. d. genitalia differences.
a.
Childhood medication has been found to: a. reduce the risk of adolescent drug use. b. increase the risk of adolescent drug use. c. be ineffective in the treatment of ADHD. d. have decreased from 1987 to 1996.
a.
Children who learn the sound of each alphabet letter and combinations of letters to decipher simple words are learning to read by the _______ approach. a. phonics b. whole-word c. whole-language d. rote sound
a.
Children who master ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. a. emotional regulation b. emotional development c. behavioral regulation d. behavioral control
a.
Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood: a. suffer academically and emotionally. b. find it easy to adjust. c. enjoy new friends. d. do better in school.
a.
Family structure refers to: a. legal and genetic relationships of family members. b. the way a family works to meet the needs of its members. c. how well a family raises its children. d. the measurement of family harmony.
a.
Historically, math instruction has ______________, whereas today many educators would like math instruction to _________________. a. involved memorizing math facts, rules, and processes; be more active and engaging b. been more active and engaging; involve memorizing math facts, rules, and processes c. been more relaxed, engaging, and fun; be rigorous and demanding d. involved rote memory; involve rote memory with fun activities
a.
International studies of mathematics education have found that: a. math achievement tends to be lower in nations where students have more confidence in their math abilities. b. Japanese teachers shun the use of social interaction and sequential curricula. c. U.S. teachers present math at a higher level than do their German and Japanese counterparts. d. Japanese teachers show little enthusiasm for working collaboratively.
a.
Internationally, girls are slightly ahead in ______ skills and boys in ______. a. verbal; math b. math; reading c. verbal; reading. d. spatial; verbal
a.
Juanita speaks Spanish. She is learning to speak English. In her third-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is: a. bilingual education. b. total immersion. c. dual language education. d. immigrant immersion.
a.
Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. unitary
a.
Marisol has learned to speak formally with adults and informally (using slang) with her friends. She has learned: a. the pragmatics of language. b. metacognition of speech. c. communicative flexibility. d. linguistic adjustment.
a.
Piaget has been criticized for: a. underestimating conceptual ability during early childhood. b. overestimating the abilities of young children. c. identifying what young children can understand. d. overestimating the abilities of infants.
a.
Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is: a. preoperational intelligence. b. sensorimotor. c. illogical operations. d. concrete operational.
a.
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences is "____________ thought." a. concrete operational b. preoperational c. formal operational d. logical operational
a.
Play that mimics aggression, but with no intent to harm, is: a. rough-and-tumble. b. solitary. c. parallel. d. abnormal for boys.
a.
Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called: a. protective optimism. b. self-esteem. c. self-concept. d. initiative.
a.
Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n): a. aggressive-rejected child. b. withdrawn-rejected child. c. neglected child. d. aggressive-withdrawn child.
a.
The "just-right" phenomenon: a. refers to young children's insistence on routine. b. becomes particularly evident after 6 years of age. c. is a pathological development in a young child. d. is uncommon in children under 6.
a.
The abbreviation "BMI" stands for: a. body mass index. b. body measurement index. c. body mass inventory. d. body measurement inventory.
a.
The arrangement in which children who do not speak English are placed together and given an intensive course in basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers is called: a. English as a second language (ESL) instruction. b. total immersion. c. bilingual education. d. English-language learner (ELL) instruction.
a.
The body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height): a. is lower at age 5 than at any other age in the life span. b. is generally high at age 6. c. peaks at age 3. d. peaks at age 5.
a.
The developmental psychopathology perspective assumes that: a. abnormality is normal. b. disability remains the same over time. c. adulthood should be better. d. diagnosis depends on socioeconomic status.
a.
The field that uses insights into typical development for comparison to understand various disorders is: a. developmental psychopathology. b. psychoanalysis. c. epigenetic psychopathology. d. sociocultural psychology.
a.
The role of genetics in susceptibility to obesity: a. is complex because genes influence not only metabolic rate but also food preferences and activity level. b. is linked to 15 essential genes. c. is greater than the role of environment. d. is less than the role of environment.
a.
The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is: a. overregularization. b. fast-mapping. c. syntax extension. d. scaffolding.
a.
Theory of mind: a. typically appears rather suddenly. b. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 4 and 8. c. occurs in predictable phases over a period of two to three years between the ages of 8 and 12. d. does not occur until the formal operational stage of cognitive development is reached.
a.
Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture teaching children: a. has been supported by research conducted throughout the world. b. does not apply to adult learning. c. deemphasizes the role of formal schooling. d. does not take into consideration the child's motivation.
a.
We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is: a. usually perpetrated by the child's parents. b. accidental or intentional. c. rare and sudden. d. most often the work of mentally ill strangers.
a.
What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind? a. brain maturation b. culture c. language ability d. social interaction
a.
When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting: a. the "just-right" phenomenon. b. the "all's well" phenomenon. c. picky eater's syndrome. d. a mental disorder.
a.
Which area is said to be the "executive" of the brain? a. prefrontal cortex b. corpus callosum c. occipital cortex d. hypothalamus
a.
Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction? a. Reggio Emilia b. Montessori c. Head Start d. Intervention
a.
Which is one of the types of intelligence identified by Sternberg? a. creative b. social-emotional c. sensory motor d. analytical
a.
Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind? a. age and siblings b. numerical understanding and having a theory-theory c. height and weight d. age and private speech
a.
Which of the following is a consequence of increasing myelination? a. quicker reaction time b. greater hemispherization c. greater self-control d. selective attention
a.
Which of the following underlies the ability to listen, take notes, and ignore distractions? a. selective attention b. automatization c. reaction time d. attention deficits
a.
__________ refers to people's feeling that others blame them or disapprove of them. a. "Shame" b. "Low self-esteem" c. "Pessimism" d. "Guilt"
a.
A 2004 study of 2- to 4-year-olds from low-income families living in New York City found many children were: a. underweight. b. overweight. c. malnourished. d. just right.
b.
A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age: a. 1. b. 3. c. 6. d. 8.
b.
A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is: a. concentration impulsive disorder (CID). b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). c. attention-deficit disorder (ADD). d. comormid syndrome.
b.
A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is: a. partner. b. onlooker. c. social. d. community.
b.
A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to: a. foster antipathy. b. encourage empathy. c. encourage independence. d. model reactive aggression.
b.
According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as: a. self-regulating. b. inferior. c. industrious. d. competent.
b.
According to Kohlberg, the crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is using is: a. his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma. b. the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma. c. emotional intelligence. d. intellectual maturity.
b.
According to your text, the most important overall family function is to provide: a. exposure to religious functions. b. love and encouragement. c. a two-parent support system for siblings. d. All of these answers are equally important.
b.
Advocates of _________ would support a child whose invented spelling of "lady" was "lade." a. Piagetian theory b. the phonics approach c. the multiskill view of literacy d. the whole-language approach
b.
An attempt to defend one's self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is: a. egocentrism. b. identification. c. rationalization. d. regression.
b.
Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other childrenare most consistent with the views of: a. Piaget. b. Vygotsky. c. Erikson. d. Freud.
b.
Daily hassles: a. have no cumulative effect on coping. b. can have a cumulative effect on children. c. affect adults but not children. d. strengthen coping ability.
b.
Early childhood is __________ for language learning. a. a critical period b. a sensitive period c. both a critical and a sensitive period d. neither a critical nor a sensitive period
b.
Family income can have a positive or negative effect on the function and structure of the family, but what is important is: a. how happy the children are. b. whether or not the income increases stress on the family. c. whether or not there is adequate food, clothing, and shelter. d. whether the family is a nuclear or a blended family.
b.
Five-year-old Franz can count to 100, but he cannot correctly estimate where 22 is placed on a number line that starts at 0 and ends at 100. This means that Franz is having problems with: a. reversibility. b. seriation. c. identity. d. conservation.
b.
Identify the typical child in Erikson's fourth stage, the crisis of industry versus inferiority: a. Jill avoids learning new skills. b. Marisol can't wait to begin her first karate class. c. John has difficulty making friends. d. Gustavo is struggling with his identity.
b.
One of the most commonly diagnosed learning disabilities involving reading is: a. ADHD. b. dyslexia. c. discalcul. d. oppositional disorder.
b.
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as: a. behavioral regulation. b. emotional regulation. c. emotional control. d. empathy.
b.
The goal of tertiary prevention of asthma is to: a. prevent asthma from developing. b. enable the use of inhalers. c. prevent the spread of asthma. d. identify a cure.
b.
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is: a. transitive inference. b. classification. c. identity. d. conservation.
b.
The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called: a. scaffolding. b. fast-mapping. c. guided participation. d. conservation.
b.
The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is: a. associated tasks. b. lateralization. c. integrative processing. d. limbic processing.
b.
The term "culture of children" refers to: a. the particular habits and styles that have been passed down from parents. b. the particular habits and styles that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society. c. the teaching process of avoiding restrictions imposed by adults. d. parental behaviors that allow children to form their own culture.
b.
The term ________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other. a. "language shifter" b. "balanced bilingual" c. "dual language learner" d. "bilingual"
b.
The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is: a. Piaget. b. Kohlberg. c. Erikson. d. Freud.
b.
The time it takes to respond to a physical or cognitive stimulus is: a. automatization reaction. b. reaction time. c. response time. d. emergent reaction time.
b.
The type of moral reasoning that focuses on moral principles is called: a. preconventional. b. conventional. c. postconventional. d. universal.
b.
Toward the end of middle childhood, ________ becomes more fragile. a. self-criticism b. self-esteem c. self-consciousness d. self-regulation
b.
What percentage of U.S. children and adolescents are obese? a. 10 b. 16 c. 25 d. 31
b.
When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that: a. involve building structures from smaller objects. b. deal with visible, tangible, real things. c. demand firm, unchanging solutions. d. harden thought patterns very quickly.
b.
Which age group would find the classic joke: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" funny? a. preschoolers b. school-age children c. adolescents d. adults
b.
Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood? a. maturation of the prefrontal cortex b. myelination of the corpus callosum c. decreased hemispheric lateralization d. enhanced perseveration
b.
Which of the following statements about Head Start is true? a. Its long-lasting beneficial effects are well documented. b. Some programs involve parents; others do not. c. All employ teacher-centered approaches. d. All use the same curriculum and work to achieve the same goals.
b.
Which of the following statements about asthma in middle childhood is TRUE? a. Rates are high in North and South America but are declining in Asia and Europe. b. Genes increase the risk of asthma, but environment is crucial. c. Families living in the same conditions will have similar rates of asthma. d. Some experts think that rates are increasing because children are overexposed to bacteria and viruses.
b.
Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals? a. egocentrism b. centration c. irreversibility d. conservation
b.
Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control? a. Accidents are random events. b. Appropriate controls can minimize harm. c. Injuries result from careless parenting or accident-prone children. d. Fate determines the frequency and consequences of accidents.
b.
"Learning disability" refers to: a. mental retardation. b. a pervasive developmental delay. c. a marked delay in a particular area of learning. d. Asperger syndrome.
c.
According to the text, what is the most common disease of young children in developed nations? a. diabetes b. asthma c. tooth decay d. obesity
c.
According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family function in every nation are: a. homosexuality and divorce. b. cohabitation and low income. c. low income and high conflict. d. financial stress and lack of marital commitment.
c.
An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of: a. volume. b. matter. c. number. d. length
c.
Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in their children is called: a. expressions of maturity. b. strategies for discipline. c. expectations for maturity. d. expectations for academic achievement.
c.
By the age of _____, children are less likely to throw temper tantrums. a. 6 b. 3 or 4 c. 4 or 5 d. 5 or 6
c.
Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through: a. academics. b. following adult directions. c. self discovery. d. making children "read to learn."
c.
Erikson's third developmental stage during which self-esteem emerges is called: a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.
c.
Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs is the definition of: a. child maltreatment. b. child abuse. c. child neglect. d. substantiated maltreatment.
c.
Ideally, social comparison helps children to: a. develop stronger relationships with their parents. b. harbor their imaginary self-evaluation. c. value their own abilities. d. become jealous and resentful of others.
c.
In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents is: a. ego. b. id. c. superego. d. moralego.
c.
Johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying: a. rough-and-tumble play. b. prosocial behavior. c. antisocial behavior. d. internalizing problems.
c.
Many children use codes in their text messages (LOL, , 411). The use of these codes in this context indicates the child understands: a. mnemonics. b. phonemes. c. pragmatics. d. dialect.
c.
Most people: a. are exclusively right-brained. b. are exclusively left-brained. c. use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions. d. have a relatively unmyelinated corpus callosum.
c.
Multicultural research on parenting styles and their effects on children has found that: a. parental warmth, support, and concern are LESS important than parents' discipline methods are. b. parental warmth, support, and concern are as important as parents' discipline methods. c. parental discipline methods are LESS important than parental warmth, support, and concern are. d. parental discipline methods are universally similar.
c.
On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend ________ a day exposed to electronic media. a. 1 to 2 hours b. 2 to 3 hours c. 3 to 5 hours d. 6 hours
c.
One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs from the ages of 2 to 6 is: a. increased impulsiveness. b. increased perseveration. c. more regular sleep. d. improved understanding of facial expressions.
c.
Piaget stressed the ______________, whereas Vygotsky stressed the _________________. a. sociocultural context; maturational approach b. importance of instruction by others; child's own discovery of concepts c. child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others d. apprenticeship method of learning; formal education of children
c.
Results received from international achievement tests are considered problematic because: a. scores are uneven from nation to nation. b. sample selection is very large, which affects the content validity. c. sample selection and test administration are not consistent. d. scores are too predictable according to what is taught.
c.
Sternberg and Gardner criticize standard IQ tests because the tests: a. are used to predict success in school. b. measure linguistic and logical-mathematical aptitude. c. ignore other types of intelligence. d. convert raw scores to quotients.
c.
The _________ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. a. integrative cortex b. central bundle c. corpus callosum d. association area
c.
The ___________ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body. a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. amygdala
c.
The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6. a. 800; 10,000 b. 500; 20,000 c. 500; 10,000 d. 800; 20,000
c.
The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called: a. theory of mind. b. static reasoning. c. theory-theory. d. conservation.
c.
The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient: a. calories. b. proteins and fats. c. iron, zinc, and calcium. d. carbohydrates.
c.
The process by which a sequence of thoughts and actions is repeated until it becomes routine and no longer requires conscious thought is: a. selective attention. b. hemispheric infiltration. c. automatization. d. reflection.
c.
The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program: a. engaged in less creative play. b. did not show improved performance on any academic measures but were described as being more socially competent. c. were better at prereading and early math tasks. d. were more likely to attend college.
c.
The statement that growth slows down during middle childhood: a. applies to a reduction in the new motor skills added each year. b. is inaccurate. c. refers to a decrease in the rate of physical growth. d. applies to girls but not to boys.
c.
The term "math wars" refers to a: a. battle among teachers to see whose students can score the highest in arithmetic. b. disagreement among politicians on when and how much math should be taught. c. disagreement between those who want more emphasis on teaching basic math skills and those who want emphasis on a broader, more conceptual understanding of math. d. battle between parents and schools as to whether to include more math instruction in the curriculum.
c.
The two distinct reading methods are the ________ approach and the _______ approach. a. phonics; rote-memory b. comprehension-reading; whole-language c. phonics; whole-language d. root-sound; comprehensive
c.
The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes: a. neurological maturation. b. linguistic competence. c. theory of mind. d. scaffolding.
c.
The unrecognized rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called the: a. extracurricular activities. b. implied curriculum. c. hidden curriculum. d. school's culture.
c.
What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6? a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational intelligence d. sensorimotor
c.
What is a factor that affects adult linguistic input and later child output? a. child's gender b. child's IQ c. socioeconomic status of the family and of the minority group d. national origin of the family
c.
Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"? a. centration b. preoperational thought c. egocentrism d. conservation
c.
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it? a. centration b. irreversibility c. static reasoning d. conservation
c.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE? a. In all nations, every child receives free public education through college. b. A higher percentage of students attend religious schools in Japan than in any other country. c. Reasoned speaking and logical argument are taught in Russian and French schools. d. Home schooling is illegal in the United States.
c.
Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person? a. antipathy b. sympathy c. empathy d. antisocial
c.
Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding? a. psychoanalytic theory b. behaviorism c. cognitive theory d. sociocultural theory
c.
___________ cognition, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality. a. Conventional b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Sensory
c.
A Hawaiian longitudinal study found that the resilience of poverty-stricken children whose parents were mentally unstable was dependent on: a. an easygoing temperament. b. high IQ. c. realistic goal orientation, persistence, and learned creativity. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also: a. has a below-normal IQ. b. has at least an average IQ. c. is unable to function socially. d. is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
d.
A primary level of prevention aimed at asthma is: a. using inhalers. b. avoiding certain dogs as pets. c. using hypoallergenic mattress covers. d. ventilating schools better.
d.
A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to: a. remove the child from the home. b. jail the perpetrator. c. have social workers make a home visit. d. decrease financial instability.
d.
A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that: a. older children asked more questions than younger children. b. most questions were about nature, such as "Why is the sky blue?" c. highly educated mothers recorded fewer questions. d. most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"
d.
According to research, the best way to teach reading is by using: a. a systematic phonics approach in the early grades. b. the whole-language approach with students older than age 9 when reading is connected to literature, history, and science. c. a variety of methods and strategies. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs? a. The program is no longer federally funded. b. Various programs refuse to participate. c. Gender-based differences in cognitive development make comparisons difficult. d. Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
d.
An example of an externalizing problem is_________ and an example of an internalizing problem is ______________. a. excessive guilt; impulsive behavior b. excessive shame; verbal outbursts c. excessive worthlessness; attacking other people or things d. attacking other people; being withdrawn
d.
At what age can most children demonstrate rapid and fluent oral reading (more than 100 words per minute)? a. 6-7 b. 8 c. 9-10 d. 11-12
d.
Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to: a. tell time and have set times for activities. b. complete more homework assignments. c. take care of pets. d. All of these abilities are signs of psychosocial maturation.
d.
By what age can most children classify objects they see? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 7
d.
Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of: a. identity. b. concreteness. c. reversibility. d. classification.
d.
Children who learn to read when their brains are ready as a result of talking, listening, reading, and writing experiences are being taught to read using the _________ approach. a. ready-reading b. whole-word c. phonics d. whole-language
d.
DeShawn is typical of some school-age children. He learns up to ___ words per day. a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
d.
During Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority, children: a. repress their psychosexual needs. b. require more adult supervision. c. do poorly academically. d. attempt to master many skills.
d.
Emotional regulation differs between: a. younger and older children. b. cultures. c. girls and boys. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this: a. penis envy. b. the phallic stage. c. the Electra complex. d. the Oedipus complex.
d.
Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of: a. crisis. b. industry. c. inferiority. d. latency.
d.
If a child has a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age, he or she is considered: a. obese. b. average. c. morbidly obese. d. overweight.
d.
In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who received an expected award for drawing: a. were found to have higher levels of self-esteem. b. became adults who were artists. c. demonstrated better emotional regulation. d. were less likely to draw.
d.
Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of: a. inappropriate use of articles. b. fast-mapping. c. generalization. d. overregularization.
d.
Like obesity, asthma is: a. genetically determined. b. caused by consuming a poor-quality diet. c. generally something that a child outgrows. d. the product of both nature and nurture.
d.
Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is: a. Piaget. b. Erikson. c. Vygotsky. d. Baumrind.
d.
Middle childhood is the healthiest period of the life span because: a. motor skills are mastered. b. children have learned to be cautious. c. most illnesses occur before or after middle childhood. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
Most fatal childhood diseases: a. occur before age 3. b. are easier to prevent once children are beyond the preschool years. c. occur during middle childhood. d. occur before age 6.
d.
One study found that ____ percent of a group of children believed that no child should be excluded from joining a club or team because of gender or race. a. 17 b. 48 c. 63 d. 98
d.
Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as: a. authoritarian. b. neglectful. c. authoritative. d. permissive.
d.
Peers provide practice in: a. emotional regulation. b. empathy. c. social understanding. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
Perseveration is the opposite of: a. self-control. b. emotional regulation. c. intelligence. d. impulsiveness.
d.
Sociodramatic play allows children to: a. explore and rehearse social roles. b. practice regulating their emotions. c. develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context. d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood. a. 25 b. 30 c. 55 d. 75
d.
The difference in the psychosocial development of young children as compared to that of middle-school children is that: a. young children are able to make friends much more easily than middle-school children are. b. middle-school children allow their egocentrism to affect their friendships. c. middle-school children are not aware of other children's acceptance or rejection of them. d. young children's egocentrism makes them less affected by other children's acceptance or rejection of them.
d.
The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to: a. ensure that all children have the same basic ability level. b. engage children in long-term projects. c. foster individual pride and accomplishment. d. make all children "ready to learn."
d.
The most common cause of death in childhood is: a. cancer. b. diabetes. c. allergic reactions. d. accidents.
d.
What contributes to a child's ability to increase his speed of thinking? a. repetition b. myelination of neural axons c. automatization d. All of these answers are correct.
d.
What factor has led to children spending less time playing outdoors? a. "stranger danger" b. urbanization c. home computers d. all of these answers are correct.
d.
Which of the following is TRUE concerning permissive parents? a. They have high expectations for maturity. b. They show their children little warmth. c. They are uninvolved in their child's daily life. d. They have high nurturance.
d.
Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development? a. theory-theory b. head start c. centration d. scaffolding
d.
Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain? a. emotional and creative impulses b. cognitive skills c. the left half of the body d. logical reasoning
d.
__________ memory stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed. a. Working b. Control c. Short-term d. Sensory
d.